Adam In Islam - Wikipedia

First man and Prophet in Islam Nabī

Ādam
آدم
The Islamic prophet Adam and Hawa being nakedly expelled from the Garden.
Biography
Spouse	Ḥawwāʾ (حَوَّاء)
Children	Qābīl and Hābīl, Šīṯ (هابيل، قابيل، شِيث)ʿAnāq
Quranic narratives
Mention by name	Yes
Surah (Chapters)	2, 3, 5, 7, 17, 18, 19, 20, 36
Āyāt	verse: 2:30–39 3:33 3:59 5:27–31 7:11–35 7:172–173 7:189 17:61–70 18:50–51 19:58 20:115–126 36:60–61
Number of mentions	25
Prophethood
Known for	First human being, first settler on Earth, first Muslim
Successor	Šīṯ
Status	Khalifa, Prophet, Father of humanity
Other equivalent	Biblical Adam, Rabbinic Adam
Footnotes
v t e

Part of a series on IslamIslamic prophets
Prophets in the QuranListed by Islamic name and Biblical name. ʾĀdam (Adam) ʾIdrīs (Enoch) Nūḥ (Noah) Hūd (Eber) Ṣāliḥ (Selah) ʾIbrāhīm (Abraham) Lūṭ (Lot) ʾIsmāʿīl (Ishmael) ʾIsḥāq (Isaac) Yaʿqūb (Jacob) Yūsuf (Joseph) Ayūb (Job) Shuʿayb (Jethro) Mūsā (Moses) Hārūn (Aaron) Dhu al-Kifl (Ezekiel) Dāūd (David) Sulaymān (Solomon) Yūnus (Jonah) ʾIlyās (Elijah) Alyasaʿ (Elisha) Zakarīya (Zechariah) Yaḥyā (John) ʿĪsā (Jesus) Muḥammad (Muhammad)
Main events Stories of the Prophets The Three Messengers
Views Jews, Christians, and Muslims prophets Abrahamic prophets
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Adam (Arabic: آدم, romanized: ʾĀdam), in Islamic theology, is believed to have been the first human being on Earth and the first prophet (Arabic: نبي, nabī) of Islam. Adam's role as the father of the human race is looked upon by Muslims with reverence. Muslims also refer to his wife, Ḥawwāʾ (Arabic: حَوَّاء, Eve), as the "mother of mankind".[1] Muslims see Adam as the first Muslim, as the Quran states that all the Prophets preached the same faith of Islam (Arabic: إسلام, lit. 'submission to God').[2]

According to Islamic belief, Adam was created from the material of the earth and brought to life by God. God placed Adam in a paradisical Garden. After Adam sinned by eating from the forbidden tree (Tree of Immortality) after God forbade him from doing so, paradise was declined to him and he was sent down to live on Earth.[3] The Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyāʾ (Arabic: قصص الأنبياء, lit. 'Tales of the Prophets') adds that Adam and Ḥawwāʾ, when cast out of paradise, were cast down far apart and eventually met each other at Mount Arafat.[4] Mankind would have learned planting, harvesting, baking, repenting from Adam.[4]

The Quranic story of Adam is seen as both literal as well as an allegory for human relationship towards God. Islam does not necessarily adhere to young Earth creationism, and most Muslims believe that life on Earth predates Adam. Adam does not feature as a prophet or a male human being only, but also encapsulates the idea of an ideal human archetype.[5]

Qur'anic narrative

See also: Biblical narratives in the Quran

The Qur'an describes Adam in two different scenarios.[6] In the first, Adam is created in heaven and the angels are commanded to prostrate themselves before him by God. In the second scenario, Adam dwells in a paradisical Garden with his wife identified as Ḥawwāʾ in Islamic tradition.[4] The Quran usually mentions God creating Adam from "earth" or "clay" (ṭīn,[7] although one verse suggests "dust" or "dirt" (turāb))[8][9] and breathing His own spirit into him,[10] then depicts the angels as doubting the creation of Adam;[11][Quran 2:30]

When your Lord said to the angels, "I am indeed going to set a viceroy on the earth," they said, "Will You set in it someone who will cause corruption in it and shed blood, while we celebrate Your praise and proclaim Your sanctity?" He said, "Indeed, I know what you do not know."

The Quranic narrative continues that God "taught Adam the Names, all of them," and that Adam presented the names to the angels,[12][Quran 2:31] God then commands the angels to bow down to Adam, but Iblis refuses, saying that he is better than Adam because he was created from fire and Adam from clay.[13]

The creation of Eve is not specified in the Quran, but several verses imply the traditional Genesis account by stating "created you [humanity] from a single soul, and created its mate from it".[14][Quran 4:1] In the Quran, God then tells Adam and his unnamed wife to live in paradise but not to approach a certain tree, which Satan calls the "tree of immortality".[15] In the story of the Garden, God tells Adam and Ḥawwāʾ that they are not allowed to consume the fruit of the "tree of immortality" (which Islamic tradition identifies with wheat).[16] By promising immortality and "a kingdom that never decays", the Iblis (later equated with the Arabic: شَيْطَان, romanized: šayṭān) convinced them to taste it nonetheless:[17] "He said, "Your Lord has forbidden this tree to you only to prevent you from becoming angels or immortals."" (7:21) Whereupon Adam and his wife are sent to earth, condemned to "live and die", but God is willing to forgive them.[18]

Theological and mystical interpretations

Since God has forgiven Adam's transgression, humans are not viewed as inherently sinful or in need of redemption. Instead, Adam (or humanity) is viewed as being created from a relationship to God through learning and development.[19] The story of Adam's creation evokes the idea of Adam as the "Primordial Man" to whom the angels need to prostrate themselves as a sign of respect. In a comment on Tafsir al-Baydawi, Gibril Haddad explains "he is also an archetype for the Attributes of Allah Most High such as His life, knowledge and power, although an incomplete one." All angels bowed down, except Iblis (Arabic: إِبْلِيسْ, romanized: Iblīs), and he is cast down from heaven and becomes the enemy of Adam and his offspring.[20]

Suhrawardi (c. 1145 – 1234) discusses the nature of human's soul as a mixture between Adam and Hawwa; Adam referring to the heavenly attributes and Hawwa to earthly animalistic passion. Through a mixture of both, the human soul (Arabic: نَفْس, romanized: nafs, lit. 'self') is fashioned and becomes a personal animal soul. He based his anthropology on Qur'anic verses such as "He who has created you [all] out of one living entity, and out of it brought into being its mate, so that man might incline [with love] towards the woman" (7:189).

According to Tafsir al-Baydawi (d.1319), Adam might stand for an original pattern for all of the spiritual and the corporeal existence or serving as a way for angels to obtain their allotted perfections by submitting to God's command to prostrate before him.[21]: 508  Ibn Arabi explains that only Adam can comprehend all the names of God, thereby referring to the perfected heavenly Adam as a reflection of God's names.[22] When Iblis failed to submit to God's command, he attributed injustice to the reality (Arabic: ٱلْحَقُّ, romanized: al-haqq).[23]

Adam versus angels

The story of angels prostrating before Adam gave rise to various debates about whether humans or angels rank higher. Angels bowing down before Adam is mentioned as evidence for human superiority over the angels. Others hold that the prostration does not imply such a thing, but was merely a command or test for the angels.[24] A position, especially found among Mu'tazilites and some Asharites, holds that angels are superior due to their lack of urges and desires.[25] Maturidism generally does not regard any of these creatures is superior to the other, and that angels' and prophets' obedience derive from their virtues and insights to God's action, but not as their original purity.[26]

In the Qur'anic version of Adam's fall, Satan tempted them with the promise to become immortal angels. Al-Qushayri comments on 7:20, that Adam's fall is for his wish to be like an angel, while angels' fall is because when they desired to be like human. Adam desired an angelic state of no passion and avoiding the fate of death, while Harut and Marut desired the freedom of choice and to rejoice in extravagance.[27]

‘Iṣmah

Muslim scholars can be divided into two groups regarding Adam's infallibility (Arabic: عِصْمَة, romanized: 'Ismah): One argues that Adam only became a prophet after he was cast out of paradise. They adhere to the doctrine that ‘iṣmah only applies to prophets after they were sent to a mission. But since there was no population to whom Adam could have been sent, he could not have been a prophet and therefore ‘iṣmah did not apply until he left paradise.[28] These arguments are, however, rejected by those who argue that prophethood does not start with preaching God's word and instead begins at birth itself. According to the second point of view, Adam was predestined by God to eat from the forbidden tree because God planned to set Adam and his progeny on earth from the beginning and thus installed Adam's fall.[28]: 194  In that regard, Adam would not have truly disobeyed, but acted in accordance with God's will to his best ability. For that reason, many Muslim exegetes do not regard Adam and Eve's expulsion from paradise as punishment for disobedience or a result from abused free will on their part,[29]: 171  but as part of God's wisdom (Arabic: حكمة, romanized: hikmah) and plan for humanity to experience the full range of his attributes, his love, forgiveness, and power to his creation.[29] By their former abode in paradise, they can hope for return during their life-time.

Some Muslim scholars view Adam as an image for his descendants: humans sin, become aware of it, repent (Arabic: توبة, romanized: tawbah), and find their way back to God. Adam embodies humanity and his fall shows humans how to act when they sin.[28]: 194  Unlike Iblis (Satan), Adam asked for forgiveness for his transgression.[30]

Genealogy of Adam

Ibn Jarir at-Tabari reported that Hawwa’ bore Adam 120 sets of twins. The first of them were Qabil and his twin sister Qalima, and the last of them was ‘Abd al-Mughith and his twin sister Amat al-Mughith. Ibn Ishaq meanwhile was quoted as saying Hawwa’ bore Adam a total of 40 children, male and female, in sets of twins from 20 pregnancies. And he said: The names of some of them have come down to us, and the names of others have not."[31]

Islamic scholar Sayyid Mumtaz Ali, while commenting on whether Adam or Eve was made first, says that "the fact that Adam was created first is nothing but childish. To begin with, we are tempted to assert that this is so because it was not acceptable to God that a woman is left without a companion for even a second. Therefore, it is for her sake that he created Adam first. But as a matter of fact, the belief that Adam was created first and then came Eve is part of the Christian and Jewish faith. This is not at all part of the Islamic creed. There is no mention in the Qur'an about who was created first, Adam or Eve."[32]

Creation myth comparison of Adam

Hadīths, incorporated in both tafsīr and qaṣaṣ ul-anbiyāʾ, offer detailed descriptions about the creation of Adam. Although they vary in detail, the following components are essential:[33]

1. God orders the angels to collect dust from the earth to create Adam.
2. Dust is taken from various places, influencing Adam's descendants.
3. Mythological meaning behind the name of the first human
4. Adam lies immobile for forty years and Adam hastily tries to rise up unable to do so.
5. Adam sneezes and says al-hamdu li-allah (Arabic: ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّٰهِ, lit. 'All praise is for Allah')

Some of these components appear in both Jewish and Islamic traditions alike. The idea that God orders angels to collect dust from earth is, however, unique to Islam. It is only later adapted in the Chronicles of Jerahmeel.[33] Islam usually has Azrael being successful, taking the earth despite earth's pleads not to do so. For his merciless withstanding, he earns his position as the angel of death. This further shows that life and death are intertwined.[33] Only in one brief reference by al-Tabari, it is Iblis, not Azrael who collects dust from earth, leading to his claim to be superior.[33]

Both Jewish and Muslim sources agree that dust for the creation of Adam's body was taken from the entire world, and often a specific sacred place. However, they differ in regards the identity of the sacred places and the meaning of the gathering of dust from the world.[33] While Jewish tradition identifies sacred places from Israel or the altar of the Temple, Muslim sources identify the place with Mecca or the Ka'aba.[33] According to the Muslim interpretation, dust collected from all around the earth explains the differences among humankind, such as skin-color, but insist that humanity as a whole is united and stems from the ancestry of Adam.[33]

Modern debates and discussions

It is evident from the Qur'an that Adam was the father of contemporary humanity.[28]: 21  The conflict between the literal reading of the story and positive scientific branches such as human evolution and paleoanthropology caused great turmoil and debate in the Islamic world,[citation needed] and ways of escaping from the visible and rigid understanding were sought.[note 1]

According to some views, God created an Adam thirty times, every 1000 years. After the downfall of each humanity, God left the world uninhabited for 50,000 years, then 50,000 inhabited, and then a new Adam was created.[28]: 195  Unlike many Shiite scholars[36] the majority of Sunni scholars, however, reject this opinion, but they agree that the jinn and animals have lived on earth before. According to the Majallat Al Azhar, nowhere within Islamic texts is it prescribed how long humans existed and every Muslim is free to think that is right, and that the notion of a young earth derives from biblical reports (Israʼiliyyat).[28]: 196  Süleyman Ateş used Quranic verses to disprove creationist interpretations of the Adam narrative.[37]

In the Persianate world and Shiite circles more broadly debates around evolution and young earth creationism began in the 1880s and have since then led to a variety of scholarly positions on the question of life before Adam and evolution. Notable scholarly support for strict creationism comes from scholars such as Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i and Hossein Nasr, while support for a rejection of young earth creationism and support for scientific evolution comes from scholars such as Yadollah Sahabi. There exists a broad spectrum of Shiite positions in between these two extremes from support for Lamarckism to human exceptionalism—seeing non-human life as evolved but human life as created—and Adamic exceptionalism seeing all life except Adam as evolved. Scholars championing these different positions commonly stress that none of these readings are implied by the Qur'an or that divergence from them is necessarily heretical.[38]

See also

• Adam Kadmon
• Adam's Peak
• Legends and the Qur'an
• Muhammad in Islam
• Prophets of Islam
• Stories of The Prophets

Footnotes

1. ^ Some hadiths mentions Adam's resemblance, the height and the plan with which he created; "Allah the exalted and Glorius, created Adam in his image with his lenght [sic?] of sixty cubits (30-35 m) tall."[34][35]

Notes

1. ^ Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Wheeler, Adam and Eve
2. ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, C. Glasse, Aadam = Adam = Man = Mankind = Early humans. His wife = Woman = Allegorically, early women. Udma = Ability to live together as a community. Aadam from Udma thus, indicates humankind. The word 'Eve' or 'Hawwa' is not mentioned in the Quran. She is described with dignity as Mer’a-til-Aadam = Wife of Adam = Mrs. Adam.
3. ^ "The Story of Prophet Adam (as)". My Islam. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
4. ^ a b c Wheeler, Brannon M. (2001). Introduction to the Quran: stories of the prophets. New York: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-4957-3.
5. ^ The Shari'a: History, Ethics and Law. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2018. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-78831-316-2.
6. ^ Eichler, Paul Arno. "Die Dschinn, Teufel und Engel im Koran." (1928).
7. ^ Reynolds 2018, pp. 220, 352.
8. ^ Reynolds 2018, pp. 125, 220.
9. ^ Q3:59 [Quran 3:59]
10. ^ Reynolds 2018, p. 407.
11. ^ Reynolds 2018, p. 35.
12. ^ Reynolds 2018, p. 36.
13. ^ Reynolds 2018, p. 251.
14. ^ Reynolds 2018, p. 152.
15. ^ Reynolds 2018, p. 502.
16. ^ Moreen, Vera B. "The Legend of Adam in the Judeo-Persian Epic" Bereshit [Nāmah]"(14th Century)." Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research. American Academy of Jewish Research, 1990.
17. ^ Baeq, Daniel Shinjong. "Intertextuality of Adamic Narratives in the Qur’ān and the Bible." Prophets in the Qur'ān and the Bible (2022): 39.
18. ^ Stieglecker, H. (1962). Die Glaubenslehren des Islam. Deutschland: F. Schöningh.
19. ^ Khodayarifard, Mohammad; et al. (2016). "Positive psychology from Islamic perspective". International Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 10 (1): 29–34.
20. ^ Baeq, Daniel Shinjong. "Intertextuality of Adamic Narratives in the Qur’ān and the Bible." Prophets in the Qur'ān and the Bible (2022): 40.
21. ^ ʿAbd Allah ibn ʿUmar al-Baydawi (2016). The Lights Of Revelation And The Secrets Of Interpretation. Translated by Haddad, Gibril Fouad. Beacon Books and Media Limited. ISBN 978-0-992-63357-8.
22. ^ Dobie, R. J. (2010). Logos and Revelation: Ibn 'Arabi, Meister Eckhart, and Mystical Hermeneutics. Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-1677-5.
23. ^ Sharpe, Elizabeth Marie (1992). Into the realm of smokeless fire: (Qur'an 55:14): A critical translation of al-Damiri's article on the jinn from "Hayat al-Hayawan al-Kubra" (Master's thesis). University of Arizona. hdl:10150/291386.
24. ^ Chipman, Leigh (2002). "Adam and the Angels: An examination of mythic elements in Islamic sources". Arabica. 49 (4): 429–455. doi:10.1163/15700580260375407.
25. ^ Houtsma, M. Th. (1993). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. Vol. 5. Brill. p. 191. ISBN 978-9-004-09791-9.
26. ^ Rudolph, Ulrich (1997). Al-Māturīdī und Die Sunnitische Theologie in Samarkand (in German). Brill. pp. 54–56. ISBN 90-04-10023-7.
27. ^ Gallorini, Louise (2021). The Symbolic Function of Angels in the Qurʾān and Sufi Literature (PhD thesis). American University of Beirut. hdl:10938/22446.
28. ^ a b c d e f : 194  Stieglecker, H. (1962). Die Glaubenslehren des Islam. Deutschland: F. Schöningh. p. 194 (German)
29. ^ a b Lange, Christian (2016). Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions. Cambridge United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-50637-3.
30. ^ Latif, Amer. Quranic narrative and Sufi hermeneutics: Rūmī's interpretations of Pharaoh's character. State University of New York at Stony Brook, 2009.
31. ^ al-Tabari, Muhammad. Tarikh at-Tabari: Tarikh al-Umam wa'l-Muluk. pp. 1/98.
32. ^ Deobandi, Sayyid Mumtaz Ali (1898). "The Supremacy Myth". Huquq-e-Niswan (in Urdu) (1898 ed.). Lahore: Rifah-e-Aam Press. pp. 21–22. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Adapted from Javed Anand's translation to the piece
33. ^ a b c d e f g Chipman, Leigh NB. "Mythic Aspects of the Process of Adam's Creation in Judaism and Islam." Studia Islamica (2001): 5-25.
34. ^ https://sunnah.com/search?q=allah+created+adam+in+his+image
35. ^ https://doi.org/10.26570/isad.1325141
36. ^ Kocsenda, Karim Gabor (2022-06-02). "SHĪʿĪ READINGS OF HUMAN EVOLUTION: ṬABĀṬABĀʾĪ TO ḤAYDARĪ". Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science. 57 (2): 420. doi:10.1111/zygo.12781. ISSN 1467-9744.
37. ^ Kaya, Veysel. "Can the Quran support Darwin? an evolutionist approach by two Turkish scholars after the foundation of the Turkish Republic." The Muslim World 102.2 (2012): 357-370.
38. ^ Kocsenda, Karim Gabor (2022-06-02). "SHĪʿĪ READINGS OF HUMAN EVOLUTION: ṬABĀṬABĀʾĪ TO ḤAYDARĪ". Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science. 57 (2): 419–421, 425–426, 437. doi:10.1111/zygo.12781. ISSN 1467-9744.

Bibliography

• Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2018). The Qurʾān and the Bible: Text and Commentary. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18132-6. Retrieved August 19, 2020.

External links

• Islamic Concept of Adam's Creation Archived 2012-06-18 at the Wayback Machine

v t e Prophets in the Quran
آدَم إِدرِيس نُوح هُود صَالِح إِبْرَاهِيْم لُوط إِسْمَاعِيْل Adam Adam Idris Enoch (?) Nuh Noah Hud Eber (?) Salih Selah (?) Ibrahim Abraham Lut Lot Ismail Ishmael
إِسْحَاق يَعْقُوب يُوسُف أَيُّوْب شُعَيْب مُوسَى هَارُون ذُو الكِفْل دَاوُد Is'haq Isaac Yaqub Jacob Yusuf Joseph Ayyub Job Shuayb Jethro (?) Musa Moses Harun Aaron Dhu l-Kifl Ezekiel (?) Gautama Buddha (?) Dawud David
سُلَيْمَان إِلْيَاس اليَسَع يُونُس زَكَرِيَّا يَحْيَى عِيسَى مُحَمَّد Sulayman Solomon Ilyas Elijah Al-Yasa Elisha Yunus Jonah Zakariya Zechariah Yahya John Isa Jesus Muhammad Muhammad
Note: Muslims believe that there were many prophets sent by God to mankind. The Islamic prophets above are only the ones mentioned by name in the Quran.

v t e People and things in the Quran
Characters Non-humans Allāh ('The God') Names of Allah found in the Quran, such as Karīm (Generous) Animals Related The baqara (cow) of Israelites The dhiʾb (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The fīl (elephant) of the Abyssinians Ḥimār (Domesticated donkey) The hud-hud (hoopoe) of Solomon The kalb (dog) of the sleepers of the cave The namlah (female ant) of Solomon The nūn (fish or whale) of Jonah The nāqat (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ Non-related ʿAnkabūt (Female spider) Dābbat al-Arḍ (Beast of the Earth) Ḥimār (Wild ass) Naḥl (Honey bee) Qaswarah ('Lion', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter') Malāʾikah (Angels) Angels of Hell Mālik Zabāniyah Bearers of the Throne Harut and Marut Jundallah Kirāman Kātibīn (Honourable Scribes) Raqib Atid Muqarrabun Jibrīl (Gabriel, chief) Ar-Rūḥ ('The Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn ('The Trustworthy Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus ('The Holy Spirit') Angel of the Trumpet (Isrāfīl or Raphael) Malakul-Mawt (Angel of Death, Azrael) Mīkāil (Michael) Jinn (Genies) Jann ʿIfrīt Sakhr (Asmodeus) Qarīn Shayāṭīn (Demons) Iblīs ash-Shayṭān (the (chief) Devil) Mārid ('Rebellious one') Others Ghilmān or Wildān Ḥūr Prophets Mentioned Ādam (Adam) Al-Yasaʿ (Elisha) Ayyūb (Job) Dāwūd (David) Dhūl-Kifl (Ezekiel?) Hārūn (Aaron) Hūd (Eber?) Idrīs (Enoch?) Ilyās (Elijah) ʿImrān (Joachim the father of Maryam) Isḥāq (Isaac) Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) Dhabih Ullah Lūṭ (Lot) Ṣāliḥ Shuʿayb (Jethro, Reuel or Hobab?) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd (Solomon son of David) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā (John the Baptist the son of Zechariah) Yaʿqūb (Jacob) Isrāʾīl (Israel) Yūnus (Jonah) Dhūn-Nūn ('He of the Fish (or Whale)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)') Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ('Companion of the Whale') Yūsuf ibn Ya‘qūb (Joseph son of Jacob) Zakariyyā (Zechariah) Ulul-ʿAzm('Those of the Perseverance and Strong Will') Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā (Jesus) Al-Masīḥ (The Messiah) Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary) Mūsā Kalīmullāh (Moses He who spoke to God) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh (Abraham Friend of God) Nūḥ (Noah) Debatable ones ʿUzair (Ezra?) Dhūl-Qarnain Luqmān Maryam (Mary) Ṭālūt (Saul or Gideon?) Implied Irmiyā (Jeremiah) Ṣamūʾīl (Samuel) Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses) People of Prophets Good ones Adam's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya-Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman's son People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael's mother Isaac's mother People of Jesus Disciples (including Peter) Mary's mother Zechariah's wife People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd (Muhammad's adopted son) People of Joseph Brothers (including Binyāmin (Benjamin) and Simeon) Egyptians ʿAzīz (Potiphar, Qatafir or Qittin) Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd)) Wife of ʿAzīz (Zulaykhah) Mother People of Aaron and Moses Egyptians Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura) Imraʾat Firʿawn (Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim the Wife of Pharaoh, who adopted Moses) Magicians of the Pharaoh Wise, pious man Moses' wife Moses' sister-in-law Mother Sister Evil ones Āzar (possibly Terah) Firʿawn (Pharaoh of Moses' time) Hāmān Jālūt (Goliath) Qārūn (Korah, cousin of Moses) As-Sāmirī Abū Lahab Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr) Implied ornot specified Abraha Abu Bakr Bal'am/Balaam Barṣīṣā Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Groups Mentioned Aṣḥāb al-Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as-Sabt (Companions of the Sabbath) Jesus' apostles Ḥawāriyyūn (Disciples of Jesus) Companions of Noah's Ark Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm (Companions of the Cave and Al-Raqaim? Companions of the Elephant People of al-Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ (People of Sodom and Gomorrah) Nation of Noah Tribes, ethnicitiesor families ‘Ajam Ar-Rūm (literally 'The Romans') Banī Isrāʾīl (Children of Israel) Muʾtafikāt (Sodom and Gomorrah) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan) Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ('Companions of the Wood') Qawm Yūnus (People of Jonah) Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad (Companions of Muhammad) Anṣār (literally 'Helpers') Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina) People of Mecca Wife of Abu Lahab Children of Ayyub Sons of Adam Wife of Nuh Wife of Lut Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj (Gog and Magog) Son of Nuh Aʿrāb (Arabs or Bedouins) ʿĀd (people of Hud) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubbaʿ (People of Tubba) People of Sabaʾ or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd (people of Ṣāliḥ) Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ('Companions of the Stoneland') Ahl al-Bayt ('People of the Household') Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Lot's daughters Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Muhammad's wives Household of Salih Implicitlymentioned Amalek Ahl as-Suffa (People of the Verandah) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus and Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al-Dhimmah Kāfirūn disbelievers Majūs Zoroastrians Munāfiqūn (Hypocrites) Muslims Believers Ahl al-Kitāb (People of the Book) Naṣārā (Christian(s) or People of the Injil) Ruhban (Christian monks) Qissis (Christian priest) Yahūd (Jews) Ahbār (Jewish scholars) Rabbani/Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot
Locations Mentioned Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah ('The Holy Land') 'Blessed' Land' Al-Jannah (Paradise, literally 'The Garden') Jahannam (Hell) Door of Hittah Madyan (Midian) Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn Miṣr (Mainland Egypt) Salsabīl (A river in Paradise) In the Arabian Peninsula (excluding Madyan) Al-Aḥqāf ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') Iram dhāt al-ʿImād (Iram of the Pillars) Al-Madīnah (formerly Yathrib) ʿArafāt and Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām (Muzdalifah) Al-Ḥijr (Hegra) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah (Mecca) Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure') Kaʿbah (Kaaba) Maqām Ibrāhīm (Station of Abraham) Safa and Marwa Sabaʾ (Sheba) ʿArim Sabaʾ (Dam of Sheba) Rass Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al-Wād Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy Valley of Tuwa) Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai) Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah ('The Blessed Place') Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor In Mesopotamia Al-Jūdiyy Munzalanm-Mubārakan ('Place-of-Landing Blessed') Bābil (Babylon) Qaryat Yūnus ('Township of Jonah,' that is Nineveh) Religious locations Bayʿa (Church) Miḥrāb Monastery Masjid (Mosque, literally 'Place of Prostration') Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām ('The Sacred Grove') Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā (Al-Aqsa, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration') Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca) Masjid al-Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: Masjid Qubāʾ (Quba Mosque) The Prophet's Mosque Salat (Synagogue) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Al-Ḥijāz (literally 'The Barrier') Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad (Black Stone) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira Ghār ath-Thawr (Cave of the Bull) Hudaybiyyah Ta'if Ayla Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn Bayt al-Muqaddas & 'Ariha Bilād ar-Rāfidayn (Mesopotamia) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an-Nadwa Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad
Events, incidents, occasions or times Incident of Ifk Laylat al-Qadr (Night of Decree) Event of Mubahala Sayl al-ʿArim (Flood of the Great Dam of Ma'rib in Sheba) The Farewell Pilgrimage Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Battles ormilitary expeditions Battle of al-Aḥzāb ('the Confederates') Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Uhud Expedition of Tabuk Conquest of Mecca Days Al-Jumuʿah (The Friday) As-Sabt (The Sabbath or Saturday) Days of battles Days of Hajj Doomsday Months of theIslamic calendar 12 months: Four holy months Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred or Forbidden Month) Ramaḍān Pilgrimages Al-Ḥajj (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage) Al-ʿUmrah (The Lesser Pilgrimage) Times for prayeror remembrance Times for Duʿāʾ ('Invocation'), Ṣalāh and Dhikr ('Remembrance', including Taḥmīd ('Praising'), Takbīr and Tasbīḥ): Al-ʿAshiyy (The Afternoon or the Night) Al-Ghuduww ('The Mornings') Al-Bukrah ('The Morning') Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ ('The Morning') Al-Layl ('The Night') Al-ʿIshāʾ ('The Late-Night') Aẓ-Ẓuhr ('The Noon') Dulūk ash-Shams ('Decline of the Sun') Al-Masāʾ ('The Evening') Qabl al-Ghurūb ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') Al-Aṣīl ('The Afternoon') Al-ʿAṣr ('The Afternoon') Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams ('Before the rising of the Sun') Al-Fajr ('The Dawn') Implied Ghadir Khumm Laylat al-Mabit First Pilgrimage
Other Holy books Al-Injīl (The Gospel of Jesus) Al-Qurʾān (The Book of Muhammad) Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm (Scroll(s) of Abraham) At-Tawrāt (The Torah) Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā (Scroll(s) of Moses) Tablets of Stone Az-Zabūr (The Psalms of David) Umm al-Kitāb ('Mother of the Book(s)') Objects of peopleor beings Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles Noah's Ark Staff of Musa Tābūt as-Sakīnah (Casket of Shekhinah) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols(cult images) 'Ansāb Jibt and Ṭāghūt (False god) Of Israelites Baʿal The ʿijl (golden calf statue) of Israelites Of Noah's people Nasr Suwāʿ Wadd Yaghūth Yaʿūq Of Quraysh Al-Lāt Al-ʿUzzā Manāt Celestial bodies Maṣābīḥ (literally 'lamps'): Al-Qamar (The Moon) Kawākib (Planets) Al-Arḍ (The Earth) Nujūm (Stars) Ash-Shams (The Sun) Plant matter Baṣal (Onion) Fūm (Garlic or wheat) Shaṭʾ (Shoot) Sūq (Plant stem) Zarʿ (Seed) Fruits ʿAdas (Lentil) Baql (Herb) Qith-thāʾ (Cucumber) Rummān (Pomegranate) Tīn (Fig) Zaytūn (Olive) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes, treesor plants Plants of Sheba Athl (Tamarisk) Sidr (Lote-tree) Līnah (Tender Palm tree) Nakhl (Date palm) Sidrat al-Muntahā Zaqqūm Liquids Māʾ (Water or fluid) Nahr (River) Yamm (River or sea) Sharāb (Drink)
Note: Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)

v t e Adam and Eve
Source	Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis Adam Eve
Offspring	Cain and Abel Cain Abel Aclima Luluwa Seth Awan Azura Jumella
Related theology	Fall of man Original sin Garden of Eden Tree of the knowledge of good and evil Serpents in the Bible Forbidden fruit Apple Fig leaf Figs in the Bible Adam's ale Adamic language Camael Protevangelium Rosh Hashanah Seed of the woman Shamsiel Lilith Tree of life Allegorical interpretations of Genesis
Other cultures	Adam–God doctrine Adam and Eve in Mormonism Adam in Islam Adam in rabbinic literature Al-A'raf Book of Moses Endowment Manu (Hinduism) Mashya and Mashyana Serpent seed Tree of Jiva and Atman Tree of life (Quran) Our Lady of Endor Coven
Film	Mama's Affair (1921) Good Morning, Eve! (1934) The Broken Jug (1937) The Original Sin (1948) The Private Lives of Adam and Eve (1960) El pecado de Adán y Eva (1969) La Biblia en pasta (1984) The Annunciation (1984) Second Time Lucky (1984) Adipapam (1988) Adam (1992) The Last Eve (2005) Year One (2009) The Tragedy of Man (2011) Adam and Dog (2011) Tropico (2013)
Plays	Le Jeu d'Adam (12th century) The Broken Jug (1808) The Tragedy of Man (1861) The Creation of the World and Other Business (1972)
Musicals	The Apple Tree (1966) Dude (1972) Up from Paradise (1973) Children of Eden (1991)
Compositions	The Creation (1798) structure La mort d'Adam (1809) Ève (1875) Genesis Suite (1945) Lilith (2001)
Literature	Apocalypse of Adam Book of Moses Book of Abraham Books of Adam Book of the Penitence of Adam Cave of Treasures "El amigo de Él y Ella" Genesis A and Genesis B Harrowing of Hell Life of Adam and Eve Testament of Adam Testimony of Truth (3rd century) Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan (6th century) "Old Saxon Genesis" (9th century) "Adam lay ybounden" (15th century) Paradise Lost (1667) Le Dernier Homme (1805) Extracts from Adam's Diary (1904) Eve's Diary (1905) The Book of Genesis (2009) The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve (2017)
Art	Bernward Doors (1015) Tapestry of Creation (11th century) Expulsion from the Garden of Eden (1425) Vienna Diptych (15th century) The Last Judgment (1482) The Garden of Earthly Delights (1504) Adam and Eve (1507) The Creation of Adam (1512) The Haywain Triptych (1516) Eve, the Serpent and Death (1510s or 1520s) Adam and Eve (1528) Adam and Eve (1550) The Fall of Man (1550) Adam and Eve (c. 1550) The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man (1617) The Fall of Man (1628) Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden (c. 1650) The Four Seasons (1660s) The Koren Picture-Bible (1692–1696) Paradise Lost (19th century) Expulsion from the Garden of Eden (1828) The First Mourning (1888) Adam and Eve (1905) Adam and Eve (1909) Eve (1911) Eve (1931) Adam and Eve (1932) The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve (1958) Genesis (1960) Mary and Eve (2005)
Songs	"Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again" "Adam-ondi-Ahman" (1835) "Forbidden Fruit" (1915) "The Garden of Eden" (1956) "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" (1968) "Let's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance" (1970) "Man Gave Names to All the Animals" (1979)
Albums	The Cainian Chronicle (1996) Visions of Eden (2006) Snakes for the Divine (2010)
Geography	Adam-ondi-Ahman Tomb of Eve
Biology	Mitochondrial Eve Y-chromosomal Adam The Real Eve
Story within a story	Doraemon: Nobita's Diary on the Creation of the World Island of Love The Visitors
Television	"Adam & Eve" (1992) "Probe 7, Over and Out" (1963) "Simpsons Bible Stories" "In-A-Gadda-Da-Leela" "Daesong Heavy Industries II: Return to Innocence" "Holly Bibble"
Games	Demon: The Fallen (2002)
Other	Pre-Adamite Generations of Adam Cave of the Patriarchs Adam and Eve cylinder seal Genealogies of Genesis Carnal knowledge Legend of the Rood Ystorya Adaf Ransom theory of atonement

v t e Traditional genealogy of Muhammad
Generations after Creation	Adam and Hawwa Sheyth Enos Kenan Mahalalel Jared Idris Methuselah Lamik Nuh Sam
Ibrahim	Ibrahim Ismail
Tribe of the Adnanites	Adnan Ma'add ibn Adnan Nizar Mudar Ilyas Mudrikah Khuzayma Kinanah Al-Nadr ibn Kinanah Malik Fihr al-Quraysh
Quraysh tribe	Ghalib Lu'ay Ka'b Murrah Kilab Qusai Abd Manaf Hashim ibn Abd Manaf
The House of Hashim	Abd al-Muttalib Abd-Allah Muhammad

Authority control databases
International	FAST
National	United States Israel
Other	İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX