Adirondack Mountains - Wikipedia

Mountains in northeastern New York, U.S. For the state park that covers the same area, see Adirondack Park.

Adirondack Mountains
The Adirondack Mountains seen in winter
Highest point
Peak	Mount Marcy
Elevation	5,344 ft (1,629 m)
Listing	Canadian Shield
Coordinates	44°06′45″N 73°55′26″W / 44.11250°N 73.92389°W / 44.11250; -73.92389
Geography
Country	United States
State	New York
Geology
Orogeny	Grenville Orogeny
Rock age	Tonian

The Adirondack Mountains (/ˌædɪˈrɒn.dæk/ AD-i-RON-dak)[1][2] are a massif of mountains in Northeastern New York which form a circular dome approximately 160 miles (260 km) wide and covering about 5,000 square miles (13,000 km2).[3] The region contains more than 100 peaks, including Mount Marcy, which is the highest point in New York at 5,344 feet (1,629 m). The Adirondack High Peaks, a traditional list of 46 peaks over 4,000 feet (1,200 m), are popular hiking destinations. There are over 200 named lakes with the number of smaller lakes, ponds, and other bodies of water reaching over 3,000. Among the named lakes around the mountains are Lake George, Lake Placid, and Lake Tear of the Clouds. The region has over 1,200 miles (1,900 km) of rivers.[4]

Although the mountains are formed from ancient rocks more than 1 billion years old, geologically, the mountains are relatively young and were created during recent periods of glaciation. Because of this, the Adirondacks have been referred to as "new mountains from old rocks". It is theorized that there is a hotspot beneath the region, which causes continued uplift at the rate of 0.6 to 1.2 inches (1.5 to 3 cm) annually.[4]

The Adirondack mountain range has such unusual characteristics compared to the area around it that it is divided into its own province within the Appalachian Highlands physiographic division.[5] It is bounded by three other provinces: the St. Lawrence (Champlain) on the north, northeast; the Appalachian Plateau to the south, southwest; and the Valley and Ridge to the southeast.

The entire region lies within Adirondack Park, a New York state protected area of over 6,000,000 acres (2,400,000 ha). The park was established in 1892 by the state legislature to protect the region's natural resources and to provide recreational opportunities for the public. It covers over 20 percent of New York state's land area.[6]

Etymology

[edit]

The word Adirondack is thought to come from the Mohawk word atirǫ́·taks meaning "eaters of trees".[1] The earliest written use of the name was in 1635 by Harmen Meyndertsz van den Bogaert in his Mohawk to Dutch glossary, found in his Journey into Mohawk Country. He spelled it Adirondakx and said that it stood for Frenchmen, meaning the Algonquians who allied with the French.[7] Another early use of the name, spelled Rontaks, was in 1729 by French missionary Joseph-François Lafitau. He explained that the word was used by the Iroquois as a derogatory term for groups of Algonquians who did not practice agriculture and therefore sometimes had to eat tree bark to survive harsh winters.[8]

The Mohawks had no written language, so Europeans used various phonetic spellings of the word, including Achkokx, Rondaxe, and Adirondax.[8] Such words were strongly associated with the region, but they were not yet considered a place name; an English map from 1761 labels the area simply Deer Hunting Country. In 1838, the mountains were named Adirondacks by Ebenezer Emmons, the State Geologist for the northern New York State Geological District.[9]

The Mohawks themselves referred to the mountains as Tsiiononteskowa, meaning "big mountains." The Oneida meanwhile, used the word Latilu·taks, which meant "They're eating the trees/beaver."[10]

History

[edit]

The first humans to live in the Adirondacks were Paleo-Indians who arrived around the 14th millennium BC following the end of the Last Glacial Period. The earliest migrants arrived from the St. Lawrence River Valley to the north, and settled along the shores of the Champlain Sea.[11] During the Archaic Period (8000–1000 BC) this semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer Laurentian culture inhabited the Adirondacks; evidence of their presence includes a projectile point of red-brown chert found in 2007 at the edge of Tupper Lake.[11]

During an interval of roughly 11,000 years following the end of the Last Glacial Period, the climate of the Adirondacks gradually warmed, with the area's tundra being replaced by forests that were now able to grow.[11] During the transition between the Archaic and Woodland (1000 BC – AD 1000) periods, multiple different groups replaced the Laurentian culture—including the Sylvan Lake, River, Middlesex, Point Peninsula, and Owasco cultures.[12] By the time of the Owasco culture c. 1 AD, maize and beans were being cultivated in the uplands of the Adirondacks.[11]

The first Iroquoian peoples, the Mohawk (or Kanyengehaga) and the Oneida (or Oneyotdehaga), arrived in the Adirondack region between 4,000 and 1,200 years ago. Both groups claimed the Adirondack Mountains as hunting grounds. According to Haudenosaunee historian Rick Hill, the region was considered a 'Dish with One Spoon,' symbolizing shared hunting resources between the groups. A group of Algonquian people, known as the Mahicans, also occupied the region, particularly the Hudson River Valley.[12]

These were the groups that the first European explorers of the area encountered. European presence in the area began with a battle between Samuel de Champlain and a group of Mohawks, in what is now Ticonderoga in 1609. The Jesuit missionary Isaac Jogues became the first recorded European to travel through the center of the Adirondacks, as the captive of a Mohawk hunting party, in 1642.[8]

The early European perception of the Adirondacks was of a vast, inhospitable wilderness. One map of the area from 1771 shows the region as a blank space in the northeastern corner of New York. In 1784, Thomas Pownhall wrote that the Native Americans referred to the area as "the Dismal Wilderness, or the Habitation of Winter," and that the area was "either not much known to them, or, if known, very wisely by them kept from the Knowledge of the Europeans."[13] He clearly had the impression that native people did not live within the Adirondack mountains.[11]

Because local Iroquoian and Algonquian tribes had been decimated first by smallpox and measles in the 1600s, then by wars with encroaching European settlers, there likely were very few people living in the region by the time Pownhall wrote his description. It is only relatively recently that numerous archaeological finds have definitively shown that Native Americans were indeed very present in the Adirondacks before European contact, hunting, making pottery, and practicing agriculture.[11]

The European impression of a wild region devoid of human connection set up a narrative about wilderness that would persist through the next 200-some years of the region's history. While society's perception of the Adirondacks' value changed, they were always seen as a land of natural resources and physical beauty, not of human history.[11] First the area was an inhospitable tangle, then a lucrative store of lumber.[13] After the American Revolutionary War, New York State gained ownership of most of the land in the region.[14]

Needing money to discharge war debts, the government sold nearly all the original public acreage about 7 million acres for pennies an acre. Lumbermen were welcomed to the interior, with few restraints, resulting in massive deforestation.[14] Later, the wilderness character of the region became popular with the rise of the Romantic movement, and the Adirondacks became a destination for those wishing to escape the evils of city life. Rising concern over water quality and deforestation led to the creation of the Adirondack Park in 1885.[13] In 1989, part of the Adirondack region was designated by UNESCO as the Champlain-Adirondack Biosphere Reserve.[15]

For the more recent human history of the Adirondack region, see Adirondack Park.

Geology

[edit]

The rocks of the Adirondack mountains originated about two billion years ago as 50,000-foot (15,000 m) thick sediments at the bottom of a sea located near the equator.[16] Because of plate tectonics, these collided with Laurentia (the precursor of modern North America) in a mountain-building episode known as the Grenville orogeny. During this time the sedimentary rock was changed into metamorphic rock. It is these Proterozoic minerals and lithologies that make up the core of the massif. Rocks and minerals of interest include these:

• wollastonite, mined near Harrisville
• magnetite and hematite, formerly mined at the Benson Mines,[17] Lyon Mountain, Mineville, Tahawus, and Witherbee
• graphite, mined near Hague and Ticonderoga
• garnet, mined at the Barton Mine, north of Gore Mountain
• anorthosite, visible in road cuts on the New York State Route 3 between Saranac Lake and Tupper Lake[18]
• marble
• zinc; the Balmat-Edwards district on the northwest flank of the massif also in St. Lawrence County was a major zinc ore deposit
• titanium, mined at Tahawus

The Adirondacks are thought to be uplifted by a hot spot in the Canadian Shield, in contrast to other mountain ranges in New York which were created in the Alleghenian Orogeny and are a part of the Appalachian chain (not to be confused with the cultural region of Appalachia).[19]

Around 600 million years ago, as Laurentia drifted away from Baltica (European Craton), the area began to be pulled apart, forming the Iapetus Ocean. Faults developed, running north to northeast, which formed valleys and deep lakes. Examples visible today include the grabens Lake George and Schroon Lake. By this time the Grenville mountains had been eroded away and the area was covered by a shallow sea. Several thousand feet of sediment accumulated on the sea bed. Trilobites were the principal life-form of the sea bed, and fossil tracks can be seen in the Potsdam sandstone floor of the Paul Smiths Visitor Interpretive Center.[18]

About 10 million years ago, the region began to be uplifted. It has been lifted about 7,000 feet (2,000 m) and is continuing at about 0.08 inches (2 mm) per year, which is greater than the rate of denudation. The cause of the uplift is unknown, but geologists theorize that it is caused by a hot spot in the Earth's crust.[18] A recent study has revealed a column of seismically slow materials about 30 to 50 miles (50 to 80 km) deep beneath the Adirondack Mountains,[20] which was interpreted to be the upwelling asthenosphere contributing to the uplift of the mountains. The occurrence of earthquake swarms near the center of the massif at Blue Mountain Lake may be evidence of this. Some of the earthquakes have exceeded 5 on the Richter magnitude scale.

Starting about 2.5 million years ago, a cycle of Pleistocene glacial and interglacial periods began which covered the area in ice. During the most recent episode, the Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of northern North America between about 95,000 and 20,000 years ago.[21] After this the climate warmed, but it took nearly 10,000 years for a 10,000-foot (3,000 m) thick layer of ice to completely melt. Evidence of this period includes:

• Eskers: the Rainbow Lake esker bisects the eponymous lake and extends discontinuously for 85 miles (137 km). Another long discontinuous esker extends from Mountain Pond through Keese Mill, passing between Upper St. Regis Lake and the Spectacle Ponds, and continuing to Ochre, Fish, and Lydia Ponds in the St. Regis Canoe Area. A 150-foot (50 m) high esker bisects the Five Ponds Wilderness Area.[22]
• Glacial erratics: there is a large one at the Newcomb Visitor Information Center next to the Rich Lake Trail.
• Kames
• Moraines
• The cirques that characterize Whiteface Mountain.
• Outwash plains: St. Regis Canoe Area is an outwash plain pitted with kettle holes.

Soils in the area are generally thin, sandy, acidic, and infertile, having developed since the glacial retreat.

Climate

[edit]

The climate is strongly continental, with high humidity and precipitation year-round. The Adirondacks typically experience pleasantly warm, rainy weather in the summer (June–August), with temperatures in the range of 66–73 °F (19–23 °C), cooler than the rest of New York State due to the higher elevation. Summer evenings in the Adirondacks are chilly, with temperatures ranging on average between 45–54 °F (7–12 °C). Winters (December–March) are long, cold, snowy and harsh, with temperatures ranging from 18 to 23 °F (−8 to −5 °C). Winter nights are frigid, with temperatures between −2 and 4 °F (−19 and −16 °C).[citation needed] Spring (April–May) and fall (September–November) are short transitional seasons.

Climate data for Lake Placid, NY. Elevation: 2,054 ft (626 m)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	23.4(−4.8)	24.6(−4.1)	30.7(−0.7)	44.8(7.1)	60.5(15.8)	67.9(19.9)	71.6(22.0)	70.6(21.4)	63.7(17.6)	50.3(10.2)	40.1(4.5)	30.6(−0.8)	50.3(10.2)
Daily mean °F (°C)	17.5(−8.1)	20.6(−6.3)	25.0(−3.9)	38.4(3.6)	49.9(9.9)	58.4(14.7)	62.3(16.8)	61.3(16.3)	54.7(12.6)	44.1(6.7)	34.5(1.4)	23.4(−4.8)	41.4(5.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	2.9(−16.2)	3.7(−15.7)	15.9(−8.9)	27.9(−2.3)	38.9(3.8)	48.9(9.4)	52.9(11.6)	52.0(11.1)	44.7(7.1)	32.6(0.3)	24.7(−4.1)	13.9(−10.1)	32.4(0.2)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	4.56(116)	3.98(101)	5.31(135)	5.40(137)	5.59(142)	5.79(147)	6.13(156)	5.29(134)	6.22(158)	6.97(177)	5.83(148)	5.22(133)	66.29(1,684)
Average relative humidity (%)	71.1	66.2	62.4	60.1	63.8	70.4	70.8	72.8	73.0	70.7	69.9	72.0	68.6
Average dew point °F (°C)	10.7(−11.8)	11.1(−11.6)	16.8(−8.4)	26.5(−3.1)	38.3(3.5)	48.8(9.3)	52.7(11.5)	52.5(11.4)	46.2(7.9)	35.2(1.8)	25.7(−3.5)	15.7(−9.1)	31.7(−0.2)
Source: PRISM Climate Group[23]

Ecology

[edit]

The Adirondack Mountains form the southernmost part of the Eastern forest-boreal transition ecoregion.[24] They are heavily forested, and contain one of the southernmost distributions of the taiga ecotype in North America. The forests of the Adirondacks include spruce, pine and deciduous trees. Lumbering, once an important industry, has been much restricted by the creation of state forest preserve.[25]

The mountains include many wetlands, of which there are three kinds:[18]

• swamps, any wetland including trees and shrubs.
• marshes, wetlands with water stagnation. These may support bullfrogs, spring peepers, spotted salamanders, great blue herons, American bitterns, and painted turtles. Pickerel weed often forms large colonies.
• bogs, characterized by plants like sphagnum moss, orchids, and pitcher plants.

Breeding birds include northern forest specialists not found anywhere else in the state, such as boreal chickadees, Canada jays, spruce grouse, black-backed woodpeckers, common loons and crossbills.[26] Mammals include raccoons, beavers, river otters, bobcats, moose, black bears, and coyotes. Extirpated or extinct mammals that formerly roamed the Adirondacks include the eastern cougar, eastern elk, wolverine, caribou, eastern wolf, and the Canada lynx.[27] Attempted reintroductions of elk and lynx in the 20th century failed for numerous reasons, including poaching, vehicle collisions, and conservation incompetence.[28][29]

Nearly 60 percent of the park is covered with northern hardwood forest. Above 2,600 feet (790 meters), conditions are too poor for hardwoods to thrive, and the trees become mixed with or replaced by balsam fir and red spruce. Above 3,500 feet (1,100 meters) black spruce replace red. Higher still, only trees short enough to be covered in snow during the winter can survive.

A small area on the highest peaks exists above the tree line and has an alpine climate. These areas are covered by plants which occupied a large lowland tundra following the most recent period of glaciation. The amount of area covered by this ecosystem changes from year to year due to local climate changes, and has been estimated to only cover between 65–85 acres (26–34 hectares). The alpine ecosystem is considered extremely fragile, and was damaged by hikers prior to a 1970s campaign by the Adirondack Mountain Club to preserve it.[30]

Scenes from the Adirondacks

• The Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York form the southernmost zone in the Eastern forest-boreal transition ecoregion of North America
• The hydrologic source of the Hudson River is near or at Lake Tear of the Clouds, a small tarn in the Adirondacks.
• Lake George, one of numerous oligotrophic lakes in the Adirondack region, is nicknamed the Queen of American Lakes.
• Mirror Lake in the Village of Lake Placid in the Adirondacks, site of the 1932 and the 1980 Winter Olympics
• Lake Flower in the Village of Saranac Lake, nicknamed the Capital of the Adirondacks
• View of Mount Colvin and Nippletop from the ascent to Gothics

References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "Adirondack". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. OCLC 1032680871.
2. ^ "Phonetic Spelling Generator". Phonetic Spelling Generator. Retrieved September 8, 2025.
3. ^ The Young people's encyclopedia of the United States. Shapiro, William E. Brookfield, Conn.: Millbrook Press. 1993. ISBN 1-56294-514-9. OCLC 30932823.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
4. ^ a b "Adirondack Mountains". visitadirondacks.com. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
5. ^ "Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U. S." water.usgs.gov. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
6. ^ "About the Adirondack Park". www.adirondackcouncil.org. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
7. ^ Journey Into Mohawk Country, 1635, Harmen Meyndertsz Van Den Bogaert
8. ^ a b c Sulavik, Stephen B. (2007). Adirondack : of Indians and mountains, 1535–1838. Fleischmanns, N.Y.: Purple Mountain Press. pp. 21–51. ISBN 978-1930098794.
9. ^ Cherniak, D. J. "Ebenezer Emmons (1799–1863)". Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
10. ^ Otis, Melissa (2018). Rural Indigenousness: A History of Iroquoian and Algonquian Peoples of the Adirondacks. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-8156-3600-7.
11. ^ a b c d e f g Stager, Curt (May 2017). "Hidden Heritage" (PDF). Adirondack Life. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
12. ^ a b "Adirondacks: Native Americans". National Park Service. 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
13. ^ a b c Terrie, Philip (1999). Contested Terrain. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
14. ^ a b "History of the Adirondack Park". New York State Adirondack Park Agency. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
15. ^ "UNESCO – MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory". www.unesco.org. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
16. ^ "Ancient 'bones' of the Adirondacks". NCPR. July 26, 2018. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
17. ^ Ridge, J. D. (1968). Ore Deposits of the United States, 1933–1967. New York: The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
18. ^ a b c d Storey, Mike (2006). Why the Adirondacks look the way they do : a natural history (2 ed.). [S.l.]: Storey. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-9777172-0-0.
19. ^ "Convergent Plate Boundaries—Collisional Mountain Ranges - Geology (U.S. National Park Service)". National Park Service. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
20. ^ Yang, Xiaotao; Gao, Haiying (June 6, 2018). "Full-Wave Seismic Tomography in the Northeastern United States: New Insights Into the Uplift Mechanism of the Adirondack Mountains". Geophysical Research Letters. 45 (12): 5992–6000. Bibcode:2018GeoRL..45.5992Y. doi:10.1029/2018GL078438.
21. ^ Dyke, A. S.; Prest, V. K. (1987). "Late Wisconsinan and Holocene History of the Laurentide Ice Sheet". Géographie Physique et Quaternaire. 41 (2): 237–263. doi:10.7202/032681ar. S2CID 140654613.
22. ^ "Sea Serpents in the Adirondacks? You Bet!". Adirondack Almanack. November 7, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
23. ^ "PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University". www.prism.oregonstate.edu. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
24. ^ Olson; D. M.; E. Dinerstein; et al. (2001), "Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth", BioScience, 51 (11): 933–938, doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2.
25. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Adirondacks" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 193.
26. ^ "Breeding Bird 2000-2005 Atlas". New York City Department of Environmental Conservation. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.
27. ^ "Facts About Coyotes In The Adirondacks". Adirondack.net.
28. ^ Omohundro, John; Harris, Glenn R. (2012). An environmental history of New York's north country : the Adirondack Mountains and the St. Lawrence River Valley : case studies and neglected topics (1 ed.). Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. pp. 99–111. ISBN 978-0773426283.
29. ^ "Canada Lynx - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation". New York City Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
30. ^ Carlson, Bradley Z.; Munroe, Jeffrey S.; Hegman, Bill (2011). "Distribution of Alpine Tundra in the Adirondack Mountains of New York, U.S.A." Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research. 43 (3): 331–342. Bibcode:2011AAAR...43..331C. doi:10.1657/1938-4246-43.3.331. S2CID 53579861.

Further reading

[edit]

• Marshall, Robert (1922). The High Peaks of the Adirondacks. Albany: The Adirondack Mountain Club. LCCN 22021955.
• Waterman, Laura (2003). Forest and crag : a history of hiking, trail blazing, and adventure in the Northeast mountains (First ed.). Boston: Appalachian Mountain Club Books. ISBN 0910146756.

External links

[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adirondack Mountains.

• Adirondack Journal of Environmental Studies
• New York State Department of Environmental Conservation: Welcome to the Adirondacks
• Maps of Adirondack Park at DECinfo Locator

v t e Adirondack Mountains and Adirondack Park
Mountains	Algonquin Arab Azure Basin Blue Colden Dix Giant Gothics Gray Hadley Iroquois Haystack Marcy Poke-O-Moonshine St. Regis Skylight Whiteface
Lakes	Blue Mountain Cranberry Fulton Chain George Great Sacandaga Indian Placid Long Raquette Saranacs Schroon Tupper
Rivers	Ausable Black Bog Boquet Grasse Hudson Marion Moose Oswegatchie Raquette Sacandaga St. Regis Salmon Saranac Schroon
Wilderness areas	Blue Ridge Dix Mountain Five Ponds Giant Mountain Ha-De-Ron-Dah High Peaks Hoffman Notch Jay Mountain McKenzie Mountain Pepperbox Pharaoh Lake Pigeon Lake Round Lake Sentinel Range Siamese Ponds Silver Lake West Canada Lake William C. Whitney
Landmarks	Camp Eagle Island Camp Pine Knot Fort Crown Point Fort Ticonderoga Grant Cottage John Brown Farm Santanoni Preserve
Counties	Clinton Essex Franklin Fulton Hamilton Herkimer Lewis Oneida St. Lawrence Saratoga Warren Washington
Communities	Blue Mountain Lake Elizabethtown Keeseville Lake George Lake Luzerne Lake Placid Long Lake Newcomb Saranac Lake Speculator Tupper Lake Warrensburg

v t e State of New York
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Politics	Abortion Administrative divisions Congressional districts Constitution Delegations senators representatives Elections Government Law
Regions	Upstate Adirondack Mountains Allegheny Plateau Capital District Catskill Mountains Central Region Central New York Champlain Valley Finger Lakes Holland Purchase Hudson Highlands Hudson Valley Mohawk Valley Niagara Frontier North Country Ridge and Valley St. Lawrence Seaway Shawangunks Ski country Southern Tier Southtowns Tech Valley Thousand Islands Tug Hill Western Downstate Tri-State area Long Island
Statistical areas	New York City metropolitan area Yonkers New Rochelle Mount Vernon Buffalo Buffalo–Niagara Falls Rochester metro Albany Capital District Schenectady Troy Kiryas Joel–Poughkeepsie–Newburgh Syracuse metro Utica Utica–Rome Binghamton metro Kingston Glens Falls
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Places	Municipalities Census-designated places Towns Indian reservations
History	Lenape New Netherland Rensselaerswyck History of slavery in New York Province of New York Stamp Act Congress Invasion of Canada (1775) Saratoga campaign New York and New Jersey campaign State cessions New York in the American Civil War 9/11 attacks
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v t e Hudson River watershed
Tributaries	Batavia Kill Batten Kill Birch Creek Black Meadow Creek Boreas River Bowery Creek Bowmans Creek Breakneck Brook Brimstone Creek Canajoharie Creek Caroga Creek Casperkill Catskill Creek Cayadutta Creek Cedar River Claverack Creek Clove Brook Cobleskill Creek Coeymans Creek Coxsackie Creek Cross River Croton River East Branch Croton River East Branch Sacandaga River East Canada Creek East Kill Eightmile Creek Esopus Creek Fall Kill Fishkill Creek Fonteyn Kill Fulmer Creek Hannacrois Creek Honnedaga Brook Hoosic River Indian River Jackson Creek Jan De Bakkers Kill Kaaterskill Creek Kayaderosseras Kinderhook Creek Kisco River Lake Creek Little Shawangunk Kill Maritje Kill Miami River Mill Creek Mohawk River Moodna Creek Moordener Kill Moyer Creek Muddy Kill Neepaulakating Creek Normans Kill Nowadaga Creek Ohisa Creek Onesquethaw Creek Opalescent River Oriskany Creek Otsquago Creek Otter Kill Papakating Creek Peekskill Hollow Creek Plattekill Creek Platter Kill Pocantico River Pochuck Creek Poesten Kill Potic Creek Quassaick Creek Roeliff Jansen Kill Rondout Creek Sacandaga River Sauquoit Creek Saw Kill Saw Mill River Sawyer Kill Schoharie Creek Schroon River Shawangunk Kill Sparkill Creek Sprout Creek Steele Creek Stockport Creek Stony Clove Creek Taghkanic Creek Tenmile Creek Tin Brook Titicus River Trout Brook Verkeerder Kill Vloman Kill Wallkill River Walloomsac River Wappinger Creek Wawayanda Creek West Branch Papakating Creek West Branch Sacandaga River West Canada Creek West Kill Wynants Kill
Lakes	Alcove Reservoir Ashokan Reservoir Basic Creek Reservoir Beacon Reservoir Bog Brook Reservoir Cedar Lake Chadwick Lake Chub Lake Cross River Reservoir Croton Falls Reservoir Dyken Pond East Branch Reservoir East Caroga Lake Fall Lake Franklinton Vlaie Garnet Lake Glenmere Lake Great Sacandaga Lake Great Vlaie Henderson Lake Honnedaga Lake Indian Lake Lizard Pond Lake Maratanza Muscoot Reservoir Lake Neepaulin New Croton Reservoir Notch Lake Piseco Lake Lake Pleasant Queechy Lake Rondout Reservoir Sacandaga Lake Saratoga Lake Sturgeon Pool Surprise Lake Sylvan Lake Lake Tear of the Clouds Thompson Pond Titicus Reservoir Trout Lake West Caroga Lake Whaley Lake Winnisook Lake
Towns	New York Albany Amsterdam Beacon Bedford Beekman Bennington Bethlehem Blooming Grove Briarcliff Manor Carmel Catskill Clifton Park Cohoes Colonie Cortlandt East Fishkill East Greenbush Fishkill Glenville Gloversville Greenburgh Guilderland Halfmoon Herkimer Haverstraw Hyde Park Kingston Kirkland LaGrange Lloyd Malta Middletown Milton Monroe Montgomery Moreau Mount Pleasant New Castle New Hartford New Paltz New Windsor New York City Newburgh Niskayuna North Adams Nyack Ossining Peekskill Plattekill Poughkeepsie Queensbury Rome Rotterdam Saugerties Schenectady Shawangunk Sleepy Hollow Somers Southeast Troy Utica Wallkill Wappinger Warwick West Point Whitestown Wilton Yonkers Yorktown New Jersey Alpine Bayonne Cliffside Park Edgewater Englewood Cliffs Fort Lee Hoboken Jersey City North Bergen Sparta Tenafly Weehawken West New York
Landmarks	Adirondack Mountains Adirondack Park Ashokan Bridge Blenheim Bridge Buskirk Bridge Catskill Mountains Champlain Canal Cohoes Falls Copeland Bridge Delaware and Hudson Canal Eagleville Bridge East River Erie Canal George Washington Bridge Harlem River Helderberg Escarpment Holland Tunnel Hudson Highlands State Park Kaaterskill Clove Kaaterskill Falls Kill Van Kull Kingston–Rhinecliff Bridge Lincoln Tunnel Mid-Hudson Bridge Newburgh–Beacon Bridge Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present) The Palisades Perrine's Bridge Plotter Kill Preserve Pollepel Island Popolopen Rexleigh Bridge Rip Van Winkle Bridge Salisbury Center Bridge Schoharie Bridge Shushan Bridge Statue of Liberty Taconic Mountains Verkeerder Kill Falls Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area

v t e Mountains of New York
Adirondack Mountains	Dix Range Dix Mountain Grace Peak Hough Peak Macomb Mountain South Dix Great Range Armstrong Mountain Basin Mountain Gothics Lower Wolfjaw Mountain Saddleback Mountain Sawteeth Upper Wolfjaw Mountain MacIntyre Mountains Algonquin Peak Iroquois Peak Mount Marshall Wright Peak Marcy Group Allen Mountain Cliff Mountain Gray Peak Mount Colden Mount Haystack Mount Marcy Mount Redfield Mount Skylight Street Range MacNaughton Mountain Nye Mountain Street Mountain Others Ampersand Mountain Azure Mountain Baker Mountain Bald Mountain (Herkimer County) Bald Mountain (Lewis County) Belfry Mountain Bell Mountain Big Slide Mountain Bitch Mountain Black Mountain Blake Peak Blue Mountain Boreas Mountain Cascade Mountain Catamount Mountain Cathead Mountain Coney Mountain Couchsachraga Peak Crane Mountain Debar Mountain Dewey Mountain Dial Mountain Donaldson Mountain Dun Brook Mountain Esther Mountain Fort Noble Mountain Giant Mountain Goodnow Mountain Gore Mountain Hadley Mountain Hamilton Mountain Hurricane Mountain Jay Mountain Kempshall Mountain Loon Lake Mountains Lyon Mountain Makomis Mountain McCauley Mountain McKenzie Mountain Meenahga Mountain Moose River Mountain Mount Adams Mount Arab Mount Colvin Mount Electra Mount Emmons Mount Jo Mount McGregor Mount Morris Mount Pisgah Mount Van Hoevenberg Nippletop Noonmark Mountain Ohmer Mountain Owls Head Mountain Palmer Hill Panther Peak Phelps Mountain Pitchoff Mountain Poke-O-Moonshine Mountain Porter Mountain Prospect Mountain Rocky Peak Ridge Saint Regis Mountain Salmon Lake Mountain Santanoni Peak Seward Mountain Seymour Mountain Silver Lake Mountain Snowy Mountain Spruce Mountain Stillwater Mountain Swede Mountain T Lake Mountain Table Top Mountain Titus Mountain Tomany Mountain Vanderwhacker Mountain Wallface Mountain West Mountain Whiteface Mountain Whites Hill Woodhull Mountain Yard Mountain
Catskill Mountains	Blackhead Mountains Black Dome Blackhead Thomas Cole Mountain Burroughs Range Wittenberg Mountain Cornell Mountain Slide Mountain Devil's Path Hunter Mountain Indian Head Mountain Plateau Mountain Southwest Hunter Mountain Sugarloaf Mountain (Greene County) Twin Mountain West Kill Mountain Others Ashland Pinnacle Ashokan High Point Balsam Cap Balsam Lake Mountain Balsam Mountain Bearpen Mountain Big Indian Mountain Bramley Mountain Bump Mountain Chapin Hill Doubletop Mountain Eagle Mountain Evergreen Mountain Fir Mountain Friday Mountain Gallis Hill Graham Mountain Halcott Mountain Huntersfield Mountain Irish Mountain Kaaterskill High Peak The Knob Leonard Hill Lone Mountain Mount Jefferson Mount Sherrill Mount Tremper North Dome North Mountain Old Clump Mountain Overlook Mountain Panther Mountain Peekamoose Mountain Mount Pisgah Plattekill Mountain Red Hill Richmond Mountain Richtmyer Peak Rocky Mountain Rusk Mountain Table Mountain Tower Mountain Twadell Mountain Utsayantha Mountain Van Loan Hill Vly Mountain Windham High Peak
Hudson Highlands	Anthony's Nose Beacon Mountain Bear Mountain Breakneck Ridge Buckberg Bull Hill Crow's Nest Dunderberg Mountain Hook Mountain Jackie Jones Mountain Popolopen South Mountain Mount Nimham Storm King Mountain Sugarloaf Mountain (Dutchess County) Sugarloaf Hill Tallman Mountain
Taconic Mountains	Alander Mountain Berlin Mountain Brace Mountain Misery Mountain Mount Raimer Rounds Mountain Washburn Mountain White Rock
Others	Alma Hill Bellvale Mountain Bristol Mountain (Worden Hill) Calder Hill Castor Hill Clove Mountain Cornell Hill Cornish Hill Cumorah Dairy Hill Fitch Hill Frost Hill Gifford Hill Gomer Hill Hartzfelt Mountain Hooker Mountain Ingraham Hill Jersey Hill Joppenbergh Mountain Kilkenny Hill Klock Hill Marlboro Mountains McCarty Hill Metcalf Hill Morgan Hill Morrow Mountain Mount Colfax Mount Defiance Mount Irvine Mount Peter Mount Tuscarora Mount Wellington Mount Zion Page Pond Hill Panther Mountain Penn Mountain Petersburg Mountain Ramapo Mountains Red House Hill Rum Hill Schunemunk Mountain Science Hill Shawangunk Ridge Sproul Hill Todt Hill Virgil Mountain Windham Mountain

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