Arc De Triomphe - Wikipedia

Triumphal arch in Paris, France For the horse race in Paris, see Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. For other uses, see Arch of Triumph (disambiguation). Not to be confused with the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, which stands west of the Louvre Palace.
Arc de Triomphe
Arc de triomphe de l'Étoile
MapInteractive map of Arc de Triomphe
Alternative namesArc de Triomphe de l'Étoile
General information
TypeTriumphal arch
Architectural styleNeoclassicism
LocationPlace Charles de Gaulle (formerly Place de l'Étoile)
Coordinates48°52′25.6″N 2°17′42.1″E / 48.873778°N 2.295028°E / 48.873778; 2.295028
Construction started15 August 1806[1]
Inaugurated29 July 1836[2]
Height49.54 m (162.5 ft)
Dimensions
Other dimensionsWide: 44.82 m (147.0 ft) Deep: 22.21 m (72.9 ft)
Design and construction
ArchitectsJean-François Chalgrin (1806–1811) Louis-Robert Goust (1811–1814, 1823–1830) Jean-Nicolas Huyot (1823–1825, 1826–1832) Guillaume-Abel Blouet (1832–1836)

The Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile,[a] often simply called the Arc de Triomphe, is one of the most famous monuments in Paris, France. It is located at the western end of the Champs-Élysées, at the centre of Place Charles de Gaulle—formerly known as Place de l'Étoile—named for the star-shaped configuration formed by the convergence of twelve radiating avenues. Paving stones of different colors trace a stellar pattern on the plaza's surface, with its points reaching toward the centre of each avenue. The monument is situated at the intersection of three arrondissements: the 16th (to the south and west), the 17th (to the north), and the 8th (to the east). Commissioned to honor those who fought and died for France during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, the Arc bears the names of French victories and generals engraved on its inner and outer surfaces. Beneath its vault lies the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from World War I, marked by an eternal flame commemorating unidentified fallen soldiers.

The central cohesive element of the Axe historique (historic axis, a sequence of monuments and grand thoroughfares on a route running from the courtyard of the Louvre to the Grande Arche de la Défense), the Arc de Triomphe was designed by Jean-François Chalgrin in 1806; its iconographic programme depicts heroically nude warriors and set the tone for public monuments with triumphant patriotic messages. Inspired by the Arch of Titus in Rome, the Arc de Triomphe has an overall height of 49.54 m (162.5 ft), width of 44.82 m (147.0 ft) and depth of 22.21 m (72.9 ft), while its large vault is 29.19 m (95.8 ft) high and 14.62 m (48.0 ft) wide. The smaller transverse vaults are 18.68 m (61.3 ft) high and 8.44 m (27.7 ft) wide.

Paris's Arc de Triomphe was the tallest triumphal arch until the completion of the Monumento a la Revolución in Mexico City in 1938, which is 67 m (220 ft) high. The Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang, completed in 1982, is modeled on the Arc de Triomphe and is slightly taller at 60 m (197 ft). The Grande Arche in La Défense near Paris is 110 m (361 ft) high, and, if considered to be a triumphal arch, is the world's tallest.[6]

History

[edit]

Construction and late 19th century

[edit]
Avenues radiate from the Arc de Triomphe in Place Charles de Gaulle, the former Place de l'Étoile.

The Arc de Triomphe is located on the right bank of the Seine at the centre of a dodecagonal configuration of twelve radiating avenues. It was commissioned in 1806, after the victory at Austerlitz by Emperor Napoleon at the peak of his fortunes. Laying the foundations alone took two years and, in 1810, when Napoleon entered Paris from the west with his new bride, Archduchess Marie-Louise of Austria, he had a wooden mock-up of the completed arch constructed. The architect, Jean-François Chalgrin, died in 1811 and the work was taken over by Louis-Robert Goust.[7]

The Battle of Austerlitz, 2 December 1805, painting by François Gérard displayed in the Gallery of the Battles, at the Palace of Versailles.

During the Bourbon Restoration, construction was halted until 1823, and it would not be completed until the reign of Louis Philippe I in 1836, by architects Louis-Robert Goust and Jean-Nicolas Huyot, under the direction of Louis-Étienne Héricart de Thury, then by Guillaume-Abel Blouet.[7] The final cost was reported at about 10 million francs (equivalent to an estimated €65 million or $75 million in 2020).[8][9]

On 15 December 1840, Napoleon's remains were brought back to France from Saint Helena and passed under the Arc de Triomphe en route to his final resting place at Les Invalides.[10] Prior to his burial in the Panthéon, the body of Victor Hugo lay in state beneath the arch on the night of 22 May 1885.

  • The Arc de Triomphe under construction between the toll houses of the Barrière de l'Étoile, 1818. The Arc de Triomphe under construction between the toll houses of the Barrière de l'Étoile, 1818.
  • State funeral of Emperor Napoleon, 15 December 1840. State funeral of Emperor Napoleon, 15 December 1840.
  • The Place de l'Étoile and Arc de Triomphe, 1868. The Place de l'Étoile and Arc de Triomphe, 1868.
  • State funeral of Victor Hugo, 31 May 1885. State funeral of Victor Hugo, 31 May 1885.

20th century

[edit]
Free French forces on parade after the liberation of Paris on 26 August 1944.

It is said that on the day the Battle of Verdun began in 1916, the sword carried by the figure of the Republic in La Marseillaise sculptural group broke off. The relief was immediately hidden by tarpaulins to conceal the accident and avoid any undesired ominous interpretations.[11]

On 7 August 1919, three weeks after the Paris victory parade marking the end of hostilities in World War I, Charles Godefroy flew his Nieuport biplane under the arch's primary vault, with the event captured on newsreel.[12][13][14] Jean Navarre was the pilot who was tasked to make the flight, but he died on 10 July 1919 when he crashed near Villacoublay while training for the flight.

Following its construction, the Arc de Triomphe became the rallying point of French troops parading after successful military campaigns and for the annual Bastille Day military parade. Famous victory marches around or under the Arc have included the Germans in 1871, the French in 1919, the Germans in 1940, and the French and Allies in 1944[15] and 1945. A United States postage stamp of 1945 shows the Arc de Triomphe in the background as victorious American troops march down the Champs-Élysées and U.S. airplanes fly overhead on 29 August 1944. After the interment of the Unknown Soldier, however, all military parades (including the aforementioned post-1919) have avoided marching through the actual arch. The route taken is up to the arch and then around its side, out of respect for the tomb and its symbolism. Both Adolf Hitler in 1940 and Charles de Gaulle in 1944 observed this custom.

By the early 1960s, the monument had grown very blackened from coal soot and automobile exhaust, and during 1965–1966 it was cleaned through bleaching. In the prolongation of the Avenue des Champs-Élysées, a new arch, the Grande Arche de la Défense, was built in 1982, completing the line of monuments that forms Paris's Axe historique. After the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel and the Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile, the Grande Arche is the third arch built on the same perspective.

In 1995, the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria placed a bomb near the Arc de Triomphe which wounded 17 people as part of a campaign of bombings.[16]

On 12 July 1998, when France won the FIFA World Cup for the first time after defeating Brazil 3–0 at the Stade de France, images of the players including double goal scorer Zinedine Zidane and their names along with celebratory messages were projected onto the arch.[17]

  • Charles Godefroy flying through the Arc de Triomphe in 1919. Charles Godefroy flying through the Arc de Triomphe in 1919.
  • Arc de Triomphe, postcard, c. 1920. Arc de Triomphe, postcard, c. 1920.
  • A colourized aerial photograph of the southern side, published in 1921. A colourized aerial photograph of the southern side, published in 1921.
  • Arc de Triomphe in 1939. Arc de Triomphe in 1939.

21st century

[edit]

In late 2018, the Arc de Triomphe suffered acts of vandalism during the yellow vests protests.[18] A crowd of demonstrators sprayed the monument with graffiti and ransacked its museum.[19] In September 2021, the Arc was wrapped in a silvery blue fabric and red rope,[20] as part of L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped, a posthumous project planned by artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude since the early 1960s.[21]

  • View of the Arc de Triomphe from the Avenue d'Iéna, 2012. View of the Arc de Triomphe from the Avenue d'Iéna, 2012.
  • Laurent Fabius, Minister of Foreign Affairs, with John Kerry, U.S. Secretary of State, under the Arc de Triomphe in 2015. Laurent Fabius, Minister of Foreign Affairs, with John Kerry, U.S. Secretary of State, under the Arc de Triomphe in 2015.
  • Bastille Day military parade, 2017. Bastille Day military parade, 2017.
  • The Arc de Triomphe during the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris. The Arc de Triomphe during the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris.

Design

[edit]

Monument

[edit]
Jean-François Chalgrin's drawing of the Arc de Triomphe, 1806.

The astylar design is by Jean-François Chalgrin (1739–1811), in the Neoclassical version of ancient Roman architecture. Among the major French academic sculptors represented on the Arc de Triomphe are Jean-Pierre Cortot, François Rude, Antoine Étex, James Pradier, and Henri Lemaire. The main sculptures are not integral friezes but are treated as independent trophies applied to the vast ashlar masonry masses, not unlike the gilt-bronze appliqués on Empire furniture. The four sculptural groups at the base of the Arc are The Triumph of 1810 (by Jean-Pierre Cortot), The Resistance of 1814 and The Peace of 1815 (both by Antoine Étex), and the most renowned of them all, The Departure of the Volunteers of 1792, commonly called La Marseillaise (by François Rude). The face of the allegorical representation of France calling forth her people on this last was used as the belt buckle for the honorary rank of Marshal of France. The sculptures representing Triumph, Resistance and Peace commemorate Napoleon's victories, the invasion of France in 1814, and the end of hostilities in 1815.[22]

On the attic above the richly sculptured frieze of soldiers are 30 shields engraved with the names of major French victories in the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars.[23] The inside walls of the monument list the names of 660 officers, among which are 558 French generals of the First French Empire;[24] the names of those killed in battle are underlined. Also inscribed, on the shorter sides of the four supporting columns, are the names of the major French victories in the Napoleonic Wars. Battles that took place during the Hundred Days are not included.[25]

For four years from 1882 to 1886, a monumental sculpture by Alexandre Falguière topped the arch. Titled Le triomphe de la Révolution ("The Triumph of the Revolution"), it depicted a chariot drawn by horses preparing "to crush Anarchy and Despotism".[26]

Inside the monument, a permanent exhibition, conceived by artist Maurice Benayoun and architect Christophe Girault, opened in February 2007.[27]

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier

[edit]
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier beneath the Arc de Triomphe.

Beneath the Arc is the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from World War I. Interred on Armistice Day 1920,[28] an eternal flame burns in memory of the dead who were never identified (now in both world wars).[29]

A ceremony is held at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier every 11 November on the anniversary of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 signed by the Entente Powers and Germany in 1918. It was originally decided on 12 November 1919 to bury the unknown soldier's remains in the Panthéon, but a public letter-writing campaign led to the decision to bury him beneath the Arc de Triomphe. The coffin was put in the chapel on the first floor of the Arc on 10 November 1920, and put in its final resting place on 28 January 1921.[29] The slab on top bears the inscription: Ici repose un soldat français mort pour la Patrie, 1914–1918 ("Here rests a French soldier who died for the Fatherland, 1914–1918").[29]

In 1961, U.S. President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy paid their respects at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, accompanied by President Charles de Gaulle. After the 1963 assassination of President Kennedy, Mrs. Kennedy remembered the eternal flame at the Arc de Triomphe and requested that an eternal flame be placed next to her husband's grave at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.[30]

Details

[edit]
  • The four main sculptural groups on each of the Arc's pillars are:
    • The Departure of the Volunteers of 1792, also called La Marseillaise, by François Rude (southern façade, right). This sculptural group celebrates the cause of the French First Republic during the Battle of Valmy. Above the volunteers is the winged personification of Liberty. The group served as a recruitment tool in the early months of World War I and encouraged the French to invest in war loans in 1915–1916.[31]
    • The Triumph of 1810, by Jean-Pierre Cortot (southern façade, left). This group celebrates the Treaty of Schönbrunn and features Napoleon, crowned by the goddess of Victory.
    • The Resistance of 1814, by Antoine Étex (northern façade, right). This group commemorates the French Resistance to the Allied Armies during the War of the Sixth Coalition.
    • The Peace of 1815, by Antoine Étex (northern façade, left). This group commemorates the Treaty of Paris, concluded in that year.
  • The Departure of the Volunteers of 1792 (La Marseillaise). The Departure of the Volunteers of 1792 (La Marseillaise).
  • The Triumph of 1810. The Triumph of 1810.
  • The Resistance of 1814. The Resistance of 1814.
  • The Peace of 1815. The Peace of 1815.
  • Six reliefs sculpted on the façades of the arch, representing important moments of the French Revolution and of the Napoleonic era include:
    • The Battle of Aboukir, 25 July 1799, by Bernard Seurre (southern façade, left).
    • The Funeral of General Marceau, 21 September 1796, by Henri Lemaire (southern façade, right).
    • The Battle of Jemappes, 6 November 1792, by Carlo Marochetti (eastern façade).
    • The Capture of Alexandria, 3 July 1798, by John-Étienne Chaponnière (northern façade, left).
    • The Crossing of the Arcole Bridge, 15 November 1796, by Jean-Jacques Feuchère (northern façade, right).
    • The Battle of Austerlitz, 2 December 1805, by Théodore Gechter (western façade).
  • The Battle of Jemappes, 6 November 1792. The Battle of Jemappes, 6 November 1792.
  • The Battle of Austerlitz, 2 December 1805. The Battle of Austerlitz, 2 December 1805.
  • The Battle of Aboukir, 25 July 1799. The Battle of Aboukir, 25 July 1799.
  • The Funeral of General Marceau, 21 September 1796. The Funeral of General Marceau, 21 September 1796.
  • The Capture of Alexandria, 3 July 1798. The Capture of Alexandria, 3 July 1798.
  • The Crossing of the Arcole Bridge, 15 November 1796. The Crossing of the Arcole Bridge, 15 November 1796.
  • The names of 158 battles fought by the French First Republic and the First French Empire are engraved on the monument. Among them, 30 battles are engraved on the attic:
  • 96 battles are engraved on the inner façades, under the great arches:
  • The names of 660 military leaders who served during the French First Republic and the First French Empire are engraved on the inner façades of the small arches.[32][33] Underlined names signify those who died on the battlefield:
  • Northern pillar. Northern pillar.
  • Eastern pillar. Eastern pillar.
  • Southern pillar. Southern pillar.
  • Western pillar. Western pillar.
  • The spandrels of the great arches are decorated with allegorical figures representing characters in Roman mythology (by James Pradier):
  • Figure of Pheme (northern façade, left spandrel). Figure of Pheme (northern façade, left spandrel).
  • Figure of Victoria (northern façade, right spandrel). Figure of Victoria (northern façade, right spandrel).
  • Figure of Pheme (southern façade, left spandrel). Figure of Pheme (southern façade, left spandrel).
  • Figure of Pheme (southern façade, right spandrel). Figure of Pheme (southern façade, right spandrel).
  • The ceilings with sculpted roses:
  • Ceilings of the great and small archways. Ceilings of the great and small archways.
  • French flag suspended from the vault of the great archway. French flag suspended from the vault of the great archway.
  • Ceiling of the great archway. Ceiling of the great archway.
  • Ceilings of the great and small archways. Ceilings of the great and small archways.
  • Interior of the Arc de Triomphe:
  • Spiral stairways located in the pillars of the arch. Spiral stairways located in the pillars of the arch.
  • Museum level in the attic below the rooftop terrace. Museum level in the attic below the rooftop terrace.
  • First World War statue. First World War statue.
  • Museum level in the attic below the rooftop terrace. Museum level in the attic below the rooftop terrace.
  • There are several plaques at the foot of the monument:
  • Plaque in memory of the proclamation of the Republic, 4 September 1870. Plaque in memory of the proclamation of the Republic, 4 September 1870.
  • Plaque in memory of the return of the regions Alsace and Lorraine to France, 11 November 1918. Plaque in memory of the return of the regions Alsace and Lorraine to France, 11 November 1918.
  • Plaque in memory of the fighters of the Armies and the Resistance who died for France, 1939–1945. Plaque in memory of the fighters of the Armies and the Resistance who died for France, 1939–1945.
  • Plaque in memory of General de Gaulle's appeal, 18 June 1940. Plaque in memory of General de Gaulle's appeal, 18 June 1940.

Access

[edit]

The Arc de Triomphe is accessible by the RER and Métro, with the closest stop being the Charles de Gaulle–Étoile station. Due to heavy traffic on the roundabout of which the Arc is the centre, pedestrians use two underpasses accessible from the Champs-Élysées and the Grande Armée avenues. A spiral stairway with 240 steps leads visitors to the museum level in the attic of the monument, where large models of the Arc and interactive exhibits on its history, construction, and cultural significance are displayed. Another 40 steps lead to the rooftop terrace, offering a panoramic view of Paris.[34] Elevators providing access to the museum and rooftop terrace are available.[35]

The location of the Arc, as well as the Place de l'Étoile, is shared between three arrondissements: the 16th (to the south and west), the 17th (to the north), and the 8th (to the east).

  • Paris seen from the rooftop terrace of the Arc de Triomphe. Paris seen from the rooftop terrace of the Arc de Triomphe.

Replicas

[edit]

While many structures around the world resemble the Arc de Triomphe, some were actually inspired by it. Replicas that used its design as a model include the Rosedale World War I Memorial Arch in Kansas City, United States (1924); the Arcul de Triumf in Bucharest, Romania (1936); the Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang, North Korea (1982); and a miniature version at the Paris Casino in Las Vegas, United States (1999).[36]

  • Rosedale Arch in Kansas City, United States. Rosedale Arch in Kansas City, United States.
  • Arcul de Triumf in Bucharest, Romania. Arcul de Triumf in Bucharest, Romania.
  • Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang, North Korea. Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang, North Korea.
  • Paris Casino in Las Vegas, United States. Paris Casino in Las Vegas, United States.

See also

[edit]
  • flagFrance portal
  • Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe
  • Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe
  • List of works by James Pradier
  • Napoleon's tomb
  • Galerie des Batailles
  • Bastille Day military parade
  • Romanian Arcul de Triumf
  • List of tourist attractions in Paris
  • List of post-Roman triumphal arches

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ UK: /ˌɑːrkdəˈtrɒmf,-ˈtrmf/,[3][4] US: /-trˈmf/,[5] French: [aʁkdətʁijɔ̃fdəletwal] ; lit.'Triumphal Arch of the Star'.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Raymond, Gino (30 October 2008). Historical dictionary of France. Scarecrow Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-8108-5095-8. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
  2. ^ Fleischmann, Hector (1914). An unknown son of Napoleon. John Lane company. p. 204. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
  3. ^ "Arc de Triomphe". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020.
  4. ^ "Arc de Triomphe". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  5. ^ "arc de triomphe". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  6. ^ "Arc de Triomphe facts". Paris Digest. 2018. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  7. ^ a b "History of the Arc de triomphe". Paris-arc-de-triomphe.fr (Centre des monuments nationaux). Retrieved 1 November 2025.
  8. ^ L'Abeille (in French). Petit Séminaire de Québec. 1848. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  9. ^ "Historical Currency Converter". Historicalstatistics.org. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  10. ^ Hôtel des Invalides website Archived 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  11. ^ "History of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris". Places in France. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
  12. ^ "Les débuts de l'aviation : Charles Godefroy – L'Histoire par l'image". Histoire-image.org. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  13. ^ Melville Wallace, La vie d'un pilote de chasse en 1914–1918, Flammarion, Paris, 1978. The film clip is included in The History Channel's Four Years of Thunder.
  14. ^ * « Un aviateur passe en avion sous l'Arc de Triomphe » Archived 30 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Le Matin from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 3–4.
    • « Un avion passe sous l'Arc de Triomphe » Archived 21 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, L'Écho de Paris from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 3.
    • « L'Acte insensé d'un aviateur » Archived 23 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine, par Raoul Alexandre, L'Humanité from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 2.
    • « Un avion, ce matin, est passé sous l'Arc de Triomphe » Archived 21 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, par Paul Cartoux, L'Intransigeant from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 6.
    • « Aéronautique : l'inutile exploit du sergent Godefroy » Archived 28 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Le Temps from 1919/08/09, morning edition, p.3, column 4–5.
  15. ^ Image of Liberation of Paris parade Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  16. ^ Simons, Marlise (18 August 1995). "Bomb Near Arc De Triomphe wounds 17". New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  17. ^ France 2 (13 July 1998). "France 98 : Nuit de fête sur les Champs-Elysées après la victoire (Archive INA)" [France 98: Night of celebration on the Champs-Elysées after the victory]. YouTube (in French). Institut National de l'Audiovisuel. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  18. ^ Irish, John (2 December 2018). "Macron mulls state of emergency after worst unrest in decades". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  19. ^ Katz, Brigit. "Arc de Triomphe to Reopen After Being Vandalized During 'Yellow Vest' Protests". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  20. ^ Chappell, Bill (17 September 2021). "Here's Why The Arc De Triomphe Was Just Wrapped In Fabric". NPR. Archived from the original on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  21. ^ Katz, Brigit (13 June 2021). "L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped: Christo's dream being realised". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  22. ^ "Sculpture on the Arc De Triomphe: the Peace of 1815 by Antoine Etex". Ackland Art Museum. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  23. ^ The Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro is inscribed as a French victory, instead of the tactical draw and strategic defeat that it actually was.
  24. ^ Among the generals are at least two foreign generals, Venezuelan Francisco de Miranda and German-born Nicolas Luckner.
  25. ^ "Discover the Arc de Triomphe in Paris". French Monuments. 26 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  26. ^ L'Art moderne. Imp. Ve (i.e. 5th) Monnom. 1882. p. 318. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  27. ^ "Between War and Peace". Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
  28. ^ Naour, Jean-Yves Le; Allen, Penny (16 August 2005). The Living Unknown Soldier: A Story of Grief and the Great War. Macmillan. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8050-7937-1. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
  29. ^ a b c Granfield, Linda (2008). The Unknown Soldier. North Winds Press. ISBN 978-0-4399-3558-6. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  30. ^ Gormley, Beatrice; Meryl Henderson (11 May 2010). Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis: Friend of the Arts. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 142–43. ISBN 978-1-4391-1358-5. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  31. ^ Forrest, Alan (28 May 2009). The Legacy of the French Revolutionary Wars. Cambridge University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-1394-8924-9.
  32. ^ Divry, Arnauld (2023). "Les 660 noms inscrits sur l'Arc de Triomphe de Paris". arnauld-divry.ovh. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  33. ^ Baedeker, Karl (1860). Guide à Paris par Baedeker: Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile. Paris: A. Bohné. p. 91. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  34. ^ "The panorama". Paris-arc-de-triomphe.fr (Centre des monuments nationaux). Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  35. ^ "Practical information". Paris-arc-de-triomphe.fr (Centre des monuments nationaux). Retrieved 17 September 2025.
  36. ^ "These Arc de Triomphe Around the World… And in Montpellier?". La Comédie de Vanneau. 20 November 2020. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
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  • Madeleine
  • Miromesnil
  • Monceau
  • Place de Clichy
  • Rome
  • Saint-Augustin
  • Saint-Lazare
  • Saint-Philippe du Roule
  • Ternes
  • Villiers
SNCF station
  • Gare Saint-Lazare
  • v
  • t
  • e
16th arrondissement of Paris
Neighbourhoods
  • Auteuil
  • Chaillot
  • Passy
  • Trocadéro
Primary andsecondary schools
  • Lycée Claude-Bernard
  • Lycée Janson-de-Sailly
  • Lycée Jean-Baptiste-Say
  • Lycée Molière
  • Lycée La Fontaine
  • Lycée Octave-Feuillet
  • École Pascal
  • Lycée René-Cassin
  • École normale israélite orientale
  • Institut de l'Assomption
  • Cours privé Beauséjour
  • École d'esthétique Yves Rocher
  • Institut de La Tour
  • International School of Paris
  • Russian Embassy School in Paris
  • Établissement Gerson
  • Ipécom Paris
  • Lycée Moria-Diane Benvenuti
  • Lycée Notre-Dame des Oiseaux
  • Lycée Passy-Saint-Honoré
  • Saint-Jean de Passy
  • Lycée Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague
  • Lycée Sainte-Thérèse
  • Kingsworth International School
Universities
  • Paris Dauphine University
Landmarks
  • Arc de Triomphe (partial)
  • Bois de Boulogne
  • Guimet Museum
  • Louis Vuitton Foundation
  • Mona Bismarck American Center
  • Maison de Balzac
  • Maison la Roche
  • Musée Arménien de France
  • Musée d'Art Dentaire Pierre Fauchard
  • Musée Baccarat
  • Musée Clemenceau
  • Musée de la Contrefaçon
  • Palais de Tokyo
  • Parc des Princes
  • Pavillon de l'eau
  • Passy Cemetery
  • Piscine Molitor (swimming pool)
  • Place Charles de Gaulle
  • Place Diana
  • Russian Embassy in Paris
  • Stade Jean-Bouin
  • Stade Roland Garros
    • Tenniseum
Paris Métro stations
  • Argentine
  • Boissière
  • Chardon Lagache
  • Charles de Gaulle–Étoile
  • Église d'Auteuil
  • Exelmans
  • Iéna
  • Jasmin
  • Kléber
  • La Muette
  • Michel-Ange–Auteuil
  • Michel-Ange–Molitor
  • Mirabeau
  • Passy
  • Porte d'Auteuil
  • Porte Dauphine
  • Porte de Saint-Cloud
  • Porte Maillot
  • Porte Molitor
  • Ranelagh
  • Rue de la Pompe
  • Trocadéro
  • Victor Hugo
Paris RER stations
  • Charles de Gaulle–Étoile
The École Japonaise de Paris (Japanese School of Paris) was in Trocadéro until 1990
  • v
  • t
  • e
Tourism in Paris
Landmarks
  • Arc de Triomphe
  • Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel
  • Arènes de Lutèce
  • Bourse
  • Catacombs
  • Conciergerie
  • Eiffel Tower
  • Gare d'Austerlitz
  • Gare de l'Est
  • Gare de Lyon
  • Gare du Nord
  • Gare Montparnasse
  • Gare Saint-Lazare
  • Grand Palais and Petit Palais
  • Institut de France
  • Jeanne d'Arc
  • Les Invalides
    • Napoleon's tomb
  • Louvre Pyramid
  • Luxor Obelisk
  • Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe
  • Opéra Bastille
  • Palais Garnier (Opéra Garnier)
  • Panthéon
  • Philharmonie de Paris
  • Place Diana
    • Flame of Liberty
  • Porte Saint-Denis
  • Porte Saint-Martin
  • Sorbonne
  • Tour Montparnasse
Museums(list)
  • Army Museum
  • Bibliothèque nationale
  • Centre Pompidou
  • Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie
  • Jeu de Paume
  • Louis Vuitton Foundation
  • Maison de Balzac
  • Maison de Victor Hugo
  • Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme
  • Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris
  • Musée des Arts décoratifs
  • Musée des Arts et Métiers
  • Musée Carnavalet
  • Musée de la Cinémathèque
  • Musée de Cluny
  • Musée Cognacq-Jay
  • Musée Grévin
  • Musée Guimet
  • Musée Jacquemart-André
  • Musée de la Vie romantique
  • Musée de l'Orangerie
  • Musée du Louvre
  • Musée Marmottan Monet
  • Musée de Montmartre
  • Musée National d'Art Moderne
  • Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
  • Musée national des Monuments Français
  • Musée national Eugène Delacroix
  • Musée national Gustave Moreau
  • Musée d'Orsay
  • Musée Pasteur
  • Musée Picasso
  • Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac
  • Musée Rodin
  • Palais de la Légion d'Honneur
    • Musée de la Légion d'honneur
  • Palais de Tokyo
Religious buildings
  • Alexander Nevsky Cathedral
  • American Cathedral
  • American Church
  • Armenian Cathedral of St. John the Baptist
  • Chapelle expiatoire
  • Grand Mosque
  • Grand Synagogue
  • Synagogue de Nazareth
  • La Madeleine
  • Notre-Dame de Paris
  • Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle
  • Notre-Dame-de-Lorette
  • Notre-Dame-des-Victoires
  • Sacré-Cœur
  • Saint Ambroise
  • Saint-Augustin
  • Saint-Étienne-du-Mont
  • Saint-Eustache
  • Saint-François-Xavier
  • Saint-Germain-des-Prés
  • Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois
  • Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais
  • Saint-Jean de Montmartre
  • Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis
  • Saint-Pierre de Montmartre
  • Saint-Roch
  • Saint-Sulpice
  • Saint-Vincent-de-Paul
  • Sainte-Chapelle
  • Sainte-Clotilde
  • Sainte-Trinité
  • Temple du Marais
  • Tour Saint-Jacques
  • Val-de-Grâce
Hôtels particuliersand palaces
  • Élysée Palace
  • Hôtel de Beauvais
  • Hôtel de Charost
  • Hôtel de Crillon
  • Hôtel d'Estrées
  • Hôtel de la Païva
  • Hôtel de Pontalba
  • Hôtel de Sens
  • Hôtel de Soubise
  • Hôtel de Sully
  • Hôtel de Ville
  • Hôtel Lambert
  • Hôtel Matignon
  • Luxembourg Palace
    • Petit Luxembourg
  • Palais Bourbon
  • Palais de Justice
    • Palais de la Cité
  • Palais-Royal
Bridges, streets,areas, squaresand waterways
  • Avenue de l'Opéra
  • Avenue Foch
  • Avenue George V
  • Boulevard de la Madeleine
  • Boulevard de Sébastopol
  • Canal de l'Ourcq
  • Canal Saint-Martin
  • Champ de Mars
  • Champs-Élysées
  • Covered passages
    • Brady
    • Choiseul
    • Galerie Véro-Dodat
    • Galerie Vivienne
    • Havre
    • Jouffroy
    • Panoramas
  • Latin Quarter
  • Le Marais
  • Montmartre
  • Montparnasse
  • Place Diana
  • Place Dauphine
  • Place de la Bastille
  • Place de la Concorde
  • Place de la Nation
  • Place de la République
  • Place des Émeutes-de-Stonewall
  • Place des États-Unis
  • Place des Pyramides
  • Place des Victoires
  • Place des Vosges
  • Place du Carrousel
  • Place du Châtelet
  • Place du Tertre
  • Place Saint-Michel
  • Place Vendôme
  • Pont Alexandre III
  • Pont d'Iéna
  • Pont de Bir-Hakeim
  • Pont des Arts
  • Pont Neuf
  • Port du Louvre
  • Rive Gauche
  • Rue Basse
  • Rue Bonaparte
  • Rue Charlemagne
  • Rue d'Argenteuil
  • Rue de la Ferronnerie
  • Rue de la Paix
  • Rue de la Sourdière
  • Rue de Montmorency
  • Rue de Richelieu
  • Rue de Rivoli
  • Rue de Vaugirard
  • Rue des Francs-Bourgeois
  • Rue des Lombards
  • Rue des Rosiers
  • Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré
  • Rue Elzévir
  • Rue Foyatier
  • Rue Molière
  • Rue Mondétour
  • Rue Montorgueil
  • Rue Radziwill
  • Rue Rambuteau
  • Rue Pastourelle
  • Rue Saint-Denis
  • Saint-Germain-des-Prés
  • Rue Saint-Honoré
  • Rue Sainte-Anne
  • Trocadéro
  • Viaduc d'Austerlitz
Parks and gardens(list)
  • Bois de Boulogne
    • Jardin d'Acclimatation
  • Bois de Vincennes
    • Parc floral
  • Coulée verte René-Dumont
  • Jardin du Luxembourg
  • Parc André-Citroën
  • Parc Clichy-Batignolles – Martin Luther King
  • Parc de Belleville
  • Parc de Bercy
  • Parc de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge
  • Parc des Buttes Chaumont
  • Parc Georges-Brassens
  • Parc Monceau
  • Parc Montsouris
  • Tuileries Garden
Sport venues
  • Accor Arena
  • Adidas Arena
  • Auteuil Hippodrome
  • Halle Georges Carpentier
  • Hippodrome de Vincennes
  • Longchamp Racecourse
  • Parc des Princes
  • Piscine Molitor
  • Stade Jean Bouin
  • Stade Pershing
  • Stade Pierre de Coubertin
  • Stade Roland Garros
  • Stade Sébastien Charléty
  • Vélodrome de Vincennes
Cemeteries
  • Montmartre Cemetery
  • Montparnasse Cemetery
  • Passy Cemetery
  • Père Lachaise Cemetery
    • Oscar Wilde's tomb
  • Picpus Cemetery
Région parisienne
  • Basilica of Saint-Denis
  • Château d'Écouen
  • Château de Chantilly
  • Château de Fontainebleau
  • Château de Malmaison
  • Château de Rambouillet
  • Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
  • Château de Sceaux
  • Château de Vincennes
  • La Défense
    • Grande Arche
    • Paris La Défense Arena
  • Disneyland Paris
    • Disneyland Park
    • Walt Disney Studios Park
  • Exploradôme
  • Fort Mont-Valérien
    • Mémorial de la France combattante
    • Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial
  • France Miniature
  • La Roche-Guyon
  • Musée de l'air et de l'espace
  • Musée Fragonard d'Alfort
  • Palace of Versailles and Gardens (Grand Trianon and Petit Trianon, including the Fresh pavilion)
  • Parc Astérix
  • Parc de Saint-Cloud
  • Provins
  • Sèvres – Cité de la céramique
  • Stade de France
  • Vaux-le-Vicomte
Culture and events
  • Bastille Day military parade
  • Dîner en Blanc
  • Fête de la Musique
  • Nuit Blanche
  • Paris Air Show
  • Paris Fashion Week
  • Paris-Plages
  • Republican Guard
  • Solidays
Related
  • Art in Paris
  • Axe historique
  • Bateau-Lavoir
  • Bateaux Mouches
  • Café des 2 Moulins
  • Café Procope
  • Folies Bergère
  • Fountains in Paris
  • La Ruche
  • Les Deux Magots
  • List of tourist attractions in Paris
  • Maxim's
  • Moulin de la Galette
  • Moulin Rouge
  • Paris Métro
    • entrances
    • Montmartre Funicular
  • Paris Musées
  • Paris syndrome
  • Paris Zoological Park
  • Pyramide inversée
  • UNESCO Headquarters
Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata
International
  • VIAF
  • GND
  • FAST
National
  • United States
  • Israel
Geographic
  • Mérimée
  • MusicBrainz place
Other
  • NARA
  • Kulturenvanteri monument
  • Yale LUX

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