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One of the most abundant types of rock on Earth is basalt. It is a kind of igneous rock formed by the cooling of a certain type of molten lava. The lava cools and then hardens into a fine-grained crystalline rock (see lava and magma). The word basalt is believed to have come from an ancient Ethiopian word, basal, meaning “a rock from which iron can be derived.” Supposedly the first basalts were obtained in Ethiopia.

Basalt is dark gray or black in color and is denser than most other volcanic rocks. It contains less silica and more iron and magnesia than the other common volcanic rocks, such as rhyolite. Its chief minerals are feldspar, pyroxene, olivine, and iron oxides. Although nearly all basaltic rock is crystalline, in some cases, where the lava has cooled rapidly, it has a glassy appearance. Because of its density and toughness, basalt is often used for making roads and in the construction of buildings.

Basalt is found throughout the world. Most of the lavas that pour out of volcanoes that make up oceanic islands are basaltic. For example, the great shieldlike volcano of Mauna Loa, in Hawaii, is made up of basaltic lava flows.

As well as being the main volcanic rock of the oceans, basalt occurs on the continents. In the Columbia and Snake river regions of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho in the United States, thousands of square miles are covered with basalt. This enormous volume was poured out from great fissures, or cracks, in the Earth’s crust. Basalt plateaus of similar size occur in India and Brazil. Many modern volcanoes, such as Hekla in Iceland and Mount Etna in Italy, also erupt basaltic lava (see volcano).

Where the liquid-lava flows cool slowly and evenly, the newly hardened material shrinks and cracks into columns with several sides. Well-known examples of these columns can be seen at Fingal’s Cave on the island of Staffa off the coast of Scotland and at the Giant’s Causeway in County Antrim, Ireland. Somewhat similar columnar formations occur in the United States at the Palisades along the Hudson River in New York and at the Devils Postpile near Yosemite National Park in California.

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