Blowhole (geology) - Wikipedia

Hole at the top of a sea-cave which allows waves to force water or spray out of the hole

For the cave phenomena sometimes referred to as a blowhole, see Breathing cave

In geology, a blowhole or marine geyser is formed as sea caves grow landward and upward into vertical shafts and expose themselves toward the surface, which can result in hydraulic compression of seawater that is released through a port from the top of the blowhole.[1][2] The geometry of the cave and blowhole along with tide levels and swell conditions determine the height of the spray.[3][4]

Mechanics

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Blowholes are likely to occur in areas where there are crevices, such as lava tubes, in rock along the coast.[5] These areas are often located along fault lines and on islands.[5] As powerful waves hit the coast, water rushes into these crevices and bursts out in a high pressured release.[5] It is often accompanied by a loud noise and wide spray, and for this reason, blowholes are often sites of tourism.[5]

Marine erosion on rocky coastlines produce blowholes that are found throughout the world. They are found at intersecting faults and on the windward sides of a coastline where they receive higher wave energy from the open ocean.[6] The development of a blowhole is linked to the formation of a littoral cave. These two elements make up the blowhole system. A blowhole system always contains three main features: a catchment entrance, a compression cavern and an expelling port. The arrangement, angle and size of these three features determine the force of the air to water ratio that is ejected from the port.[7] The blowhole feature tends to occur in the most distal section of a littoral cave. As their name suggests, blowholes have the ability to move air rapidly. Strong reverse draughts in response to pressure changes in a connecting littoral cave can send wind speeds upwards of 70 km/h.[8]

The formation of a blowhole system begins as a littoral cave is formed. The main factors that contribute to littoral caves formation are wave dynamics and the parent material’s rock property. A parent material property such as susceptibility or resistance to weathering plays a major role in the development of caves. Littoral caves can be formed by one of two processes: caves made of limestone are produced by karst (dissolution) processes, and caves made of igneous rock are produced by pseudokarst (non-dissolutional) processes.[9] In time the littoral cave enlarges growing inland and vertically through weak joints in the parent material. As weathering continues the roof of the cave is exposed, and the blowhole continues to enlarge, eventually the roof of the littoral cave is weaken and collapses. This creates a steep-wall inlet that allows the next stage of coastal morphology to progress.[10]

La Bufadora is a large example of a blowhole located in the Punta Banda Peninsula of Baja California, Mexico. It consists of a littoral cave with a thin opening that has a recurrence eruption interval of 13 -17 seconds, ejecting water up to 100 ft. above sea level.[11]

Images

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• Alofaaga Blowholes on Savai'i Island in Samoa
• Blowholes, north coast of Barbados
• Hummanaya - A blowhole located in Southern Province, Sri Lanka
• Hālona Blowhole, Oahu, Hawaii
• Kiama Blowhole, New South Wales, Australia
• La Bufadora, Ensenada, Baja California

See also

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• Geo (landform)

References

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1. ^ Bell, F. G.; Bell, Frederic Gladstone (2007). Engineering Geology. Elsevier. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-7506-8077-6.
2. ^ Ashish (2015-10-13). "What Are Blowholes?". ScienceABC. Retrieved 2025-02-18.
3. ^ Sartor, James Doyne; Lamar, D. L. (1962). Meteorological-Geological Investigations of the Wupatki Blowhole System. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. OCLC 22486021.[page needed]
4. ^ Bunnell, Dave (2008). "Vertical sea caving" (PDF). NSS News. 66 (10). National Speleological Society: 11–18.
5. ^ a b c d Woodroffe, Colin D. (2011-01-01). "Blowholes". Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer Netherlands. pp. 163–164. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2639-2_189. ISBN 978-90-481-2638-5.
6. ^ Bunnell, Dave (2013). "Littoral Cave Development on the Western U.S. Coast". Coastal Karst Landforms. Coastal Research Library. Vol. 5. pp. 299–315. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5016-6_14. ISBN 9789400750166.
7. ^ Mendoza-Baldwin, Edgar; Silva-Casarín, Rodolfo; Sánchez-Dirzo, Rafael; Chávez-Cárdenas, Xavier (2011-01-30). "Wave Energy Conversion Using a Blow-Jet System". Coastal Engineering Proceedings. 1 (32): 62. doi:10.9753/icce.v32.structures.62. ISSN 2156-1028.
8. ^ Burnett, Shannon; Webb, John A.; White, Susan (2013-11-01). "Shallow caves and blowholes on the Nullarbor Plain, Australia — Flank margin caves on a low gradient limestone platform". Geomorphology. 201: 246–253. Bibcode:2013Geomo.201..246B. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.06.024. ISSN 0169-555X.
9. ^ Mylroie, John E.; Mylroie, Joan R. (2013). Coastal Karst Landforms. Coastal Research Library. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 3–14. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5016-6_1. ISBN 9789400750159.
10. ^ Clark, Hovey C.; Johnson, Markes E. (1995). "Coastal Geomorphology of Andesite from the Cretaceous Alisitos Formation in Baja California (Mexico)". Journal of Coastal Research. 11 (2): 401–414. JSTOR 4298348.
11. ^ Fuentes, Oscar Velasco (2013). "The Activity of la Bufadora, A Natural Marine Spout in Northwestern Mexico". Fluid Dynamics in Physics, Engineering and Environmental Applications. Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 353–360. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27723-8_32. ISBN 9783642277221.

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