Blue Whale | NOAA Fisheries

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Blue Whale

Balaenoptera musculus

Protected Status

ESA Endangered Throughout Its Range MMPA Protected Throughout Its Range MMPA Depleted Throughout Its Range CITES Appendix II Throughout Its Range SPAW Annex II Throughout the Wider Caribbean Region

Quick Facts

Weight Up to 330,000 pounds Length Up to 110 feet Lifespan Estimated at around 80 to 90 years Threats Entanglement in fishing gear, Ocean noise, Vessel strikes Region Alaska, New England/Mid-Atlantic, Pacific Islands, Southeast, West Coast Blue whale swimming in the ocean. Credit: NOAA Fisheries

Blue whale swimming in the ocean. Credit: NOAA Fisheries

About the Species

Blue whale swimming in the ocean. Credit: NOAA Fisheries

Blue whale swimming in the ocean. Credit: NOAA Fisheries

Blue whales are the largest animals ever to live on our planet. They feed almost exclusively on krill, straining huge volumes of ocean water through their baleen plates (which hang from the roof of the mouth and work like a sieve). Some of the biggest individuals may eat up to 6 tons of krill a day.

Blue whales are found in all oceans except the Arctic Ocean. There are five currently recognized subspecies of blue whales.

The number of blue whales today is only a small fraction of what it was before modern commercial whaling significantly reduced their numbers during the early 1900s, but populations are increasing globally. The primary threats blue whales currently face are vessel strikes and entanglements in fishing gear.

NOAA Fisheries and its partners are dedicated to conserving and rebuilding blue whale populations worldwide. We use a variety of innovative techniques to study, protect, and rescue these endangered animals. We engage our partners as we develop regulations and management plans that foster healthy fisheries and reduce the risk of entanglements, create whale-safe shipping practices, and reduce ocean noise.

Population Status

Blue whales were significantly depleted by commercial whaling activities worldwide. Today, blue whales are listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act and protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. The latest stock assessment reports of blue whales include data for various stocks, including areas of the North Pacific and western North Atlantic Oceans.

Appearance

Blue whales have a long body and generally slender shape. Their mottled blue-gray color appears light blue under water—hence their name, the blue whale. The mottling pattern is variable and can be used to identify individuals.

Antarctic blue whales are generally larger than other blue whale subspecies. For example, in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, blue whales can grow up to about 90 feet and are over 100,000 pounds, but in the Antarctic, they can reach up to about 110 feet and weigh more than 330,000 pounds. Like many other baleen whales, female blue whales are generally larger than males.

Behavior and Diet

Blue whales sometimes swim in small groups but are more often found alone or in pairs. They generally spend summers feeding in polar waters and undertake lengthy migrations towards the equatorial waters as winter arrives.

Blue whales typically swim at about 5 miles an hour while they are feeding and traveling, but can accelerate to more than 20 miles an hour for short bursts. They are among the loudest animals on the planet, emitting a series of pulses, groans, and moans, and it is thought that in the right oceanographic conditions, sounds emitted by blue whales can be heard by other whales up to 1,000 miles away. Scientists think they use these vocalizations to communicate and—along with their excellent hearing—perhaps to sonar-navigate the dark ocean depths.

The primary diet of blue whales is krill—tiny shrimp-like animals, but fish and copepods (tiny crustaceans) may occasionally be part of the blue whale’s diet. When blue whales hunt for food, they filter feed by swimming toward large schools of krill with their mouth open and closing their mouths around the krill while inflating their throat pleats. Once closed, blue whales then push the trapped water out of their mouth with their tongue and use their baleen plates to keep the krill trapped inside.

Where They Live

Blue whales are found in all oceans except the Arctic. They generally migrate seasonally between summer feeding grounds and winter breeding grounds, but some evidence suggests that individuals in certain areas might not migrate at all. Information about distribution and movement varies with location, and migratory routes are not well known. In general, distribution is driven largely by food availability—they occur in waters where krill are concentrated.

In the North Atlantic Ocean, their range extends from the subtropics to the Greenland Sea. Blue whales have been sighted in the waters off eastern Canada and in the shelf waters of the eastern United States.

Along the West Coast of the United States, eastern North Pacific blue whales are believed to spend winters off of Mexico and Central America. They likely feed during summer off the U.S. West Coast and, to a lesser extent, in the Gulf of Alaska and central North Pacific waters.

Blue whales with young calves are regularly observed in the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez) from December through March. It is believed that this area is an important calving and nursing area for the species.

In the northern Indian Ocean, there is a "resident" population. Blue whale sightings, strandings, and acoustic detections have been reported from the Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, and across the Bay of Bengal. The migratory movements of these whales are largely unknown but may be driven by oceanographic changes associated with monsoons.

In the Southern Hemisphere, Antarctic blue whales occur mainly in relatively high latitude waters south of the "Antarctic Convergence" and close to the ice edge in summer. They generally migrate to middle and low latitudes in winter, although not all whales migrate each year. Pygmy blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda)—a subspecies—are typically distributed north of the Antarctic Convergence and are most abundant in waters off Australia, Madagascar, and New Zealand. An unnamed subspecies of blue whale is found in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, particularly in the Chiloense Ecoregion, and migrates to lower latitude areas, including the Galapagos Islands and the eastern tropical Pacific.

World map providing approximate representation of the blue whale's range.

Lifespan & Reproduction

Blue whales’ average lifespan is estimated at around 80 to 90 years. Scientists can estimate the age of whales by counting the layers of wax-like earplugs collected from deceased animals.

Scientists know little about the life history of the blue whale. The best available science suggests the gestation period is approximately 10 to 12 months. Weaning probably occurs at around 6 to 7 months on, or en route to, summer feeding areas. The age of sexual maturity is thought to be 5 to 15 years. Most reproductive activity, including births and mating, takes place during the winter. The average calving interval is probably 2 to 3 years.

Threats

Vessel Strikes

Vessel strikes can injure or kill blue whales. Vessel strikes have killed blue whales throughout their range, but the risk is much higher in some coastal areas with heavy vessel traffic, like ports and in shipping lanes, and from larger vessels and vessels traveling at high speeds.

Entanglement in Fishing Gear

Blue whales can become entangled in fishing gear, either swimming off with the gear attached or becoming anchored. Blue whales can become entangled in many different gear types, including traps, pots, and nets. Once entangled, whales may drag the attached gear for long distances, ultimately resulting in fatigue, compromised feeding ability, or severe injury, which may lead to reduced reproductive success and death.

Additional Threats

Additional possible threats to blue whales that are less understood include ocean noise, habitat degradation, pollution, vessel disturbance, and climate change.

Scientific Classification

Kingdom	Animalia
Phylum	Chordata
Class	Mammalia
Order	Cetartiodactyla
Family	Balaenopteridae
Genus	Balaenoptera
Species	musculus

Last updated by NOAA Fisheries on 09/28/2023

What We Do

Conservation & Management

All blue whales are protected under the MMPA and ESA. Our work strives to protect blue whales by:

• Reducing vessel strikes
• Responding to dead, injured, or entangled blue whales
• Reducing the effects from ocean noise

Learn more about our conservation efforts

Science

Our research projects have helped us better understand blue whales and the challenges they face. Our work includes:

• Stock assessments
• Environmental modeling to predict where blue whales are in near-real time
• Studying whales’ habitat preferences and feeding ecology
• Conducting photographic and genetic identification
• Researching the acoustic environment of blue whales

Learn more about our research

How You Can Help

Keep Your Distance

Be responsible when viewing marine life in the wild. Observe all small whales from a safe distance of at least 100 yards by sea or land.

In Washington State inland waters, it is illegal to approach a killer whale within 200 yards. Please visit Be Whale Wise for more specific instructions.

Learn more about our marine life viewing guidelines

Report Marine Life in Distress

Report a sick, injured, entangled, stranded, or dead animal to make sure professional responders and scientists know about it and can take appropriate action. Numerous organizations around the country are trained and ready to respond. Never approach or try to save an injured or entangled animal yourself—it can be dangerous to both the animal and you.

Learn who you should contact when you encounter a stranded or injured marine animal

Reduce Speed and Be on the Lookout

Vessel collisions are a major cause of injury and death for whales. Here are some tips to avoid collisions:

Be Whale Aware. Know where whales occur (habitat).

Watch your speed in areas of known marine mammal occurrence. Keep speeds to 10 knots or less to reduce potential for injury.

Keep a sharp lookout. Look for blows, dorsal fins, tail flukes, etc. However, be aware that most captains report never seeing a whale prior to colliding with it.

Protect your boat, protect your passengers. Boats can be heavily damaged and even "totalled" after colliding with a large whale. Collisions can also injure passengers.

Keep your distance. Stay at least 100 yards away.

Stop immediately if within 100 yards. Slowly distance your vessel from the whale.

Learn more about vessel strikes

Report a Violation

Call the NOAA Fisheries Enforcement Hotline at (800) 853-1964 to report a federal marine resource violation. This hotline is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week for anyone in the United States.

You may also contact your closest NOAA Office of Law Enforcement field office during regular business hours.

Featured News

Gray whale mother and her calf on their northbound migration. Credit: NOAA Fisheries Leadership Message

Celebrate Whale Week with Us: A Message from Director of NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources Kim Damon-Randall

National Feature Story

Whale Week: Celebrating the Wonder of Whales

National Common dolphins. Credit: NOAA Fisheries/Michelle Klein Feature Story

Celebrating 15 Years of Surveying Protected Species in the Northwest Atlantic

New England/Mid-Atlantic A school of northern right whale dolphins observed off Oregon on the recent Southwest Fisheries Science Center marine mammal survey. Image collected under NOAA Fisheries research permit #22306. Credit: NOAA Fisheries/Cory Hom-Weaver. Feature Story

Four-Month Survey Tracking West Coast Marine Mammals Finds Some Shifting North

West Coast View More News

Related Species

North Atlantic Right Whale

Bowhead Whale

Fin Whale

Humpback Whale

Management Overview

Blue whales are protected under both the Endangered Species Act and the Marine Mammal Protection Act. NOAA Fisheries is working to protect this species in many ways.

Image

Recovery Planning and Implementation

Recovery Action

Under the ESA, NOAA Fisheries is required to develop and implement recovery plans for the conservation and survival of listed species. The ultimate goal of the Blue Whale Recovery Plan is to recover the species, with an interim goal of downlisting its status from endangered to threatened. This consists of six objectives:

• Coordinate federal and international measures to maintain international regulation of whaling for blue whales
• Determine blue whale taxonomy, population structure, occurrence, distribution, and range
• Estimate population size and monitor trends in abundance
• Identify, characterize, protect, and monitor habitat important to blue whale populations
• Investigate human-caused potential threats and, should they be determined to be limiting blue whale recovery, take steps to minimize their occurrence and severity
• Maximize efforts to acquire scientific information from dead, stranded, and entangled or entrapped blue whales

Recovery Strategy and Implementation

A primary strategy of the Recovery Plan, revised in 2020, is to maintain the international ban on commercial hunting that was instituted in 1986. Additionally, this Plan provides a strategy to improve our understanding of how potential threats may be limiting blue whale recovery. Finally, this plan provides a research strategy to obtain data necessary to determine blue whale taxonomy, population structure, distribution, and habitat, which can then inform estimation of population abundance and trends. Once the populations and their threats are more fully understood, this plan will be modified to include actions to minimize any threats determined to be limiting recovery. Because blue whales move freely across international borders, recovery efforts are not confined to U.S. waters. Thus, this plan stresses the importance of a multinational approach to management.

Conservation Efforts

Reducing Vessel Strikes

Collisions between whales and vessels can injure or kill the whales and damage the vessels, but they often go unnoticed and unreported. NOAA Fisheries has taken both regulatory and non-regulatory steps to reduce the threat of vessel collisions with whales. Precautions that vessel operators can take include:

• Learn when the seasonal abundance of large whales are in shipping lanes; listen and be aware of advisories

• Consult the United States Coast Guard’s “Local Notice to Mariners” or the “Coast Pilot,” which supplements the navigational information shown on NOAA nautical charts, for more information

• Keep a sharp lookout for whales, including posting additional crew lookouts on the bow, if possible

• Reduce speeds while in advisory zones or in areas of high seasonal or local whale abundance

• If practicable, re-route vessels to avoid areas of high whale abundance

The most effective way to reduce collision risk is to keep whales and vessels separated by great distances; where this is not possible, vessels need to slow down and keep a lookout.

Learn more vessel strikes and marine mammals

Overseeing Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response

We work with volunteer networks in all coastal states to respond to marine mammal strandings including all whales. When stranded animals are found alive, NOAA Fisheries and our partners assess the animal’s health and determine the best course of action. When stranded animals are found dead, our scientists work to understand and investigate the cause of death. Although the cause often remains unknown, scientists can sometimes attribute strandings to disease, harmful algal blooms, vessel strikes, fishing gear entanglements, pollution exposure, and underwater noise. Some strandings can serve as indicators of ocean health, giving insight into larger environmental issues that may also have implications for human health and welfare.

Learn more about the Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program

Marine Mammal Unusual Mortality Events

Blue whales have been part of a declared unusual mortality event in the past. Under the Marine Mammal Protection Act, an unusual mortality event is defined as "a stranding that is unexpected; involves a significant die-off of any marine mammal population; and demands immediate response." To understand the health of marine mammal populations, scientists study unusual mortality events.

Get information on active and past UMEs

Get an overview of marine mammal UMEs

Reducing Ocean Noise

Noise pollution can threaten whale populations, interrupting their normal behavior and driving them away from areas important to their survival. NOAA Fisheries is investigating all aspects of acoustic communication and hearing in marine animals, as well as the effects of sound on whale behavior and hearing. In 2018, NOAA Fisheries issued revised technical guidance for assessing the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals’ hearing.

Learn more about ocean noise

Regulatory History

The blue whale is listed as endangered throughout its range under the ESA and is thus considered depleted throughout its range under the MMPA.

Internationally, blue whales received complete legal protection from commercial whaling in 1966 under the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling.

Key Actions and Documents

Actions & Documents Incidental Take

Blue Whale 5-Year Review

In 2018, NOAA Fisheries announced the initiation of a 5-year review for the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus). NOAA Fisheries is required by the Endangered Species Act (ESA) to conduct 5-year reviews to ensure that the listing classifications of…

• Notice of initiation (83 FR 51665, 10/12/2018)

• Blue Whale 5-Year Review (2020)

Notice, National Published November 9, 2020

Final Recovery Plan for the Blue Whale

We, NOAA Fisheries, announce the availability of a revised Endangered Species Act Recovery Plan for the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus)

• Notice of availability of Draft Recovery Plan (83 FR 51665, 10/12/2018)
• Notice of Intent to Update the Blue Whale Recovery Plan (77 FR 22760, 04/17/201…

• Recovery Plan for the Blue Whale

Notice, National Effective November 9, 2020

Listing of Blue Whale Under the ESA

By notice of proposed rulemaking published in the Federal Register on July 30, 1970 (35FR12222), notice was given that it was proposed to amend Appendix A to Part 17 of Title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations by adding additional names to the list…

• Original Listing (35 FR 18319)

Final Rule, National Effective December 2, 1970

Incidental Take Authorization: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory's Marine Geophysical Survey of the East Pacific Rise in the Eastern Tropical Pacific

Incidental Take Authorization: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory's Marine Geophysical Survey of the East Pacific Rise in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean

• Notice of Final IHA
• Notice of Proposed IHA

Notice, International Effective 02/22/2026

Incidental Take Authorization: Scripps Institution of Oceanography's Geophysical Surveys in the Cascadia Subduction Zone of the Northeast Pacific

Incidental Take Authorization: Scripps Institution of Oceanography's Geophysical Surveys in the Cascadia Subduction Zone of the Northeast Pacific Ocean

• Notice of Final IHA
• Notice of Proposed IHA

Notice, West Coast Effective 09/02/2025

Military Readiness Activities in the Hawaii-California Training and Testing (HCTT) Study Area (2025-2032)

Military Readiness Activities in the Hawaii-California Training and Testing (HCTT) Study Area (2025-2032)

• Final Rule
• Proposed Rule
• Notice of Receipt of Application

Final Rule, Pacific Islands West Coast Effective 12/21/2025

Incidental Take Authorization: Scripps Institution of Oceanography's Marine Geophysical Survey in the Nauru Basin of Greater Micronesia in the NW

Incidental Take Authorization: Scripps Institution of Oceanography's Marine Geophysical Survey in the Nauru Basin of Greater Micronesia in the NW Pacific Ocean

• Notice of Final IHA
• Notice of Proposed IHA

Notice, International Published 12/16/2024

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More Information

• Endangered Species Conservation
• International Marine Mammal Conservation
• Marine Life Viewing Guidelines
• Marine Mammal Permits and Authorizations
• Marine Mammal Protection

Last updated by NOAA Fisheries on 09/28/2023

Science Overview

NOAA Fisheries conducts various research activities on the biology, behavior, and ecology of blue whales. The results of this research are used to inform management decisions and enhance recovery efforts for this endangered species.

Environmental Modeling

Scientists working on the WhaleWatch project are using advanced technologies to predict where blue whales are likely to be in near real-time off the U.S. West Coast. This near real-time information helps reduce human effects on whales by providing information on where the whales occur and hence where whales may be most at risk from threats such as vessel strikes, entanglements, and underwater noise. Scientists developed habitat-based model estimates of whale occurrence that combine satellite tracking of whales with information on the environment.

Learn more about the WhaleWatch project

Stock Assessments

Determining the size of the blue whale population—and whether it is increasing or decreasing—helps resource managers assess the success of the conservation measures enacted. NOAA Fisheries scientists collect population information on blue whales from various sources and present these data in annual stock assessment reports.

Shipboard Studies

NOAA Fisheries’ research surveys investigate blue whales’ habitat preferences and feeding ecology and collect photographs and genetic samples. Information from this research is used in management actions that protect the blue whale and reduce human-related deaths.

Acoustic Science

Other research is focused on the acoustic environment of blue whales. This research involves:

• Increasing our understanding of the basic acoustic behavior of blue whales
• Mapping the acoustic environment
• Assessing blue whale distribution
• Developing improved methods to locate blue whales using autonomous gliders and passive acoustic arrays

Learn more about acoustic science

Research & Data

Blue and Fin Whales in the Northern Mariana Islands: Their Call Characteristics and Occurrence

Peer-reviewed journal article published in PLOS One about blue whales and fin whales and their call or vocalization characteristics and occurrences. August 25, 2025 - Peer-Reviewed Research , Pacific Islands

Retrospective analysis of measures to reduce large whale entanglements in a lucrative commercial fishery

Marine mammal bycatch is a significant anthropogenic threat to recovering populations. Gear reduction in Washington (USA) crab fishery decreased entanglement risk to whales. January 30, 2023 - Peer-Reviewed Research , West Coast

Passive Acoustic Cetacean Map

This mapping tool shows when and where specific whale, dolphin, and other cetacean species were acoustically detected in the North Atlantic Ocean. June 03, 2021 - Query Tool , New England/Mid-Atlantic

Passive Acoustics Research Group News & Media

Our Passive Acoustics Research Group frequently makes the news. This page links to articles and other media featuring our staff and their research. New England/Mid-Atlantic View More

More Information

• Population Assessments
• Permits and Authorizations: Scientific Research and Enhancement

Recent Science Blogs

Research

Sound Bytes: Why We Look at Sound, and How You Can Help!

Research Cory Hom-Weaver listens to whale songs while at SWFSC. Credit: NOAA Fisheries / Cory Hom-Weaver View More

Last updated by NOAA Fisheries on 09/28/2023

Documents

Document

Biological Opinion (NMFS) for the US Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration for the Yakutat Small Boat Harbor Replacement, Yakutat, Alaska

This opinion considers the effects of the demolition of existing floats and piles, in-water pile…

Alaska Document

Biological Opinion for the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission for the Alaska Liquefied Natural Gas Project, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska

This opinion considers the effects of the construction of the Alaska LNG pipeline and related…

Alaska Document

Biological Opinion (NMFS), Bureau of Land Management National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska Integrated Activity Plan and Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Coastal Plain Oil and Gas Lease Program, North Slope, Alaska

The proposed action would make available specific areas of the NPR-A and Coastal Plain for lease…

Alaska Document

Biological Opinion Alaska Railroad Corporation Seward Marine Terminal Freight Dock Expansion, Seward, Alaska

This opinion considers the effects of pile driving activities, fill placement, rock revetment…

Alaska More Documents

Data & Maps

Data

Passive Acoustic Cetacean Map

This mapping tool shows when and where specific whale, dolphin, and other cetacean species were…

New England/Mid-Atlantic Data

Recovery Action Database

Tracks the implementation of recovery actions from Endangered Species Act (ESA) recovery plans.

National More Data More Maps

Research

Peer-Reviewed Research

Blue and Fin Whales in the Northern Mariana Islands: Their Call Characteristics and Occurrence

Peer-reviewed journal article published in PLOS One about blue whales and fin whales and their call…

Pacific Islands Peer-Reviewed Research

Retrospective analysis of measures to reduce large whale entanglements in a lucrative commercial fishery

Marine mammal bycatch is a significant anthropogenic threat to recovering populations. Gear…

West Coast

Passive Acoustics Research Group News & Media

Our Passive Acoustics Research Group frequently makes the news. This page links to articles and other media featuring our staff and their research.

New England/Mid-Atlantic

California Current Marine Mammal Assessment Program

We assess the population status of marine mammals in the California Current.

West Coast More Research

Outreach & Education

Educational Materials

Valentine Cards to “Share the Love” for Marine Animals in the Pacific Islands Region

Eight valentine cards with drawings to color, fun facts, and viewing distances for humpback whales,…

Pacific Islands Outreach Materials

Acoustic Studies Sound Board Of Marine Mammals In Alaska

This resource features passive acoustic sound clips of many amazing marine mammals that can be…

Alaska More Outreach Materials More Educational Materials

Last updated by NOAA Fisheries on 09/28/2023