Border Security Force - Wikipedia
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| Border Security ForceSīmā Surakṣā Bala | |
|---|---|
 Emblem of the Border Security Force | |
 Flag of the Border Security Force | |
| Abbreviation | BSF |
| Motto | "जीवन पर्यन्त कर्तव्य"Jīvana Paryanta Kartavya ISO transl. "Duty Unto Death" |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 1 December 1965; 60 years ago |
| Employees | 290,000 active personnel |
| Annual budget | ₹28,231.27 crore (US$3.3 billion) (2025–26)[1] |
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| Federal agency | Republic of India |
| Operations jurisdiction | Republic of India |
| Governing body | Ministry of Home Affairs |
| Constituting instrument |
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| General nature |
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| Specialist jurisdiction |
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| Operational structure | |
| Headquarters | New Delhi |
| Minister responsible |
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| Agency executive |
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| Website | |
| www.bsf.gov.in | |
| This article is part of a series on the |
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The Border Security Force (BSF) is a central armed police force in India, under the Ministry of Home Affairs. It is responsible for guarding India’s borders with Pakistan and Bangladesh. It was formed in the wake of the Indo-Pak War of 1965 to ensure the security of India’s borders and for related matters.[3][4]
The BSF has grown from 25 battalions in 1965, to 193 battalions with a sanctioned strength of 270,000 personnel including an expanding air wing, water wing, an artillery regiment and specialised units.[5][6] It is currently the world's largest border security force. BSF has been termed the First Line of Defence of Indian territories.[7]
History
[edit]Since India's independence in 1947, the protection of its international boundaries was the responsibility of the local police in each border state, with little inter-state coordination.[8] However, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Pakistan attacked Sardar Post, Char Bet, and Beria Bet on April 9, 1965, in Kutch. This attack exposed the inadequacy of the State Armed Police in coping with armed aggression. Thus, after the war, the government created the Border Security Force as a unified central agency with the specific mandate of guarding India's international borders. This act brought greater cohesion to border security. K F Rustamji, from the Indian Police Service, was the first Director General of the BSF. Since it was a new force, the officers had to be deputed or inducted from outside to fill the various vacancies at different levels until the force's own cadre matured sufficiently. For this reason, emergency commissioned officers and SS officers of the Indian Army were inducted in large numbers into the force, along with IPS officers who were deputed to the force for high-level appointments.[8]
The BSF's capabilities were used in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 against Pakistani forces in areas where the Regular Forces were thinly spread. BSF troops took part in several operations, including the famous Battle of Longewala. In fact, for the BSF the war on the eastern front had started well before the war actually broke out in December 1971. BSF had trained, supported and formed part of Mukti Bahini and had entered erstwhile East Pakistan before the actual hostilities broke out. The BSF played a very important role in the Liberation of Bangladesh, which Indira Gandhi and Sheikh Mujibur Rehman had also acknowledged.
See also: Director General of the Border Security ForceK.F. Rustamji, IPS,[9] was appointed as the first Director General of Border Security Force from July 22, 1965, to September 30, 1972, and the current DG (additional charge) is Daljit Singh Chaudhary, IPS, since August 3, 2024.[10]
Engagements
[edit]- Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
- Operation Blue Star
- Operation Black Thunder
- Insurgency in Punjab
- Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
- Operation Vijay – Kargil War
- 2001 Bangladeshi-Indian border skirmishes
- 2001–2002 Operation Parakram – India-Pakistan Standoff
- 2013 India-Pakistan Border skirmishes
- 2014–15 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
- 2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
- 2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
- 2025 India–Pakistan standoff
Roles
[edit]During peacetime
- Border guarding and security.
- Prevention of trans-border crimes, unauthorized entry into or exit from the territory of India.
- Prevention of smuggling and any other illegal activities on the border.
- Anti-infiltration duties.
- Collection of trans-border intelligence.
- To promote a sense of security among the people living in the border areas.
During war time
- Holding ground in assigned sectors.
- Limited aggressive action against irregular forces of the enemy.
- Maintenance of law and order in enemy territory administered under the Army's control.
- Acting as guides to the Army in border areas.
- Assistance in control of refugees.
- Provision of escorts.
- Performing special tasks connected with intelligence including cross-border raids.[11]
- Replenishing manpower.
The BSF is also employed for internal security duties and other law and order duties on the requisition of the State Government. Being a Central Armed Police Force, it can be entrusted with policing duties at any place apart from its mandate.[11] Although originally charged with guarding India's external boundaries, the BSF in the 1990s was also given the task of counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations in Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, and the Northeastern Seven Sister States. While in Punjab, the BSF took part in operations like Blue Star, Black Thunder 1 & 2. However, when the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir broke out in 1989, it moved towards the state and handed over the operations in Punjab to CRPF and local police. In Jammu and Kashmir, the state police and the thinly-deployed Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) struggled to cope with the torturous violence, so it was deployed to combat these.
In Jammu and Kashmir, the BSF initially suffered casualties from terrorist attacks but later saw successes. During the initial years, terrorist activity had even reached Jammu and parts of Northern Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. However, it was only due to the successful operations by BSF that by the late 1990s, their area of activity had been restricted only to the valley. BSF was also successful in setting up a robust HUMINT network. From arresting Maulana Masood Azhar, Bitta Karate, Yasin Malik, the BSF is also credited for killing Ghazi Baba - the chief of Jaish-e-Mohammed and the mastermind of the 2001 Indian Parliament attack in August 2003, along with his deputy commander. The BSF raided Baba's hideout in Srinagar, and he was killed in the ensuing gun battle along with his deputy chief.
However, with changing tactical and operational conditions, and expansion and modernisation of State police, the Government withdrew all 60 BSF battalions and redeployed them on the Indo-Pakistani border and Bangladesh–India border. These troops were then replaced by fresh troops from the CRPF that had undergone specialised training in counter-terrorism.
Some units of the BSF are also deployed in Central India to combat Naxal violence. Counter-Maoist operations are diversified. BSF is deployed in Kanker district of Chhattisgarh, where Naxal strength is comparatively thinner than that of other parts of Bastar region. At present total 15 battalions of BSF are stationed in different parts of Kanker district to combat the Naxal.
After recent civilian killings in Kashmir the Home Ministry re-inducted the BSF for counter-insurgency operations and law-and-order duties in valley. The BSF units will be deployed in sensitive areas which lie in various districts of the Kashmir valley. A significant contributor to BSF success in the Kashmir Valley is Commandant Jagmohan Singh Rawat SM, KC. He has played a crucial role in counter-insurgency operations.[citation needed]
After Pahalgam Attack in the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir in India the Indian Armed Forces launched military operation which is named as Operation Sindoor against the terrorism originating from Pakistan. BSF played an significant role in operation Sindoor by targeting terrorist launch pads in Pakistan. In Jammu Region BSF destroyed 118 Pakistan Rangers Border Outposts. Prime Minister of India Shri Narendra Modi widely acknowledged the role of BSF in Operation Sindoor and appreciated the valour of BSF soldiers.[citation needed]
Organisation
[edit]
The Border Security Force has its headquarters in New Delhi and is known as Force Headquarters (FHQ) headed by a director general. Various directorates like Operations, Communications & IT, Training, Engineering, General, Law, Provisioning, Administration, Personnel, Armaments, Medical, Finance etc. function under the DG. Each directorate is headed by an IG. The Eastern Theatre is looked after by Spl. DG HQ (Eastern Command) at Kolkata and the Western Theatre is looked after by Spl DG HQ (Western Command) at Chandigarh. Field Formations in BSF are headed by an Inspector General (IG) and are known as Frontiers Headquarters (Ftr HQ). There is 13 such Frontier under which Sector Headquarters (SHQ) function headed by a Deputy Inspector General (DIG) each. Each SHQ has under its command, 4–5 infantry battalions, along with attachments of artillery, air and water wings. Presently 186 battalions are sanctioned to BSF. Five major training institutions and ten Subsidiary Training Centres (STCs) are imparting ab-initio as well as in-service training to its ranks and other CPOs/SPOs including IPS Probationers.
BSF is the only Central Armed Police Force to have its own Air Wing and artillery regiment, and besides ITBP to have a Water Wing. All these specialised wings support the General Duty Battalions in their operations. The Financial Adviser of the BSF has been an Indian Revenue Service officer of the rank of Joint Secretary and also has Dy Advisers from the Indian Audit and Accounts Service, Indian Civil Account Service and Indian Defence Account Service.
The BSF also has a national level school for the breeding and training of dogs. Dogs from other CPOs and State Police are sent to National Training Centre for Dogs (NTCD) to be trained in infantry patrol, detection of explosives, tracking and the like.[12]
The BSF maintains a Tear Smoke Unit (TSU), which is unique in India. The TSU is responsible for producing tear gas munitions required for the Anti-Riot Forces. It also exports a substantial quantity to other countries.[13][14]
Three battalions of the BSF, located at Kolkata, Guwahati, and Patna, are designated as the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF). Each battalion maintains 18 self-contained specialist search and rescue teams of 45 personnel each, including engineers, technicians, electricians, dog squads and medics and paramedics. The establishment of each battalion is 1,158 personnel. The NDRF is a multi-disciplinary, multi-skilled, high-tech force for all types of disasters and can deploy to disasters by air, sea, and land. These battalions are equipped and trained for all natural disasters including combating Chemical, Biological Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) disasters.
Since 2014, as a part of modernisation, BSF also started installing infra-red, thermal imagers, aerostats for aerial surveillance, ground sensors, radars, sonar systems to secure riverine borders, fibre-optic sensor and laser beam intrusion detection systems on specific sections of border with Pakistan and Bangladesh. These Hi-tech systems are installed in areas where barbed wire fencing could not be installed due to treacherous terrain or marshy riverine topography. The largest section of this system is located at Dhubri, Assam, where Brahmaputra river enters Bangladesh.[15][16]
ORBAT
[edit]- Western Command, Chandigarh
- Gujarat Frontier, Gandhinagar
- Barmer Sector
- Gandhinagar Sector
- Bhuj Sector,
- Rajasthan Frontier, Jodhpur
- Jaisalmer (South)Sector
- Jaisalmer (North) Sector
- Bikaner Sector
- Ganganagar Sector
- Punjab Frontier, Jalandhar
- Ferozepur Sector
- Amritsar Sector
- Gurdaspur Sector
- Jammu Frontier, Jammu
- Jammu Sector
- Sunderbani Sector
- Rajauri Sector
- I/Nagar Sector
- Kashmir Frontier, Humhama
- Srinagar Sector
- Baramulla Sector
- Bandipore Sector
- Kupwara Sector
- Gujarat Frontier, Gandhinagar
- Eastern Command, Kolkata
- South Bengal Frontier,[17] Kolkata
- North Bengal Frontier, Kadamtala
- Meghalaya Frontier
- SHQ Shillong (at Mawpat)
- SHQ Tura
- Tripura Frontier, Agartala
- Mizoram & Cachar Frontier, Masimpur
- Aizawl Sector
- Cachar Sector
- CI Ops Manipur
- Assam Frontier, Guwahati
- FTR HQ (spl ops)Odisha
- SHQ Koraput
- SHQ Malkanagiri
Special Detachments
[edit]Creek Crocodile
[edit]The Creek Crocodile is the specialised commando unit of BSF. Primary objective of this unit is to act as Quick reaction force and prevent smuggling and infiltration by unwanted elements. The unit is specifically deployed at Indus River Estuaries in Gujarat and Sir Creek. It was raised in 2009.[18] The base of operations of this unit is located at Koteshwar outpost of BSF.[18] They are equipped with All-Terrain Vehicles (ATV) and fast patrol boats.[19]
Camel Contingent
[edit]
BSF Camel Contingent is a specialised battalion-size Camelry Unit which has its roots in Bikaner Camel Corps. The primary purpose of this unit is to patrol the desert section of the border with Pakistan. This unit has a strength of 1,200 camels and 800 riders. Both camels as well as rientre located at BSF Frontier Headquarters in Jodhpur.[20]
However, with force modernisation pacing up, BSF has equipped its formation across the western border with All-Terrain Vehicles and other specialised apparatus.
Training and doctrine
[edit]Following the success of Operation Sindoor, the Border Security Force (BSF) is raising its first dedicated drone squadron to enhance surveillance and strike capabilities along the India–Pakistan border. The unit will operate from select Border Outposts (BoPs) and be directed by a central control room at the BSF’s Western Command in Chandigarh.
Equipped with reconnaissance, surveillance, and attack UAVs, the squadron is a direct response to the surge in cross-border drone threats witnessed during and after Operation Sindoor. In addition to procuring new drones, the BSF is hardening its border defences, upgrading bunker infrastructure, and coordinating with defence agencies to deploy counter-drone systems at vulnerable locations.[21]
In August 2025, the BSF established the Drone Warfare School at its Academy campus in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh.[22] It is the first institution in India dedicated to drone warfare training. The school is organised into three wings— Flying and Piloting, Tactics and Research and Development.It conducts courses such as the six-week Drone Commando Course for junior personnel and the one-week Drone Warrior Course for officers.[23][24]
Rank structure
[edit]Officers
[edit]| Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Border Security Force
|
|  |  |  |  |  |  | |||||||||||||||||
| Inspector general- | Deputy inspector-general- | Commandant- | Second-in-command- | Deputy commandant- | Assistant commandant- | |||||||||||||||||||
| Police equivalent |
| Inspector General (IG) | Deputy Inspector General (DIG) | Senior Superintendent (SSP) | Superintendent of Police (SP) | Additional Superintendent (Addl.SP) | Assistant/Deputy Superintendent of Police (ASP) | |||||||||||||||||
| Army equivalent |
| Major general | Brigadier | Colonel | Lieutenant colonel | Major | Captain | |||||||||||||||||
Personnel Below Officer Rank
[edit]| Rank group | Subordinate Officers (SO) | Non commissioned officers (NCO) | Enlisted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Border Security Force
|  |  |  |  |  | No insignia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subedar majorसूबेदार मेजर | Inspectorनिरीक्षक | Sub-inspectorउप निरीक्षक | Assistant sub-inspectorसहायक उप निरीक्षक | Head constableहवलदार | Constableकनिष्ठबल | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equipment
[edit]All the equipment including the uniforms, weapons, ammunition, vehicles such as the bullet proof vehicles, troop carriers, logistics vehicles, mine protected vehicles are manufactured indigenously at the Indian Ordnance Factories under control of the Ordnance Factories Board.[25] Drone and anti-drone equipment is an upcoming acquisition.[26][27]
| Name | Country of origin | Type |
|---|---|---|
| Pistol Auto 9 mm 1A | India | Semi-automatic pistol |
| Glock |  Austria | |
| Beretta Mx4 Storm |  Italy | Submachine gun |
| Heckler & Koch MP5 |  Germany | |
| AKM |  Soviet Union | Assault rifle |
| INSAS | India | |
| IWI TAR-21 |  Israel | |
| INSAS LMG | India | Machine gun |
| FN MAG |  Belgium | |
| NSV | Soviet Union | |
| Bren | India | |
| vz.59 |  Czechoslovakia | |
| Vidhwansak[28] | India | Sniper rifle |
| Barrett M82 |  United States | |
| Steyr SSG 69 | Austria | |
| FN FAL | Belgium | |
| Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle |  Sweden | Rocket launcher |
| AGS-30 |  Russia | |
| Milkor MGL |  South Africa | |
| ARDE Under Barrel Grenade Launcher | India |
FN MAG medium machine gun 
- Carl Gustav 84 mm recoilless rifles
Artillery
[edit]- 51 mm Mortar
- 81 mm Mortar
- 120 mm Mortar
- Advance Air defence Avni Gun
- 105 mm Indian Field Gun
Armoured
[edit]- Mahindra Rakshak military light utility vehicle
- OFD Mine Protected Vehicle
- Tata 407 Armoured Variant
- Maruti Gypsy Armoured Variant
- Mahindra Bolero Armoured Variant
- Mahindra Bolero Neo Armoured Variant
- Armoured Agricultural Tractors [29][30]
Aircraft
[edit]The aircraft fleet are distributed to different air wings at air bases of Air Force or Army Aviation Corps. This includes 1 Fixed Wing (HS748, ERJ135BJ) at Palam AFS and 5 Rotary Wings (Mi-17, Dhruv) at Agartala AFS, Mountain Shadow AFS, Raipur Airport, Ranchi Airport, and Srinagar AFS.[31]
- Hawker Siddeley HS 748 - 01
- Embraer 135 BJ - 01
- Beechcraft Super King Air - 2
- Mi-17 V5 Helicopter - 08
- Mi-17 1V Helicopter - 06
- HAL Dhruv - 06
- HAL Cheetah - 01
MANPADS
[edit]- SA-16 Gimlet
- SA-7 Grail
Watercraft
[edit]- Floating Border Out-Post - 10
- See BSF (Water Wing)
Criticism and controversy
[edit]Canadian controversy
[edit]In 2010, some Canadian visa officials rejected the immigration application of a retired BSF soldier Fateh Singh Pandher, terming BSF a "notoriously violent paramilitary unit engaged in systematic attacks on civilians and responsible for torturing suspected criminals." This accusation did not go down well with the Indian government. The Indian External Affairs Ministry was asked by the Home minister to take up the issue with Canada.[32][33] The Home ministry of India, as well as the Indian public in general and several of India's political parties, expressed outrage at this attack and called Canada's actions discriminatory and spurious, and denounced their charges against the BSF as baseless and unproven. The Indian government threatened diplomatic retaliation unless Canada withdrew their allegations. The Canadian government did not respond immediately.[34] It was speculated that diplomatic retaliation from India will consist of banning Canadians going to participate the War in Afghanistan if they are doing so through India. Public outrage in India prompted Canadian authorities to express "great respect for India's armed forces and related institutions."[35] Subsequently, India's Ministry of External Affairs summoned Canadian High Commissioner Joseph Caron and demanded that "the blatant discrimination against Indian security agencies" cease.[36] India's Minister of External Affairs, SM Krishna, condemned Canada's actions and has expressed pride in the accomplishments of the BSF.[37]
Following complaints made by the Indian government and criticism of Canada's actions against India, the Harper government retracted their earlier accusations against BSF security officials. Canada's Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, Jason Kenney, termed as "unfortunate" the incidents involving use of "foul language by the Canadian High Commission in visa rejection letters to some individuals," Kenney said, "This language, or the inaccurate impression it has created, in no way reflects the policy or position of the Government of Canada."[38]
Bangladesh border killings
[edit]According to the Bangladeshi government, 136 civilians were killed and a further 170 others suffered injuries in 2009. The Indian government has said that 67 were killed and 80 injured in 2009.[39] The Bangladesh government and Bangladeshi organizations protested heavily against these alleged killings. Media reports claim that in August 2008, Indian BSF officials admitted that they killed 59 persons (34 Bangladeshis, 21 Indians, rest unidentified) who were trying to cross the border illegally during the prior six months.[40] Indian media claimed that, in 2001, Bangladesh Rifles ambushed and killed 16 BSF soldiers while they were chasing some Bangladeshi smugglers back into the Bangladesh. Bangladesh side says the reason was illegal occupation of Padua and Baraibari village since 1971. This lead them to disputes and then to border clash, where more than 400 BSF, army and also few black cat's soldiers died. Since then, the BSF has been compelled to act tough against Bangladeshi illegals.[41] There was perceived retaliation by the BSF but was averted after Home Ministers of both countries had talks on the issue.
In July 2009 Channel 4 News reported that apparently "hundreds" of Bangladeshis and Indians are indiscriminately killed by the BSF along the Indo-Bangladeshi Barrier. The BSF claims that the barrier's main purpose is to check illegal immigration to India, and prevent cross-border terrorism from Islamists.[42]
Bangladeshi media accused the BSF of abducting 5 Bangladeshi children, aged between 8 and 15, from the Haripur Upazila in Thakurgaon District of Bangladesh, in 2010. The children were setting fishing nets near the border.[43]
In 2010, Human Rights Watch (HRW) issued an 81-page report which alleged "over 900 of abuses by the BSF" in the first decade of the 21st century. The report was compiled from interviews with victims of BSF shootings, witnesses and members of the BSF and its Bangladeshi counterpart. According to HRW, while most of them were killed when they crossed into Indian territory for indulging in cattle raiding or other smuggling activities.[44]
In February 2012, the BSF website was hacked by Bangladeshi hackers in retaliation. The hackers later shared the news in the internet and also in the other social sites where they claimed to have defaced the sites asking the BSF to stop killing Bangladeshis at border. The site became normal sometime on 15 February 2012.[45][46][47][48]
Martyr Status
[edit]Over the past 20 years, ie from 2010, the Border Security Force (BSF) has experienced significant casualties in the line of duty, primarily due to cross-border firing incidents along the Line of Control (LoC). For instance, in 2018, the BSF reported 11 personnel killed in such incidents, marking the highest casualty figure for the border force in a year in the last eight years.[49]
Additionally, between January 2015 and September 2016, a total of 774 BSF personnel died, with 25 deaths attributed to battle casualties. The remaining fatalities were due to various causes, including diseases, especially from mental illness.[50]
Despite their service akin to the Indian Armed Forces, the Government of India does not officially recognize BSF and paramilitary personnel as martyrs, a stance that has been a subject of ongoing debate and concern within the force and among the public.[51][52][53]
Challenges
[edit]Working conditions
[edit]Working conditions of the BSF have been questioned.[54] "Zero Error Syndrome" adds stress.[55] A home ministry standing committee report on the "Working Conditions in Border Guarding Forces" was published in December 2018, it was chaired by P. Chidambaram.[56][57]
Health
[edit]Health of employees remains a challenge, and given the numbers of the force, more employees, as compared to operational deaths, die of diseases, illness; and mental health issues have also been raised and addressed by the force.[58][59][60]
In Media
[edit]- BSF has appeared in National Geographic channel's documentary BSF : The first line of defence.
- Many Indian Cinematic movies have also showcased the role of BSF and these are Ground Zero, Border, Refugee, Tango Charlie, Wagah, Natwar Lal, Mission Kashmir and Article 370 etc.
- In November 1999 a serial was telecasted by the name of Samarpan on DD Metro based on BSF soldiers role in Kashmir Insurgency.
- The documentary 'Living with Border Security Force' by Amit Goswamy talks about the human-wildlife interactions at the India-Pakistan border in Rajasthan.
[61][62]
See also
[edit]- Assam Rifles
- Border Security Force (Water Wing)
- Central Industrial Security Force
- Central Reserve Police Force
- Indo-Tibetan Border Police
- Sashastra Seema Bal
- Border Security Force Sporting Club
References
[edit]- ^ "DEMAND NO. 51, Demands for Grants, 2025-2026, MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS" (PDF). IndiaBudget.gov.in. New Delhi. 1 February 2025. p. 5. Retrieved 1 February 2025.
- ^ "ITBP chief Praveen Kumar gets additional charge of BSF director general". Hindustan Times. 28 November 2025. Retrieved 29 November 2025.
- ^ Government of India (2 September 1968). "The Border Security Force Act, 1968 No. 47 of 1968" (PDF) (in English and Hindi). Ministry of Law (Legislative Department ). pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
- ^ "Role of the BSF". Border Security Force, Ministry of Home Affairs, India. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
- ^ "BSF Air Wing". Border Security Force. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
- ^ "MHA Annual Report 2016-2017" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2017.
- ^ "BSF is first Wall of Defence of India, says Home Minister Rajnath Singh at 13th Investiture Ceremony". Biharprabha News. ANI. 22 May 2015. Archived from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
- ^ a b "Introduction Border Security Force". bsf.nic.in. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015.
- ^ "Border Security Force -Photo Gallary(Civic)". bsf.nic.in. Archived from the original on 26 July 2016.
- ^ "DG BSF's Message". 2020. Archived from the original on 22 July 2020.
- ^ a b Page no. 636 & 637 of Chapter 20 India 2013 published by Publications Division of Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India
- ^ "National Training Centre For Dogs... where pooches get trained!". Dogs and Pups Magazine. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- ^ Singh, Rakesh K (3 October 2014). "BSF's tear smoke unit on automation drive". The Pioneer. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- ^ "BSF tear gas unit cries out for government attention". Rediff. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- ^ "Union Home Minister launches Smart Fencing on International border, an effective deterrence against illegal infiltration". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
- ^ "Dozen laser walls activated along Indo-Pak border". Economic Times. PTI. 13 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
- ^ "sb.bsf.gov.in". Archived from the original on 20 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- ^ a b "New force of BSF to man hostile creeks along Indo-Pak border". The Hindu. PTI. 27 November 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
- ^ "Smart border management: Indian coastal and maritime security" (PDF). PricewaterhouseCoopers, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI). September 2017.
- ^ Menon, Aparna (December 2015). "Did you know The Border Security Force has a camel band? Here's all about BSF and Its Camels". The Better India. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
- ^ "BSF raises 'drone squadron' for Indo-Pak border post-Operation Sindoor". The Hindu. 22 July 2025.
- ^ "BSF launches Drone Warfare School in Madhya Pradesh to boost defence preparedness". DNA India. 25 September 2025.
- ^ "Post-Op Sindoor push: BSF starts India's first Drone Warfare School in Madhya Pradesh". The Print. 22 September 2025.
- ^ "BSF sets up country's first Drone Warfare School in MP". Deccan Chronicle. 23 September 2025.
- ^ "Indian Ordnance Factories: OFB in Brief". Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- ^ Chandra, Girish (23 August 2020). "BSF To Get 436 Drones & New Anti-Drone Systems". DefenceXP. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- ^ "BSF To Procure 'Anti Drone Guns' To Counter Pak Drones". Pratidin Time. 24 January 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- ^ "Anti-material rifle handed over to BSF". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 15 February 2008. Archived from the original on 26 June 2010. Retrieved 13 October 2009.
- ^ "Jammu Kashmir News: सीमा पर 18 साल बाद हुई खेती, बीएसएफ ने चलाए बख्तरबंद ट्रैक्टर".
- ^ "सरहद की निगरानी के साथ किसानी भी बख्तरबंद ट्रैक्टर पर बंजर भूमि को कृषि योग्य बना रहे बीएसएफ जवान - BSF jawans are making barren land on border to agriculture land with armored tractors".
- ^ "Orbats". www.scramble.nl. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
- ^ "Canada calls BSF a 'violent paramilitary unit'". Hindustan Times. 21 May 2010. Archived from the original on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
- ^ Kumar, Vinay (22 May 2010). "Terming BSF". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017.
- ^ "Canada Visa Application". Times of India. 28 May 2010. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
- ^ "We have great respect for Indias armed forces -Canada". The Times of India. 22 May 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
- ^ "Visa row, India warns Canada of retaliation". CNN-IBN. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
- ^ "Visa Row, India warns Canada". Deccan Herald. Deccanherald.com. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ "Canada regrets language used by its officials in visa letters". The Hindu Business Line. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
- ^ "BSF killed 136 Bangladeshis since 2009". 25 March 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- ^ India says 59 killed over last six months on Bangladesh border Archived 26 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters, 24 August 2008.
- ^ "Fortress India – By Scott Carney, Jason Miklian, and Kristian Hoelscher". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ "Channel 4 News". 24 July 2009. Archived from the original on 28 December 2009.
- ^ "BSF abducts 5 children from border". The Daily Star. 24 July 2010. Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
- ^ "India/Bangladesh: Indiscriminate Killings, Abuse by Border Officers". Human Rights Watch. 9 December 2010. Archived from the original on 23 January 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
- ^ "Bangladesh group hacks BSF website to 'avenge border killings'". The Times of India. 15 February 2012. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013.
- ^ "20,000 Indian websites come under attack from Bangladesh hackers". Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
- ^ "সীমান্তে বিএসএফ আগ্রাসন : বাংলাদেশী নাগরিকদের নির্বিচারে হত্যা ও গুম". Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- ^ "বেপরোয়া বিএসএফ : ২৪ ঘণ্টার ব্যবধানে চাঁপাই সীমান্তে আরও দুই বাংলাদেশীকে হত্যা". আমার দেশ. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- ^ "Most BSF men killed this year since 2013". The Economic Times. 13 June 2018. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 6 September 2025.
- ^ "More BSF men dying of mental illness, lifestyle diseases rather than operations". Hindustan Times. 21 March 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2025.
- ^ "No 'martyr' status to paramilitary personnel: Government tells HC". The Economic Times. 11 July 2018. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 6 September 2025.
- ^ "UPA denied 'martyr' benefits to paramilitary forces, Modi govt conferred it: Nirmala Sitharaman". The Times of India. 11 March 2019. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 6 September 2025.
- ^ PTI (20 May 2025). "Tejashwi writes to Shah, seeks martyr status for paramilitary personnel dying while defending India". ThePrint. Retrieved 6 September 2025.
- ^ Kumar, Manan, ed. (15 April 2017). "Need for better living conditions for BSF jawans". DNA India. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- ^ "'Job stress leading BSF men to sleep-deprived nomadic life'". The Economic Times. PTI. 8 February 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- ^ "Working Conditions in Border Guarding Forces. Standing Committee Report Summary". PRS Legislative Research. 31 December 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- ^ "Working Conditions in Border Guarding Forces (Assam Rifles, Sashastra Seema Bal, Indo-Tibetan Border Police and Border Security Force)" (PDF). Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi. December 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2022.
- ^ "More BSF men dying of mental illness, lifestyle diseases rather than operations". Hindustan Times. PTI. 21 March 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- ^ Shreyas, Ananth (16 May 2018). "BSF makes mental well-being tests and training mandatory for its personnel; here's why". The Financial Express. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- ^ Kaur, Kamaljit (22 March 2017). "BSF meet addresses mental health, well-being issues of soldiers". India Today. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- ^ BSF: India's First Line of Defence, retrieved 19 February 2023
- ^ Jhangiani, Anjali. "Barbed wires, Blackbucks & Bishnois: Ex-BSF's documentary showcases flourishing wildlife at Indo-Pak border in Rajasthan". Times of India. Retrieved 4 June 2025.
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