Bulgaria | History, Language, & Points Of Interest | Britannica

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Bulgaria, country occupying the eastern portion of the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe. Founded in the 7th century, Bulgaria is one of the oldest states on the European continent. It is intersected by historically important routes from northern and eastern Europe to the Mediterranean basin and from western and central Europe to the Middle East. Before the creation of the Bulgarian state, the empires of ancient Rome, Greece, and Byzantium were strong presences, and people and goods traveled the land with frequency.

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Emerging from centuries of Ottoman rule, Bulgaria gained its independence in the late 19th century, joined the losing side of several conflagrations in the first half of the 20th century, and, despite gravitating toward the Axis powers in World War II, found itself within close orbit of the Soviet Union by mid-century. This alliance had profound effects on the Bulgarian state and psyche, altering everything from land use and labour practices to religion and the arts. As communist governments fell in eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Bulgaria was suddenly released from the magnetic field of the Soviet giant and drifted into the uneasy terrain of postcommunism. Today its gaze is firmly fixed on the West; Bulgaria became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 2004 and of the European Union (EU) in 2007. The members of the EU engage in the bulk of Bulgarian trade.

Quick Facts Flag of Bulgaria with three horizontal stripes: white on top, green in the middle, and red on the bottom. See article: flag of Bulgaria Audio File: National anthem of Bulgaria Head Of Government: Prime Minister: Dimitar Glavchev (interim) (Show more) Capital: Sofia (Show more) Population: (2026 est.) 6,425,000 (Show more) Currency Exchange Rate: 1 USD equals 1.664 Bulgarian lev (Show more) Head Of State: President: Rumen Radev (Show more) Form Of Government: unitary multiparty republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [240]) (Show more) Official Language: Bulgarian (Show more) Official Religion: none1 (Show more) Official Name: Republika Bŭlgaria (Republic of Bulgaria) (Show more) Total Area (Sq Km): 110,372 (Show more) Total Area (Sq Mi): 42,615 (Show more) Monetary Unit: euro (€) (Show more) Population Rank: (2025) 112 (Show more) Population Projection 2030: 6,564,000 (Show more) Density: Persons Per Sq Mi: (2026) 150.8 (Show more) Density: Persons Per Sq Km: (2026) 58.2 (Show more) Urban-Rural Population: Urban: (2023) 73.6% Rural: (2023) 26.4% (Show more) Life Expectancy At Birth: Male: (2020–2022) 68.3 years Female: (2020–2022) 75.8 years (Show more) Literacy: Percentage Of Population Age 15 And Over Literate: Male: (2021) 99% Female: (2021) 98% (Show more) Gni (U.S.$ ’000,000): (2023) 92,031 (Show more) Gni Per Capita (U.S.$): (2023) 14,280 (Show more) Officially: Republic of Bulgaria (Show more) Bulgarian: Republika Bŭlgariya (Show more)
  1. The constitution refers to Eastern Orthodoxy as the “traditional” religion.
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The country is remarkable for its variety of scenery; its rugged mountains and relaxing Black Sea resorts attract many visitors. Like other nations of the Balkan Peninsula, Bulgaria claims a mix of Eastern and Western cultures, and the mingling is evident in its cuisine, its architecture, and its religious heritage. Though located in western Bulgaria, the capital, Sofia, is neatly positioned near the geographic centre of the Balkan region, and in nearly every other respect it occupies the central position within Bulgaria. With more than one million inhabitants, Sofia has three times as many people as the next largest cities, Plovdiv and Varna. The Bulgarian writer Yordan Radichkov has placed the capital along the axis of two major transnational routes: (1) the historic Silk Road that connects China and the West and (2) a major natural path of migrating birds known as the “grand route of Aristotle.” According to Radichkov, “The universal core of Bulgaria is to be found at the crossroads of these two routes.”

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