C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) - Wikipedia

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Non-periodic comet For other comets discovered by Terry Lovejoy, see Comet Lovejoy. C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)

Discovery[2][3]
Comet Lovejoy on 19 January 2015[1]
Discovered by	Terry Lovejoy0.2-m Schmidt
Discovery site	Birkdale Observatory (Q80)
Discovery date	17 August 2014
Designations
Alternative designations	CK14Q020[3]
Orbital characteristics[6][7]
Epoch	30 March 2015 (JD 2457111.5)
Observation arc	2.2 years (802 days)
Earliest precovery date	1 July 2014
Number ofobservations	7,890
Aphelion	~1,160 AU
Perihelion	1.291 AU
Semi-major axis	~580 AU
Eccentricity	0.99811
Orbital period	~11,000 years (inbound)[4]~8,000 years (outbound)[4]
Inclination	80.301°
Longitude ofascending node	94.975°
Argument ofperiapsis	12.395°
Mean anomaly	0.004°
Last perihelion	30 January 2015[5]
TJupiter	0.246
Earth MOID	0.320 AU
Jupiter MOID	3.811 AU
Physical characteristics[6]
Mean radius	6.0 km (3.7 mi)[8]
Synodic rotation period	17.89±0.17 hours[9]
Comet totalmagnitude (M1)	9.1
Apparent magnitude	4.0(2015 apparition)

C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) is a non-periodic comet discovered on 17 August 2014 by Terry Lovejoy using a 0.2-meter (8 in) Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope.[3] It was discovered as a 15th-magnitude object in the southern constellation of Puppis.[3] It is the fifth comet discovered by Terry Lovejoy.

Observational history

[edit]

By December 2014, the comet had brightened to roughly magnitude 7.4,[10] making it a small telescope and binoculars target. By mid-December, the comet was visible to the naked eye for experienced observers with dark skies and keen eyesight.[11] On 28–29 December 2014, the comet passed 1/3° from globular cluster Messier 79.[12] In January 2015, it brightened to roughly magnitude 4,[13] and became one of the brightest comets located high in a dark sky since comet C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp) in 1997. On 7 January 2015, the comet passed 0.469 AU (70.2 million km; 43.6 million mi) from Earth.[6] It crossed the celestial equator on 9 January 2015, becoming better seen from the Northern Hemisphere.[14] The comet came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on 30 January 2015, at a distance of 1.29 AU (193 million km; 120 million mi) from the Sun.[5] At perihelion, its water production rate exceeded 20 metric tons per second.[15]

Orbit

[edit]

C/2014 Q2 originated from the Oort cloud,[15] but is not a dynamically new comet.[7] Before entering the planetary region (epoch 1950), C/2014 Q2 had an orbital period of about 11000 years, with an aphelion about 995 AU (148.8 billion km; 92.5 billion mi) from the Sun.[4] After leaving the planetary region (epoch 2050), it will have an orbital period of about 8,000 years, with aphelion of about 800 AU.[4]

Physical characteristics

[edit]

Nucleus size and rotation

[edit]

The nucleus of Comet Lovejoy was estimated to be 6.0 km (3.7 mi) in radius,[8] with a rotation period that is completed once every 17.89±0.17 hours.[9]

Chemical composition

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The comet was observed to release 21 different organic molecules in gas, including ethanol and glycolaldehyde, a simple sugar.[15][16] The presence of organic molecules suggests that they are preserved materials synthesized in the outskirts of the solar nebula or at earlier stages of the Solar System formation.[15] The observed gas production rate from the comet was relatively high, estimated to be approximately 5×1029 molecules/sec, which caused the density of ionized water vapor to be effectively constant throughout its inner coma.[17]

Its blue-green glow is the result of organic molecules (mostly diatomic carbon) and water released by the comet fluorescing under the intense UV and optical light of the Sun as it passes through space.[15][18]

Gallery

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C/2014 Q2 glowing green over La Silla Observatory
C/2014 Q2 seen passing through Lepus, 29 December 2014
C/2014 Q2, 17 January 2015, with an 8" Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope
C/2014 Q2 and the Pleiades star cluster, 19 January 2015, with a DSLR
C/2014 Q2, 30 January 2015, NEOWISE

References

[edit]

^ J. Vermette (26 January 2015). "Comet Lovejoy". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^ T. Lovejoy; C. Jacques; E. Pimentel; et al. (August 2014). D. W. Green (ed.). "Comet C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. 3934: 1. Bibcode:2014CBET.3934....1L.
^ a b c d T. Lovejoy; A. Chapman; A. Maury; et al. (19 August 2014). G. V. Williams (ed.). "Comet C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)". Minor Planet Electronic Circulars. 2014-Q10. Bibcode:2014MPEC....Q...10C.
^ a b c d Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)". Retrieved 5 January 2015. (Solution using the Solar System Barycenter and barycentric coordinates. Select Ephemeris Type:Elements and Center:@0)
^ a b Y. Sybiryakova; Y. Kozyryev; N. Kulichenko; et al. (7 September 2014). G. V. Williams (ed.). "Observations and Orbits of Comets". Minor Planet Electronic Circulars. 2014-R69. Bibcode:2014MPEC....R...69S.
^ a b c "C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) – JPL Small-Body Database Lookup". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ a b "C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)". www.minorplanetcenter.net. Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
^ a b D. C. Jewitt (2022). "Destruction of Long-period Comets". Astronomical Journal. 164 (4): 158–166. arXiv:2208.04469. Bibcode:2022AJ....164..158J. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac886d.
^ a b M. M. Knight; R. Kokotanekova; N. H. Samarasinha (2023). "Physical and Surface Properties of Comet Nuclei from Remote Observations". Comets III. pp. 361–404. arXiv:2304.09309. Bibcode:2024come.book..361K. doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816553631-ch012.
^ S. Yoshida (7 December 2014). "Weekly Information about Bright Comets (2014 Dec. 6: South)". www.aerith.net. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
^ A. MacRobert (15 December 2014). "Binocular Comet Lovejoy Heading Our Way". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
^ B. King (8 December 2014). "C/2014 Q2 Lovejoy – A Binocular Comet in Time for Christmas". Universe Today. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
^ S. Yoshida. "C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)". www.aerith.net. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
^ "Elements and Ephemeris for C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)". Minor Planet Center. CK14Q020. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
^ a b c d e N. Biver; D. Bockelée-Morvan; R. Moreno; J. Crovisier; P. Colom; et al. (2015). "Ethyl alcohol and sugar in comet C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)". Science Advances. 1 (9). e1500863. arXiv:1511.04999. Bibcode:2015SciA....1E0863B. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500863. PMC 4646833. PMID 26601319.
^ W. Steigerwald (23 October 2015). "Researchers Catch Comet Lovejoy Giving Away Alcohol". NASA. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
^ H. Kawakita; Y. Shinnaka; H. Kobayashi (2025). "Spatial Distribution of H2O+ Ions in the Inner Coma of C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)". The Astrophysical Journal. 991 (2): 129–138. Bibcode:2025ApJ...991..129K. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adf853.
^ P. Plait (3 January 2015). "Comet Lovejoy, Because Holy Wow". Slate.com. Bad Astronomy. Retrieved 24 October 2015.

External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy).

C/2014 Q2 at the JPL Small-Body Database
- Close approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit viewer · Orbit parameters · Physical parameters
Two possible light curves (Alexandre Amorim)
C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) images (Damian Peach)
C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) at CometBase database

Comets

Features	Nucleus Coma Tails Antitail Comet dust Meteor shower
Types	Periodic Numbered Lost Long period Halley-type Jupiter-family Encke-type Main-belt Non-periodic Near-parabolic Hyperbolic Unknown-orbit Great Comet Sungrazing (Kreutz) Extinct Exocomet Interstellar Dark comet
Related	Naming of comets Observational history of comets Centaur Comet discoverers LINEAR Extraterrestrial atmosphere Oort cloud Small Solar System body Asteroid
Exploration	List of missions to comets List of comets visited by spacecraft
Latest	C/2025 R2 (SWAN) 3I/ATLAS C/2025 F2 (SWAN) C/2025 A6 (Lemmon) C/2024 S1 (ATLAS) C/2024 G3 (ATLAS) C/2023 P1 (Nishimura) C/2023 H2 (Lemmon) C/2023 E1 (ATLAS) C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS) C/2022 E3 (ZTF) C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS) C/2021 J1 (Maury–Attard) C/2021 A1 (Leonard) C/2020 S3 (Erasmus) C/2020 X3 (SOHO) C/2020 F8 (SWAN) C/2020 F5 (MASTER) C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS) C/2019 U6 (Lemmon) 2I/Borisov P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS)
Culture andspeculation	Antimatter comet Comets in fiction Comet vintages

Lists of comets (more)

Periodiccomets

Until 1985(all)

1P/Halley
2P/Encke
3D/Biela
4P/Faye
5D/Brorsen
6P/d'Arrest
7P/Pons–Winnecke
8P/Tuttle
9P/Tempel
10P/Tempel
11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR
12P/Pons–Brooks
13P/Olbers
14P/Wolf
15P/Finlay
16P/Brooks
17P/Holmes
18D/Perrine–Mrkos
19P/Borrelly
20D/Westphal
21P/Giacobini–Zinner
22P/Kopff
23P/Brorsen–Metcalf
24P/Schaumasse
25D/Neujmin
26P/Grigg–Skjellerup
27P/Crommelin
28P/Neujmin
29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
30P/Reinmuth
31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
32P/Comas Solà
33P/Daniel
34D/Gale
35P/Herschel–Rigollet
36P/Whipple
37P/Forbes
38P/Stephan–Oterma
39P/Oterma
40P/Väisälä
41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák
42P/Neujmin
43P/Wolf–Harrington
44P/Reinmuth
45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková
46P/Wirtanen
47P/Ashbrook–Jackson
48P/Johnson
49P/Arend–Rigaux
50P/Arend
51P/Harrington
52P/Harrington–Abell
53P/Van Biesbroeck
54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT
55P/Tempel–Tuttle
56P/Slaughter–Burnham
57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte
58P/Jackson–Neujmin
59P/Kearns–Kwee
60P/Tsuchinshan
61P/Shajn–Schaldach
62P/Tsuchinshan
63P/Wild
64P/Swift–Gehrels
65P/Gunn
66P/du Toit
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
68P/Klemola
69P/Taylor
70P/Kojima
71P/Clark
72P/Denning–Fujikawa
73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
74P/Smirnova–Chernykh
75D/Kohoutek
76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura
77P/Longmore
78P/Gehrels
79P/du Toit–Hartley
80P/Peters–Hartley
81P/Wild
82P/Gehrels
83D/Russell
84P/Giclas
85D/Boethin

After 1985(notable)

88P/Howell
92P/Sanguin
96P/Machholz
97P/Metcalf–Brewington
103P/Hartley
107P/Wilson–Harrington
108P/Ciffréo
109P/Swift–Tuttle
122P/de Vico
126P/IRAS
141P/Machholz
144P/Kushida
147P/Kushida–Muramatsu
153P/Ikeya–Zhang
156P/Russell–LINEAR
161P/Hartley–IRAS
162P/Siding Spring
168P/Hergenrother
169P/NEAT
177P/Barnard
178P/Hug–Bell
205P/Giacobini
209P/LINEAR
238P/Read
246P/NEAT
249P/LINEAR
252P/LINEAR
255P/Levy
273P/Pons–Gambart
289P/Blanpain
311P/PanSTARRS
322P/SOHO
323P/SOHO
332P/Ikeya–Murakami
333P/LINEAR
354P/LINEAR
362P
460P/PanSTARRS

Comet-likeasteroids

596 Scheila
2060 Chiron (95P)
4015 Wilson–Harrington (107P)
7968 Elst–Pizarro (133P)
165P/LINEAR
166P/NEAT
167P/CINEOS
60558 Echeclus (174P)
118401 LINEAR (176P)
238P/Read
259P/Garradd
311P/PanSTARRS
324P/La Sagra
331P/Gibbs
354P/LINEAR
358P/PANSTARRS
P/2013 R3 (Catalina-PANSTARRS)
(300163) 2006 VW139

Lost

Recovered	9P/Tempel 11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR 15P/Finlay 17P/Holmes 27P/Crommelin 54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT 55P/Tempel–Tuttle 57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte 69P/Taylor 72P/Denning–Fujikawa 80P/Peters–Hartley 97P/Metcalf–Brewington 107P/Wilson–Harrington 113P/Spitaler 122P/de Vico 157P/Tritton 205P/Giacobini 206P/Barnard–Boattini 226P/Pigott–LINEAR–Kowalski 271P/van Houten–Lemmon 289P/Blanpain 489P/Denning
Destroyed	3D/Biela D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy 9)
Not found	D/1770 L1 (Lexell) 5D/Brorsen 18D/Perrine–Mrkos 20D/Westphal 25D/Neujmin 34D/Gale 75D/Kohoutek 83D/Russell 85D/Boethin D/1978 R1 (Haneda–Campos)

Visited byspacecraft

21P/Giacobini–Zinner (1985)
1P/Halley (1986)
26P/Grigg–Skjellerup (1992)
19P/Borrelly (2001)
81P/Wild (2004)
9P/Tempel (2005, 2011)
C/2006 P1 (2007)
103P/Hartley (2010)
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (2014)

Near-Paraboliccomets(notable)

Until 1990	C/-43 K1 (Caesar's Comet) X/1106 C1 (Great Comet of 1106) C/1264 N1 (Great Comet of 1264) C/1402 D1 (Great Comet of 1402) C/1471 Y1 (Great Comet of 1472) C/1577 V1 (Great Comet of 1577) C/1652 Y1 C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch's Comet, Newton's Comet)) C/1702 H1 (Comet of 1702) C/1729 P1 (Comet of 1729, Comet Sarabat) C/1739 K1 (Zanotti) C/1743 X1 (Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg-Chéseaux) C/1760 A1 (Great Comet of 1760) C/1769 P1 (Great Comet of 1769) C/1807 R1 (Great Comet of 1807) C/1811 F1 (Great Comet of 1811) C/1819 N1 (Great Comet of 1819) C/1823 Y1 (Great Comet of 1823) C/1843 D1 (Great March Comet of 1843) C/1846 J1 (Brorsen) C/1847 T1 (Miss Mitchell's Comet) C/1852 K1 (Chacornac) C/1853 G1 (Schweizer) C/1858 L1 (Comet Donati) C/1861 G1 (Comet Thatcher) C/1861 J1 (Great Comet of 1861) C/1862 N1 (Schmidt) C/1864 N1 (Tempel) C/1865 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1865) X/1872 X1 (Pogson's Comet) C/1874 H1 (Comet Coggia) C/1881 K1 (Comet Tebbutt) C/1882 R1 (Great Comet of 1882) C/1887 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1887) C/1893 U1 (Brooks) C/1901 G1 (Great Comet of 1901) C/1907 G1 (Grigg–Mellish) C/1910 A1 (Great January Comet of 1910) C/1911 N1 (Kiess) C/1911 O1 (Brooks) C/1911 S3 (Beljawsky) C/1915 C1 (Mellish) C/1917 F1 (Mellish) C/1927 X1 (Skjellerup–Maristany) C/1931 P1 (Ryves) C/1936 O1 (Kaho–Kozik–Lis) C/1939 H1 (Jurlof–Achmarof–Hassel) C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos) C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet) C/1948 L1 (Honda–Bernasconi) C/1948 V1 (Eclipse) C/1956 R1 (Arend–Roland) C/1957 P1 (Mrkos) C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard) C/1961 R1 (Humason) C/1961 T1 (Seki) C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines) C/1963 A1 (Ikeya) C/1963 R1 (Pereyra) C/1964 N1 (Ikeya) C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki) C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka) C/1969 Y1 (Bennett) C/1970 K1 (White–Ortiz–Bolelli) C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek) C/1975 T2 (Suzuki–Saigusa–Mori) C/1975 V1 (West) C/1979 Y1 (Bradfield) C/1980 E1 (Bowell) C/1983 H1 (IRAS–Araki–Alcock) C/1983 J1 (Sugano–Saigusa–Fujikawa) C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington) C/1989 X1 (Austin) C/1989 Y1 (Skorichenko–George)
After 1990	C/1990 K1 (Levy) C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch–Rabinowitz) C/1993 Y1 (McNaught–Russell) C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp) C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) C/1997 L1 (Zhu–Balam) C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse) C/1998 J1 (SOHO) C/1999 F1 (Catalina) C/1999 H1 (Lee) C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR) C/2001 A2 (LINEAR) C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS) C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) C/2002 V1 (NEAT) C/2004 F4 (Bradfield) C/2004 Q2 (Machholz) C/2006 A1 (Pojmański) C/2006 M4 (SWAN) C/2006 P1 (McNaught) C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy) C/2007 F1 (LONEOS) C/2007 N3 (Lulin) C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring) C/2007 W1 (Boattini) C/2009 F6 (Yi–SWAN) C/2009 R1 (McNaught) C/2010 X1 (Elenin) C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS) C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy) C/2012 E2 (SWAN) C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS) C/2012 S1 (ISON) C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy) C/2013 US10 (Catalina) C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden) C/2014 E2 (Jacques) C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS) C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli–Bernstein) C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS) C/2015 V2 (Johnson) C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS) 1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto) 2I/Borisov C/2019 U6 (Lemmon) C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) C/2020 F8 (SWAN) C/2021 A1 (Leonard) C/2022 E3 (ZTF) C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS) C/2023 P1 (Nishimura) C/2024 G3 (ATLAS) C/2024 S1 (ATLAS) C/2025 A6 (Lemmon) C/2025 D1 (Gröller)
After 1910(by name)	Aarseth–Brewington Arend–Roland ATLAS C/2019 Y4 C/2024 G3 C/2024 S1 3I Austin Beljawsky Bennett Bernardinelli–Bernstein Boattini Borisov Bowell Bradfield C/1979 Y1 C/2004 F4 Brooks Catalina C/1999 F1 C/2013 US10 de Kock–Paraskevopoulos Eclipse Elenin Gröller Hale-Bopp Honda–Bernasconi Humason Hyakutake Ikeya C/1963 A1 C/1964 N1 Ikeya-Seki IRAS–Araki–Alcock ISON Iwamoto Jacques Johnson Jurlof–Achmarof–Hassel Kaho–Kozik–Lis Kiess Kohoutek Lee Lemmon C/2012 F6 C/2019 U6 C/2025 A6 Leonard Levy LINEAR C/1999 S4 C/2000 WM1 C/2001 A2 C/2002 T7 LONEOS C/2001 OG108 C/2007 F1 Lovejoy C/2007 E2 C/2011 W3 C/2013 R1 C/2014 Q2 Lulin Machholz McNaught C/2006 P1 C/2009 R1 McNaught–Russell Mellish C/1915 C1 C/1917 F1 Mrkos NEAT C/2001 Q4 C/2002 V1 NEOWISE Nishimura Oukaimeden ʻOumuamua Pan-STARRS C/2011 L4 C/2012 K1 311P/PanSTARRS C/2014 Q1 C/2015 ER61 C/2017 K2 Pereyra Pojmański Ryves Seki Seki–Lines Siding Spring C/2007 Q3 C/2013 A1 Skjellerup–Maristany Skorichenko–George SOHO Solwind Southern Spacewatch Stonehouse Sugano–Saigusa–Fujikawa Suzuki–Saigusa–Mori SWAN C/2006 M4 C/2020 F8 Tago–Sato–Kosaka Tsuchinshan–ATLAS West White–Ortiz–Bolelli Wilson–Hubbard Yi–SWAN Zhu–Balam ZTF

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