Caesarion - Wikipedia

Last pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt from 44 to 30 BC For the TV episode, see List of Rome (TV series) episodes. Not to be confused with Caesarean section.

Caesarion
Theos Philopator Philometor
Granite head attributed to Caesarion, hosted in Bibliotheca Alexandrina Antiquities Museum, Egypt
Pharaoh and King of the Ptolemaic Kingdom
Reign	2 September 44 BC – late August 30 BC
Coregency	Cleopatra VII
Predecessor	Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIV
Successor	Octavian(as Roman emperor)[a]
Royal titulary Horus name ḥwnwHunuThe youth Prenomen iwꜤ pꜢ nṯr nti nḥm stp n ptḥ iri mꜢꜤt rꜤ sḫm (Ꜥnḫ) n imnIwapanetjernetynehem setepenptah irmaatra sekhem(ankh)enamunThe heir of the saviour god, chosen by Ptah, who brings forth the Maat of Ra, the living image of Amun[1] Nomen ptwlmysPtolemysPtolemy kysrsKyseresCaesar
Father	Julius Caesar
Mother	Cleopatra VII
Born	47 BCPtolemaic Kingdom
Died	Late August 30 BC (aged 16–17)[2]Alexandria, Ptolemaic Kingdom
Dynasty	Ptolemaic dynasty

Ptolemy XV Caesar[b] (/ˈtɒləmi/; Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Καῖσαρ, Ptolemaios Kaisar; 47 BC – late August 30 BC),[2] nicknamed Caesarion (Greek: Καισαρίων, Kaisaríōn, "Little Caesar"), was the last pharaoh of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, reigning with his mother Cleopatra VII from 44 BC to 30 BC. He nominally reigned as sole pharaoh for a few days after his mother's death, although Alexandria had already fallen and Caesarion remained in hiding until his execution by Octavian, who would become the first Roman emperor as "Augustus".

Caesarion was the eldest son of Cleopatra, and was the only known biological son of Julius Caesar, after whom he was named. He was the last sovereign member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, and the last pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, ending more than 3000 years of traditional kingship.

Early life

[edit] Left: reliefs of Cleopatra and Caesarion at the Temple of DenderaRight: a limestone stela of the High Priest of Ptah bearing the cartouches of Cleopatra and Caesarion, Egypt, Ptolemaic Period, the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London

Ptolemy Caesar was born in Egypt in mid to late 47 BC.[5][6] His mother Cleopatra gave him the royal names Theos Philopator Philometor[c] (lit. 'father-loving, mother-loving God') and insisted that he was the son of Roman politician and dictator Julius Caesar.[7] While he was said to have inherited Caesar's looks and manner,[8] Caesar did not officially acknowledge him.[9][10] All accusations of bastardy against Caesarion were cast from a Roman perspective; their intention was not to portray Caesarion as inappropriate for the throne of Egypt, but rather to deny that he was Julius' heir by Roman law.[11] One of Caesar's supporters, Gaius Oppius, even wrote a pamphlet which attempted to prove that Caesar could not have fathered Caesarion. Nevertheless, Caesar may have allowed Caesarion to use his name.[12] The matter became contentious when Caesar's adopted son, Octavian, came into conflict with Cleopatra.[13]

Caesarion spent two of his infant years, from 46 to 44 BC, in Rome, where he and his mother were Caesar's guests at his villa, Horti Caesaris. Cleopatra hoped that her son would eventually succeed his father as the head of the Roman Republic, as well as of Egypt. After Caesar's assassination on 15 March 44 BC, Cleopatra and Caesarion returned to Egypt. Caesarion was named co-ruler by his mother on 2 September 44 BC at the age of three,[14] although he was pharaoh in name only, with Cleopatra keeping actual authority. Cleopatra compared her relationship to her son with that of the Egyptian goddess Isis and her divine child Horus.[12][15]

There is no historical record of Caesarion between 44 BC until the Donations of Antioch in 36 BC. Two years later he also appears at the Donations of Alexandria. Cleopatra and Antony staged both "Donations" to donate lands dominated by Rome and Parthia to Cleopatra's children: Caesarion, the twins Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene II, and Ptolemy Philadelphus (the last three were his maternal half-siblings fathered by Mark Antony). Octavian gave public approval to the Donations of Antioch in 36 BC, which have been described as an Antonian strategy to rule the East making use of Cleopatra's unique royal Seleucid lineage in the regions donated.[16]

Pharaoh

[edit]

In 34 BC, Antony granted further eastern lands and titles to Caesarion and his own three children with Cleopatra in the Donations of Alexandria. Caesarion was proclaimed to be a god, a son of [a] god, and "King of Kings".[17] This grandiose title was "unprecedented in the management of Roman client-king relationships" and could be seen as "threatening the 'greatness' of the Roman people".[17] Antony also declared Caesarion to be Caesar's true son and heir. This declaration was a direct threat to Octavian (whose claim to power was based on his status as Julius Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son). These proclamations partly caused the fatal breach in Antony's relations with Octavian, who used Roman resentment over the Donations to gain support for war against Antony and Cleopatra.[18]

Death

[edit]

After the defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, Cleopatra seems to have groomed Caesarion to take over as "sole ruler without his mother".[12] She may have intended to go into exile, perhaps with Antony, who may have hoped that he would be allowed to retire as Lepidus had. Caesarion reappears in the historical record in 30 BC, when Octavian invaded Egypt and searched for him. Cleopatra may have sent Caesarion, 17 years old at the time, to the Red Sea port of Berenice for safety, possibly as part of plans for an escape to India.[13] Plutarch does say that Caesarion was sent to India, but also that he was lured back by false promises of the kingdom of Egypt:

Caesarion, who was said to be Cleopatra's son by Julius Caesar, was sent by his mother, with much treasure, into India, by way of Ethiopia. There Rhodon, another tutor like Theodorus, persuaded him to go back, on the ground that [Octavian] Caesar invited him to take the kingdom.[20]

Octavian captured the city of Alexandria on 1 August 30 BC, the date that marks the official annexation of Egypt to the Roman Republic. Around this time Mark Antony and Cleopatra died, traditionally said to be by suicide.[21]

Though Octavian may have temporarily considered permitting Caesarion to succeed his mother and rule Egypt (though now a smaller and weaker kingdom), he is supposed to have had Caesarion executed in Alexandria in late August, possibly on 29 August 30 BC (the beginning of the Egyptian new year). According to Plutarch, he followed the advice of his companion Arius Didymus, who said "Too many Caesars is not good"[22] (a pun on a line in Homer).[23][24] Surviving information on the death of Caesarion is scarce.[23] Octavian then assumed absolute control of Egypt. The year 30 BC was considered the first year of the new ruler's reign according to the traditional chronological system of Egypt.[21]

Depictions

[edit]

• This mid-1st century AD Roman wall painting in Pompeii, Italy, showing Venus holding a cupid is most likely a depiction of Cleopatra VII of Ptolemaic Egypt as Venus Genetrix, with her son Caesarion as the cupid[25][26][27]
• One of two statues of the falcon god Horus behind a smaller depiction of Caesarion at the Temple of Edfu in Edfu, Upper Egypt[28]
• A coin depicting Cleopatra VII with her son Caesarion as an infant, British Museum.[29]

Few images of Caesarion survive. He is thought to be depicted in a partial statue found in the harbour of Alexandria in 1997 and is also portrayed twice in relief, as an adult pharaoh, with his mother on the Temple of Hathor at Dendera. His infant image appears on some bronze coins of Cleopatra.[30]

Egyptian names

[edit]

In addition to his Greek name and nicknames, Caesarion also had a full set of royal names in the Egyptian language:[31]

• Iwapanetjer entynehem – "Heir of the god who saves"
• Setepenptah – "Chosen of Ptah"
• Irmaatenre – "Carrying out the rule of Ra" or "Sun of righteousness"
• Sekhemankhamun – "Living image of Amun"

See also

[edit]

• Caesareum of Alexandria
• Julia gens
• Reign of Cleopatra
• List of unsolved murders (before the 20th century)
• Kaisarion (poem)

Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The Ptolemaic Kingdom was annexed by the Roman Republic in 30 BC and hence the office of pharaoh ceased to exist. However, due to the pharaoh's central position in Egyptian religion, the local people recognized Augustus and all subsequent Roman emperors as pharaohs for the sake of continuity; no emperor ever bore or recognized the title. See Roman pharaoh
2. ^ Later full name: Ptolemy Caesar Theos Philopator Philometor (Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Καῖσαρ Θεὸς Φιλοπάτωρ Φιλομήτωρ).[3][4]
3. ^ Greek: Θεὸς Φιλοπάτωρ Φιλομήτωρ

References

[edit]

1. ^ Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013). The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary. SBL Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-58983-736-2. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
2. ^ a b Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy XV Caesarion". Tyndale House. Retrieved 21 January 2025.
3. ^ RE Ptolemaios 37
4. ^ Oxford Classical Dictionary, "Ptolemy XV Caesar"
5. ^ Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy XV Caesarion". Tyndale House. Retrieved 21.01.2025.
6. ^ Tyldesley, Joyce (2009). Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt. Profile Books. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-1861979018.
7. ^ Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. OUP Oxford. p. 1236. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8.
8. ^ Sergeant, Philip (2024). Cleopatra of Egypt, Antiquity's Queen of Romance. p. 94.
9. ^ Brooks, Polly (1995). Cleopatra: goddess of Egypt, enemy of Rome. p. 64.
10. ^ Cleopatra 1996 by Green Robert p. 24 [ISBN missing]
11. ^ Ogden, Daniel (2023). Polygamy, Prostitutes and Death: The Hellenistic Dynasties. Classical Press of Wales. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-914535-40-6.
12. ^ a b c Duane W. Roller, Cleopatra: A Biography, Oxford University Press US, 2010, pp. 70–73 [ISBN missing]
13. ^ a b Gray-Fow, Michael (April 2014). "What to Do With Caesarion". Greece & Rome. Second Series. 61 (1): 62. doi:10.1017/S0017383513000235. JSTOR 43297487. S2CID 154911628. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
14. ^ King, Arienne. "Caesarion". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
15. ^ Tyldesley, Joyce A, Joyce (2008). Cleopatra: last queen of Egypt. New York: Basic Books. p. 64.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
16. ^ Rolf Strootman (2010). "Queen of Kings: Cleopatra VII and the Donations of Alexandria". In M. Facella; T. Kaizer (eds.). Kingdoms and Principalities in the Roman Near East. Occidens et Oriens. Vol. 19. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 139–158.
17. ^ a b Meyer Reinhold (2002). Studies in Classical History and Society. US: Oxford University Press. p. 58.
18. ^ Burstein, Stanley Mayer (2007). The Reign of Cleopatra. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 29.
19. ^ Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: A Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 178–179. ISBN 9780195365535.
20. ^ Plutarch, Life of Antony. As found in the Loeb Classical Library, Plutarch's Lives: With an English Translation by Bernadotte Perrin. Volume 9. p. 321.
21. ^ a b Hölbl, Günther (2013). A History of the Ptolemaic Empire. Routledge. p. 250. ISBN 978-1-135-11983-6.
22. ^ Draycott, Jane (2023). Cleopatra's Daughter: From Roman Prisoner to African Queen. Liveright Publishing. ISBN 978-1-324-09260-5.
23. ^ a b Powell, Anton (2013). Hindsight in Greek and Roman History. Classical Press of Wales. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-910589-12-0.
24. ^ David Braund et al, Myth, History and Culture in Republican Rome: Studies in Honour of T.P. Wiseman, University of Exeter Press, 2003, p. 305. The original line was "ουκ αγαθόν πολυκοιρανίη" ("ouk agathon polukoiranie"): "too many leaders are not good", or "the rule of many is a bad thing". (Homer's Iliad, Book II. vers 204–205) In Greek "ουκ αγαθόν πολυκαισαρίη" ("ouk agathon polukaisarie") is a variation on "ουκ αγαθόν πολυκοιρανίη" ("ouk agathon polukoiranie"). "Καισαρ" (Caesar) replacing "κοίρανος", meaning leader.
25. ^ The wall-painting of Venus Genetrix is similar in appearance to the now-lost statue of Cleopatra erected by Julius Caesar in the Temple of Venus Genetrix, within the Forum of Caesar. The owner of the House at Pompeii of Marcus Fabius Rufus, walled off the room with this painting, most likely in immediate reaction to the execution of Caesarion on orders of Augustus in 30 BC, when artistic depictions of Caesarion would have been considered a sensitive issue for the ruling regime.
26. ^ Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: A Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0195365535.
27. ^ Walker, Susan (2008). "Cleopatra in Pompeii?". Papers of the British School at Rome. 76: 35–46, 345–348. doi:10.1017/S0068246200000404. S2CID 62829223.
28. ^ Fletcher, Joann (2008), Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend, New York: Harper, pp. 219, image plates and caption between 246–247, ISBN 978-0-06-058558-7
29. ^ Stuart, Reginald; L, Poole (1883). BMC Greek (Ptolemies) / Catalogue of Greek coins: the Ptolemies, kings of Egypt. The Trustees. p. 122.
30. ^ Sear. Greek Coins and Their Values. Vol. II.
31. ^ Clayton, Peter (1994). Chronicle of the Pharaohs. p. 213. ISBN 0500050740.

External links

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• Ptolemy XV Caesarion Archived 4 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

Caesarion Ptolemaic dynastyBorn: 47 BC Died: 30 BC
Preceded byCleopatra VII Philopator	Pharaoh of Egypt 44–30 BCEwith Cleopatra VII	Egypt annexed by Rome

v t e Hellenistic rulers
Argeads	Philip II Alexander III the Great Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV
Antipatrids	Cassander Philip IV Alexander V Antipater II Antipater Etesias Sosthenes
Antigonids	Antigonus I Monophthalmus Demetrius I Poliorcetes Antigonus II Gonatas Demetrius II Aetolicus Antigonus III Doson Philip V Perseus Philip VI (pretender)
Ptolemies	Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra (regent) Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III Ptolemy IX Lathyros Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra VI Tryphaena Berenice IV Epiphanea Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator Ptolemy XV Caesarion
Monarchs of Cyrene	Magas Berenice II Demetrius the Fair Ptolemy VIII Physcon Ptolemy Apion Cleopatra Selene II
Seleucids	Seleucus I Nicator Antiochus I Soter Antiochus II Theos Seleucus II Callinicus Seleucus III Ceraunus Antiochus III the Great Seleucus IV Philopator Antiochus IV Epiphanes Antiochus V Eupator Demetrius I Soter Alexander I Balas Demetrius II Nicator Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes Alexander II Zabinas Cleopatra Thea Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Cleopatra Selene I Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus
Lysimachids	Lysimachus Ptolemy Epigonos
Attalids	Philetaerus Eumenes I Attalus I Eumenes II Attalus II Attalus III Eumenes III
Greco-Bactrians	Diodotus I Diodotus II Euthydemus I Demetrius I Euthydemus II Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Demetrius II Eucratides I Plato Eucratides II Heliocles I
Indo-Greeks	Demetrius I Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Apollodotus I Demetrius II Antimachus II Menander I Zoilos I Agathokleia Lysias Strato I Antialcidas Heliokles II Polyxenos Demetrius III Philoxenus Diomedes Amyntas Epander Theophilos Peukolaos Thraso Nicias Menander II Artemidoros Hermaeus Archebius Telephos Apollodotus II Hippostratos Dionysios Zoilos II Apollophanes Strato II Strato III
Monarchs of Bithynia	Boteiras Bas Zipoetes I Nicomedes I Zipoetes II Etazeta (regent) Ziaelas Prusias I Prusias II Nicomedes II Nicomedes III Nicomedes IV Socrates Chrestus
Monarchs of Pontus	Mithridates I Ctistes Ariobarzanes Mithridates II Mithridates III Pharnaces I Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos with Laodice Mithridates V Euergetes Mithridates VI Eupator Pharnaces II Darius Arsaces Polemon I Pythodorida Polemon II
Monarchs of Commagene	Ptolemaeus Sames II Mithridates I Antiochus I Mithridates II Antiochus II Mithridates III Antiochus III Antiochus IV
Monarchs of Cappadocia	Ariarathes I Ariarathes II Ariamnes II Ariarathes III Ariarathes IV Ariarathes V Orophernes Ariarathes VI Ariarathes VII Ariarathes VIII Ariarathes IX Ariobarzanes I Ariobarzanes II Ariobarzanes III Ariarathes X Archelaus
Monarchs of theCimmerian Bosporus	Paerisades I Satyros II Prytanis Eumelos Spartokos III Hygiainon (regent) Paerisades II Spartokos IV Leukon II Spartokos V [ru] Kamasarye Paerisades III Paerisades IV Paerisades V Mithridates I Pharnaces Asander with Dynamis Mithridates II Asander with Dynamis Scribonius's attempted rule with Dynamis Dynamis with Polemon Polemon Aspurgus Gepaepyris Mithridates III Cotys I
Monarchs of Epirus	Admetus Tharrhypas Alcetas I Neoptolemus I Arybbas Alexander I Aeacides Neoptolemus II Alcetas II Pyrrhus I Alexander II Olympias II (regent) Pyrrhus II Ptolemy Pyrrhus III Deidamia
Hellenistic rulers were preceded by Hellenistic satraps in most of their territories.

v t e Pharaohs
Protodynastic to First Intermediate Period  (<3150–2040 BC) Period Dynasty Pharaohs male female♀ uncertain Protodynastic(pre-3150 BC) Lower Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Ni-Neith Hat Hor Pu Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh A Double Falcon Wash Upper A Finger Snail Fish Elephant Stork Taurus Scorpion I Crocodile Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes Early Dynastic(3150–2686 BC) I Narmer / Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird II Hotepsekhemwy Nebra Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkare I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy Old Kingdom(2686–2181 BC) III Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Sedjes Qahedjet Huni IV Sneferu Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis V Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas VI Teti Userkare Pepi I Meryre Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Neferkare Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Neferka 1st Intermediate(2181–2040 BC) VII/VIII Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui Iytjenu IX Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Imhotep X Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merikare
Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period  (2040–1550 BC) Period Dynasty Pharaohs male female♀ uncertain Middle Kingdom(2040–1802 BC) XI Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV Nubia Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre XII Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu♀ Seankhibtawy Seankhibra 2nd Intermediate(1802–1550 BC) XIII Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep Sekhemkare Amenemhat Senebef Nerikare Sekhemkare Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Amenemhat VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Kay Amenemhat VII Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep VI Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi XIV Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre Ammu Aahotepre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Nebsenre Sekheperenre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har XV Sharek Semqen Aperanat Salitis Sakir-Har Khyan Yanassi Apepi Khamudi XVI Sekhemre Sementawy Djehuty Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Seankhenre Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiryraw II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwaset Dedumose I Dedumose II Djedankhre Montemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Seneferankhre Abydos Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib XVII Sekhemre Wahkhau Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose
New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period  (1550–664 BC) Period Dynasty Pharaohs  (male female♀) uncertain New Kingdom(1550–1070 BC) XVIII Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut♀ Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb XIX Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret♀ XX Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Ramesses XII 3rd Intermediate(1069–664 BC) XXI Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II High Priest of Amun Herihor Pinedjem I Menkheperre XXII Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Tutkheperre Shoshenq Maatkheperre Shoshenq Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Lines of XXII/XXIII Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Iuput I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Shoshenq VII Ini (pharaoh) Iuput II Peftjauawybast Nimlot of Hermopolis Djehutyemhat Nimlot II of Hermopolis Padinemti of Hermopolis XXIII Pedubast II Osorkon IV Pami II Gemenefkhonsbak Pedubast III XXIV Tefnakht Bakenranef XXV Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tantamani
Late to Roman Period (664 BC–313 AD) Period Dynasty Pharaohs male female♀ uncertain Late(664–332 BC) XXVI Ammeris Tefnakht II Nekauba Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Apries Amasis II Psamtik III XXVII Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius the Great Psammetichus IV Xerxes I Artaxerxes I Darius II XXVIII Amyrtaeus XXIX Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II Muthis XXX Nectanebo I Teos of Egypt Nectanebo II XXXI Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses of Persia Darius III Hellenistic(332–30 BC) Argead Alexander the Great Philip III of Macedon Alexander IV of Macedon Ptolemaic Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Ptolemy VI Philometor Cleopatra II♀ Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III♀ Ptolemy IX Soter Ptolemy X Alexander I Berenice III♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander II Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V♀ Berenice IV♀ Cleopatra VI♀ Cleopatra♀ Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator Arsinoe IV♀ Ptolemy XIV Philopator Caesarion Roman(30 BC–313 AD) XXXIV Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Lucius Verus Marcus Aurelius Commodus Pertinax Pescennius Niger Septimius Severus Geta Caracalla Macrinus Diadumenian Elagabalus Severus Alexander Maximinus Thrax Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip the Arab Decius Trebonianus Gallus Aemilianus Valerian Macrianus Minor Quietus Lucius Mussius Aemilianus Gallienus Claudius Gothicus Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Diocletian Maximian Galerius Maximinus Daza
Dynastic genealogies 1st 4th 11th 12th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st, 22nd and 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 30th 31st Argead Ptolemaic
List of pharaohs

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