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cAMP signaling pathway

What is cAMP Signaling Pathway?

In the field of molecular biology, the cAMP signaling pathway, also known as the adenylyl cyclase pathway, is a G protein-coupled receptor-triggered signaling cascade used in cell communication. Cyclic adenosine 3’, 5’-monophosphate (cAMP) was the first second messenger to be identified and plays fundamental roles in cellular responses to many hormones and neurotransmitters.

The Critical Factor of cAMP Signaling pathway

cAMP, also known as cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate, regulates pivotal physiologic processes including metabolism, secretion, calcium homeostasis, muscle contraction, cell fate, and gene transcription. cAMP is a cyclic nucleotide that serves as a vital second messenger in several signaling pathways.

The intracellular levels of cAMP are regulated by the balance between the activities of two enzymes: adenylyl cyclase (AC) and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE). Different isoforms of these enzymes are encoded by a large number of genes, which differ in their expression patterns and mechanisms of regulation, generating cell-type and stimulus-specific responses.

The Process of cAMP Signaling Pathway

As mentioned before, the level of cAMP is regulated by AC and PDE. During the process, AC is activated by a type of G-alpha, which in turn induces the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into cAMP. The stimulated adenylyl cyclase can produce numerous cAMP molecules to intensify the signal.

As the figure shows, cAMP acts directly on three main targets: protein kinase A (PKA), the exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac), and cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (CNGCs). PKA modulates a number of cellular substrates via phosphorylation, including transcription factors, ion channels, transporters, exchangers, intracellular Ca2+-handling proteins, and the contractile machinery.

Epac proteins, as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for both Rap1 and Rap2, have a series of effector proteins, involving adaptor proteins implicated in modulation of the actin cytoskeleton, regulators of G proteins of the Rho family, and phospholipases, relay signaling downstream from Rap.

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Targets	Antibodies	Proteins	ELISA Kits
ABCC4	ABCC4 Antibody	ABCC4 Protein	ABCC4 ELISA Kit
ACOX1	ACOX1 Antibody	ACOX1 Protein	ACOX1 ELISA Kit
ACOX3	ACOX3 Antibody	ACOX3 Protein	ACOX3 ELISA Kit
ADCY1	ADCY1 Antibody	ADCY1 Protein	ADCY1 ELISA Kit
ADCY10	ADCY10 Antibody	ADCY10 Protein	ADCY10 ELISA Kit
ADCY2	ADCY2 Antibody	ADCY2 Protein	ADCY2 ELISA Kit
ADCY3	ADCY3 Antibody	ADCY3 Protein	ADCY3 ELISA Kit
ADCY4	ADCY4 Antibody	ADCY4 Protein	ADCY4 ELISA Kit
ADCY5	ADCY5 Antibody	ADCY5 Protein	ADCY5 ELISA Kit
ADCY6	ADCY6 Antibody	ADCY6 Protein	ADCY6 ELISA Kit
ADCY7	ADCY7 Antibody	ADCY7 Protein	ADCY7 ELISA Kit
ADCY8	ADCY8 Antibody	ADCY8 Protein	ADCY8 ELISA Kit
ADCY9	ADCY9 Antibody	ADCY9 Protein	ADCY9 ELISA Kit
ADCYAP1R1	ADCYAP1R1 Antibody	ADCYAP1R1 Protein	ADCYAP1R1 ELISA Kit
ADORA1	ADORA1 Antibody	ADORA1 Protein	ADORA1 ELISA Kit
ADORA2A	ADORA2A Antibody	ADORA2A Protein	ADORA2A ELISA Kit
ADRB1	ADRB1 Antibody	ADRB1 Protein	ADRB1 ELISA Kit
ADRB2	ADRB2 Antibody	ADRB2 Protein	ADRB2 ELISA Kit
AFDN	AFDN Antibody	AFDN Protein	AFDN ELISA Kit
AKT1	AKT1 Antibody	AKT1 Protein	AKT1 ELISA Kit

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