| A | B |
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| These are the two major categories of immunity. | Specific and Nonspecific |
| What is the difference between specific and nonspecific immunity? | Specific fights a certain thing and nonspecific fights anything not itself |
| Cells used for nonspecific immunity are ____. | Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells. |
| These are the two cells for specific immunity. | B cells and T Cells |
| What are types of nonspecific immunity? | species resistance, mechanical and chimcal barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis, natural killer cells, interferon, and complement |
| What is the first line of defense? | Skin and mucus |
| What is the second line of defense? | Inflammation |
| What are the 4 signs of inflammation. | Swelling, heat, redness, and pain |
| What is the most common type of phagocyte? | neutraphil |
| Anotehr name for neutraphil is ____. | pus |
| These type of cells break apart cells by damaging their plasma membranes. | Natural Killer Cells |
| They interfere with the viruses ability to cause the disease. | Interferon |
| They caus eht rupture of the foreign cell. | Complement |
| What is the third line of defense? | Specific Immunity |
| These cells are called cell-mediated immunity. | T cells |
| This is the main white blood cell. | Lymphocyte |
| What are the two types of antigens? | Self and Non-self |
| Most antigens are what type? | Nonself |
| These fight diseases. | Antibodies |
| The end of the antibody wher the epitope is, is called the what? | antigen binding site |
| A family of cells which have all descended from one cell. | clone |
| What are pre-B cells? | inactive B cells |
| What activates a B cell? | a specific antigen |
| What determines what disease the antigen causes? | its epitope or shape |
| What are the two types of B cells that are produced when a B cell is activated? | plasma and memory |
| What type of B cells produces antibodies? | plama cell |
| Antibodies are also called what? | immunoglobulins |
| What are antibodies made from? | proteins and amino acids |
| What shape is an antibody? | y shaped |
| What are the ends of an antibody called? | variable regions |
| Is it possible for B cells to produce antibodies against themselves? | yes |
| The amount of antibodies produced in response to a vaccination is called what? | antibody titer |
| A second injection tht raises the antibody titer to a level that is more likely to prevent infection is called a ______. | booster shot |
| When an antibody and an antigen combine, it exposes what? | the complement binding site |
| What does the complement protein do? | It drills holes in the antigen and causes the cell to swell and burst. |
| T cells go to this before going to the lymph node. | thymus |
| After a T-cell leaves the lymph node, where does it go? | to the spleen |
| With a T cell, the antigen must be presented by a ______ before the T cell will fight it. | macrophage |
| Chemical messengers are called _______. | lymphokines |
| What are the three types of T-cells? | Killer T, helper T, and suppressor T cells |
| These help B cells to differentiate into plasma cells. | Helper T cells |
| These stop B cell differentiation into plasma cells. | Suppressor T cells, which are now called regulatory T cells. |
| What is the theory as to why cancer develops? | Everyone has it, but because cancer cells produce self and non-self antigens, it can fool the lymphocytes into not fighting the cancer. |
| What is the immune system's response to a threat? | immune response |
| The study of immunity | immunology |
| Proteins that protect the body from pathogens are called ______. | antibodies |
| This transports escaped fluids back into the blood. | lymphatic vessels |
| The fluid that remains in the tissue spaces when blood is exchanged in the capillaries is called. | interstitial fluid |
| The accumulation of fluid in the body is called | edema |
| What are the characteristics of lymphatic vessels? | They form a one way system toward the heart, there is no pump |
| This drains lymph from the right arm and right side of the head and thorax | right lymphatic duct |
| This receives lymph from the rest of the body | thoracic duct |
| These filter lymph before it is returned to the blood. | lymph nodes |
| These are large cells that engulf and destroy foreign substances before it enters the blood. | macrophages |
| This is a type of white blood cell that is located in the lymph node. | lymphyocyte |
| What is an antigen? | a foreign substance in the body |
| What shape are lymph nodes? | kidney-shaped |
| Is the flow of lymph through a lymph node slow or fast? | It is very slow to allow lymphocytes and macrophages time to perform their functions. |
| This organ is located on the left side of the abdomen and filters blood, not lymph. | spleen |
| What is the most important function of the spleen? | To destroy worn out blood cells. |
| What organ of the lymphatic system forms blood cells in the fetus and serves as a hematopoietic site? | spleen |
| What two organs act as blood reservoirs during a hemorrhage? | spleen and liver |
| This lymphatic organ is located in the mediastium. | Thymus gland |
| When does the thymus function at peak levels? | only during childhood. The size of the thymus is largest during puberty. |
| In advanced age, the thymus is largely replaced with ____. | fat |
| The thymus produces hormones like thymosin. What does thymosin do? | It programs the lymphocytes to carry out their roles. |
| Small masses of lymphoid tissue around the pharynx? | Tonsils |
| What is the purpose of the tonsils? | To trap and remove bacteria and other foreign material |
| These are found in the wall of the small intestines and resemble tonsils in structure. | peyer's patches |
| What does MALT stand for? | Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue |
| What does malt tissue do? | It acts as a sentinel to protect respiratory and digestive tracts |
| The innate defense system is also called the _______ defense system. | nonspecific |
| The adaptive defense system is also called the _______ system. | specific |
| What does the term species resistance refer to? | It refers to the phenomenon within the genetic characteristics common to a particular kind of organism. |
| The first line of defense in nonspecific immunity is surface membrane barriers. What does this include? | skin, mucus membranes, saliva, sticky mucous, HCl acid in the stomach, ph and sebum of skin. |
| The second line of defense is nonspecific immunity. What cells and chemicals are associated with this line of defense? | phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammatory response, and fever |
| What type of phagocytic cell is usually the first to arrive at the site of an injury? | neutrophil |
| What are the two types of anitmicrobial proteins? | complement and interferon |
| What gland controls heat regulation for the body? | hypothalamus |
| Humoral immunity, also called antibody-mediated immunity is carried out by which type of lymphocyte? | B cells |
| Cellular immunity, also called cell-mediated immunity, is carried out by what type of lymphocytes? | T-cells |
| What are some common antigens? | nucleic acids, some lipids, pollen grains, and microorganisms |
| What are the two parts of the third line of defense, also called the adaptive defense system? | Nonself antigen defense and self antigen defense |
| What causes an allergy? | Many molecules (called haptens or incomplete antigens, link up with proteins in the body. The immune system may recognize this protein-hapten combination as foreign and start to attack it. |
| What are some common chemicals that act as haptens? | they are found in poison ivy, animal dander, some detergents, hair dyes and cosmetics. |
| What does the term immunocompetent mean? | The cell becomes capable of responding to a specific antigen |
| Where are lymphocytes made? | red bone marrow |
| Where do B cells become immunocompetent? | in bone marrow |
| Where do T cells become immunocompetent? | in the thymus |
| Once a lymphocyte is immunocompetent, it will only be able to react to _____ distinct antigen. | one |
| Lymphocytes become immunocompetent ____ meeting the antigen. | before |
| Monocytes arise in the bone marrow and develop into __________ within 8 to 12 hours of entering tissues. | macrophages |
| When does activation of a B cell occur? | When there is an encounter between an inactive B cell and its specific antigen. |
| ___________ immunity occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies | active immunity |
| What are 2 ways active immunity can be acquired. | being exposed to the disease in the environment or artificially through a shot |
| ___________ immunity occurs when antibodies are obtained from someone else | passive |
| How can passive immunity be naturally acquired. | A mother's antibodies can cross the placenta and enter fetal circulation and after birth during breastfeeding. |
| How can passive immunity be acquired artificially? | from immune serum or gamma globulin |
| Antibodies are made up of 2 ___ chains and 2 ___ chains, both of which are disulfide bonds | light, dark |
| A heavy chain of an antibody contains about _______ amino acids. | 400 |
| Type of antibody found mainly in mucus, saliva and tears | IgA |
| Type of antibody important in activation of B cell. | IgD |
| The only type of antibody that can cross the placenta | IgG |
| Type of antibody that can fix complement | igM |
| type of antibody that is involved in allergies. | IgE |
| The transforming of antigens that are toxic into harmless cells is caused when antibodies bind to specific sites on bacteria or viruses and cause cell injury. This is known as ___________ | naturalization |
| When an antigen-antibody reaction causes clotting this is called ____________ | agglutination |
| When an antibody exposes a hidden complement binding site and an antigen binds to this which causes a hole to form and water to rush in it is called. | complement |
| For a T cell to work, the antigen must have been presented to the T cell by a ___________. | macrophage |
| What are the four types of grafts? | autografts, isografts, allografts, and xenografts |
| Tissue transplanted from one site to another site on the same person | autograft |
| tissue grafts taken from an unrelated person | allograft |
| tissue taken from an identical twin. | isograft |
| tissue taken from a different animal species | xenografts |
| This is needed to prevent rejection of tissue and can include drugs, radiation, and controlling inflammation. | immunosuppressive therapy |
| Allergies are also called ______ | hypersensitivity |
| Allergies are triggered by a release of _________ from IgE binding to mast cells. | histamines |
| What are the effects of histamines? | cause small blood vessels to become dilated and leaky. It can lead to a runny nose, watery eyes, itching, hives, constriction of airways, and irregular heart rhythms |
| What is anaphylatic shock? | Occurs when an allergen directly enters the blood and rapidly circulates through the body |
| When symptoms occur 1-3 days after contact with an antigen it is called _______ | delayed hypersensitivity |
| How is delayed hypersensitivity treated? | with corticosteroid drugs |
| What are common types of delayed hypersensitivity? | contact dermatitis (poison ivy), some cosmetic and deoderant chemicals as well as nickel. |
| What are some examples of autoimmune diseases? | multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, type I diabetes, rheumotoid arthritis, systemic lupus, reynaud's disease, |
| Except for the _________ and _________, the lymphoid organs are poorly developed before birth. | thymus, spleen |
| What causes autoimmune diseases? | inefficient lymphocyte programming, appearance of self-proteins in circulation that have not been exposed to the immune system, cross-reaction of antibodies produced against foreign antigens with self-antigens. |
