Chapter 7.2 – Ports And Economic Development

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Port Economics, Management and Policy
- About
  - Athanasios Pallis – Short Bio
  - Jean-Paul Rodrigue – Short Bio
  - Theo Notteboom – Short Bio
- Contact Us
- CONTENTS
  - I. PORTS & SHIPPING NETWORKS
    - Chapter 1.1 – Ports, Maritime Shipping and International Trade
      - American Foreign Trade by Maritime Containers, 2024
      - Changes in Global Trade Flows
      - Containerization Growth Factors
      - Economic Complexity Index (ECI) – Trade, 2023
      - Geopolitics and the De-Risking Supply Chains
      - Global Containerized Trade by Main Cargo Category (in TEU)
      - Global Hierarchy of Shipping Lanes
      - Global Merchandise Exports and Container Throughput, 1980-2023
      - Global Trade and Container Throughput (1970=100)
      - Growth Factors of International Trade
      - International Trade of Merchandises, 2003-2013
      - Merchandise Exports, World and Selected Countries 1970-2024
      - Modal Shares of World Trade by Volume and Value, 2008
      - Monthly Trade between China and the United States (1985-2025)
      - Services Supporting International Trade and the Shipping Business
      - TEU to GDP Multiplier, 1985-2024
      - Trade Intensity by Ocean, 1980-2020
      - US-China Tariffs, 2018-2025
      - Value of Containerized Trade, 2020
      - World Container Throughput, 1980-2024
      - World Seaborne Trade by Cargo Type, 1970-2021
      - World’s 20 Largest Exporters and Importers of Merchandise, 2024
      - World’s Most Traded Goods and Lead Exporter, 2022
    - Chapter 1.2 – Ports and Maritime Supply Chains
      - Cost leadership and differentiation
      - Functional Integration of Maritime Supply Chains
      - Largest E-Commerce Corporations by Revenue, 2019
      - Layers to Maritime Logistics Services
      - Logistic Performance Index, 2023
      - Margins, Service Customization and Complexity
      - Sustainability Dimensions in the Maritime Transport Industry
      - The Port as a Nexus in Global Supply Chains
      - World’s Largest Third-Party Logistics Providers, 2019
    - Chapter 1.3 – Interoceanic Passages
      - Alternatives to the Strait of Hormuz, 2016
      - Annual Precipitation in the Panama Canal Watershed, 1950-2023
      - Bosporus at Istanbul
      - Capacity of Key Strategic Passages
      - Central American Interoceanic Canal Routes Considered
      - Challenges to the Expansion of the Panama Canal
      - Circum-Hemispheric Rings of Circulation
      - Comparative Characteristics of the Panama Canal Expansion
      - Connectivity Pattern of the World’s Major Maritime Bottlenecks
      - Construction of the Suez Canal, 1869
      - Container Cargo Market Share Northeast Asia to the United States East Coast, 1999-2017
      - Container Traffic Handled at Main Ports around the Strait of Malacca
      - Container Traffic Handled at the Main Panamanian Ports, 1995-2023
      - Container Traffic Handled at the Main Ports Around the Panama Canal
      - Container Traffic Handled at the Main Ports Around the Strait of Gibraltar
      - Container Traffic Handled at the Main Ports Around the Strait of Hormuz
      - Container Traffic Handled at the Main Ports Around the Strait of Oresund
      - Container Traffic Handled at the Main Ports Around the Suez Canal
      - Container Traffic Handled by the Panama Canal Railway, 2001-2014
      - Containership Exiting the Gaillard Cut
      - Containership Transiting Through the Agua Clara Locks, Panama
      - Daily Transits at Selected Strategic Maritime Passages
      - Development of the Suez Canal, 1869-2015
      - Double Stacked Containers Carried on the Panama Canal Railway
      - Dry Canal Projects in Central America
      - Effect of the Panama Canal Draft Limitation on Containership Capacity
      - Main Components of the Panama Canal
      - Main East and Gulf Coasts Port Infrastructure Developments Associated with the Expansion of the Panama Canal
      - Main Maritime Shipping Routes and Chokepoints
      - Main Routing Alternatives between East Asia and Northern Europe
      - Main Routing Alternatives between the Pacific and Atlantic
      - Main Trade Routes Using the Panama Canal, 2024
      - Maritime Chokepoints: Capacity, Limitations and Threats
      - Panama and the Regional Transshipment System
      - Panama Canal Toll Structure
      - Panama Canal: Gatun Locks
      - Panama Canal: Miraflores Locks
      - Panama’s Changing Role in the Global Transport System
      - Port of Balboa, Panama
      - Potential Configurations of All-Water Routes Servicing the East Coast, Post Panama Canal Expansion
      - Potential Impacts of Interoceanic Passages and Canals
      - Routing Options between Shanghai, Rotterdam and New York
      - Shipping Lanes and Strategic Passages in Pacific Asia
      - Suez Canal, end of 19th Century
      - The Corinthian Canal
      - The Dardanelles and Bosporus Passages
      - The Geostrategy of Maritime Shipping
      - The Nicaragua Canal System
      - The Tehuantepec Interoceanic Railway Project, 1884
      - Toll Revenue, Panama Canal, 2000-2024
      - Tonnage and Number of Transits, Panama Canal, 1915-2025
      - Tonnage and Number of Transits, Suez Canal, 1976-2023
  - II. PORTS & HINTERLAND NETWORKS
    - Chapter 2.1 – Port Hinterlands, Regionalization and Corridors
      - A Multi-Layer Approach to Port Dynamics
      - A Spatial Model on Logistics Sites in the Port Hinterland
      - Bottleneck and Warehousing-Derived Terminalization
      - Cargo Bundling in Port Areas
      - Cargo Bundling Options in Hinterland Transportation
      - Designated US Marine Highways
      - Elements of the Maritime / Land Interface
      - Foreland and Hinterland-Based Regionalization
      - Impacts of Containership Size on Port and Hinterland Traffic
      - Maritime Ranges and Hinterland Accessibility
      - Modal Split at Selected European Container Ports, 2007
      - Modal Split at Selected North American Container Ports, 2007
      - Port Regionalization for Freight and Passenger Functions
      - Rail Freight Corridors in Europe
      - The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
      - The Betuweroute
      - The East Asian Container Port System and its Multi-port Gateway Regions
      - The Eurasian Landbridges
      - The European Container Port System and its Multi-port Gateway Regions
      - The Evolving Role of Shipping Lines in the Hinterland
      - The Extended Gate Concept
      - The Hinterland of Single and Multiple Ports
      - The Integration of Continuous and Discontinuous Port Hinterlands
      - The North American Container Port System and its Multi-Port Gateway Regions
      - The North American Landbridge
      - The Spatial Development of a Port System
      - The Terminalization Concept
      - The Yangtze River System
    - Chapter 2.2 – Ports and Distribution Networks
      - A Typology of Warehousing
      - Amazon Inbound Cross Dock Facilities Network
      - Distribution Network Configurations for Containerized Import Cargo
      - Distribution Network Configurations for Containerized Import Cargo in Europe
      - Distribution Network Configurations for Containerized Import Cargo in North America
      - Factors and Stages of Free Trade Zone Development
      - Green and Sustainable Warehouses
      - Key Decision Levels in the Development of a Regional Distribution Network
      - Location Criteria for Distribution Centers
      - Nature and Function of Warehousing
      - The Reconfiguration of Logistics Networks
      - The Reconfiguration of Logistics Networks to Logistics Chains
      - Warehouses and Distribution Centers
      - Warehousing Tiers at Port Terminals
    - Chapter 2.3 – Inland Ports / Dry Ports
      - Added Value Activities Performed at an Inland Port
      - Basic Requirements for Dry Ports
      - BNSF Logistics Park, Chicago
      - CenterPoint-KCS Intermodal Center, Kansas City
      - CRIntermodal Chongqing Terminal
      - Extended Distribution Center System of JVC Belgium
      - Functional Pairing of Inland Ports
      - Functional Relations between Inland Terminals and their Hinterland
      - Functions of Inland Terminals
      - Functions of Selected Inland Ports
      - Gennevilliers Inland Port, Paris
      - Inland Ports and Logistics Zones Around the Rhine / Scheldt Delta
      - Inland Terminal Life Cycle
      - Kansas City Smartport: The Regionalization of Logistics
      - Lat Krabang Inland Container Depot, Thailand
      - Main Co-Location Advantages for Dry Ports
      - Main Driving Forces behind the Setting of Inland Terminals
      - Main Governance Models for Inland Ports and Logistics Zones
      - Major Inland Terminal Clusters in North America
      - Modal Shift and Inland Freight Diversion
      - Modal Split at Selected European Inland Terminals, 2007
      - Operational Advantages of Foreign Trade Zones (FTZ)
      - Raritan Center, New Jersey
      - Terminal Intermodal Logistica de Hidalgo (TILH)
      - Terms Used to Define Inland Nodes
      - The Massification of Transportation in Inland Systems
      - Uiwang Inland Port, South Korea
  - III. PORTS IN TRANSITION
    - Chapter 3.1 – The Spatial Transition of Seaports
      - Antwerp Deurganckdock Port Expansion Project
      - Average Monthly Container Traffic Share, Selected Ports, 2005-2022
      - Cargo Carried by Steamship by Port City, 1890-1925
      - Drivers of Port Terminal Migration and Relocation
      - Evolution of the Port of Rotterdam
      - Evolution of Traffic Handled by Container Ports, 1970-2020
      - Impediments and Delaying Factors of Port Terminal Migration and Relocation
      - Loading Break-bulk Cargo, Port of New Orleans, early 20th Century
      - Main Ports of the Roman Empire, c125 CE
      - Major Maritime Ranges
      - Modal and Temporal Separation at Freight Transport Terminals
      - Modal Separation in Space: Europa Terminal in Antwerp
      - Outcomes of Port Terminal Migration and Relocation
      - Port Centrality and Intermediacy
      - Port of Genoa, Late 15th Century
      - Ports and Economic Location Factors
      - Rotterdam Maasvlakte Port Expansion Project
      - Shanghai Yangshan Port Expansion Project
      - Singapore Tuas Port Expansion Project
      - The Concept of Maritime Range
      - The Evolution of a Port
      - The Port of Portus, Ancient Rome
    - Chapter 3.2 – The Digital Transformation of Ports
      - Blockchains and Intermodal Transportation
      - Digital Transformation and Expected Implications
      - Digital Twin, PNIT, Busan New Port
      - Digitization and Digitalization
      - Geofencing at Port Terminals
      - Main Technologies and Focus on Digital Transformation in Logistics and Ports
      - Most Common Causes of Cyberattacks
      - Port Community System
      - Selected Port Community Systems
    - Chapter 3.3 – Green Supply Chain Management in Ports
      - Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage
      - Coldironing: On-shore Power Supply for Vessels
      - Functional Model of an Organizational Green Supply Chain
      - Green Port Dues: The Environmental Ship Index (ESI)
      - Green Production
      - Most Common Clauses in Green Concessions
      - Range of Actions for Green Supply Chain Management in Ports
      - Realms of Action in Green Logistics
      - The Circular Economy in Ports and Maritime Shipping
    - Chapter 3.4 – Ports and Energy Transition
      - Benefits and Drawbacks of Port Electrification
      - Examples of Coal-Powered Plants in Ports
      - Examples of Nuclear Power Plants in Seaport Areas
      - Implications of Energy Transition for Ports
      - Key Requirements for Ports to Serve as Green Hydrogen Hubs
      - Marine Sales of International Marine Bunkers, 1925-2000
      - Maritime Supply Chains Options for Green Hydrogen
      - Port Electrification End Uses
      - Port Energy Strategies
      - Port-Centric Energy Production and Transformation
      - Ports and the New Energy Landscape
      - Ports as Energy Platforms
      - World Energy Consumption, 1965-2021
    - Chapter 3.5 – Ports and the Circular Economy
      - Action Fields for Material Sourcing Hub Creation in Ports
      - Benefits of the Leadership of Port Authorities in Promoting Circularity
      - Building Blocks of Material Exchange Platforms
      - Circular Economy Transition Phases for Ports
      - Circular Flanders as an Intermediary for Circularity in Ports
      - Circular Ports and Circular Maritime Supply Chains
      - Cruise Ship Waste Streams for a One Week Itinerary
      - Drivers and Barriers for the Circular Economy in Ports
      - Estimations of Ship-Generated Wastes
      - From Linear to Circular Economic Principles
      - Greenfields, Brownfields and Related Terms
      - Key Components of Circular Ship Design
      - Potential Indicators for Monitoring Port Circular Processes
      - Recycling from Waste to Pure Raw Material
      - Recycling Technologies in the Life Cycle of Plastics
      - Ship Recycling, Demolition or Scrapping
      - Some Goods Consumed On Board a 3,000 Pax Cruise Ship per Week
      - Technology Hype Cycle and the Port Circular Economy
      - The Circular Economy and Supply Chains
      - The Concept of Extended Producer Responsibility
      - Wind Turbine Parts, Materials and Potential Disposal Methods
  - Introduction – A Multifaceted Approach to Seaports
    - Chapter 0.1 – Defining Seaports
      - Defining the Seaport
      - Elements of the Maritime Industry
      - Functional and Spatial Development of a Seaport
      - Functional Interdependences of a Seaport
      - Fundamental Characteristics of the Maritime Industry
      - Global Estimated Surfaces of Lowest Astronomical Tide
      - Harbor Types
      - Main Physical Elements of a Port
      - Main Port Governance Models
      - Maritime Zones and Legal Boundaries
      - Port Dimensions
      - Port Sites
      - World’s Largest Ports, 2016
    - Chapter 0.2 – Seaports and the Blue Economy
      - Ports as Clusters of Economic Activity
      - The Blue Economy
      - The Economic Significance of Ports
      - Transport and Cargo Handling Functions of a Port
    - Chapter 0.3 – Seaports: Social and Environmental Value
      - Examples of waterfront redevelopment in European port cities
      - Examples of wind farms and gas terminals in seaport areas
    - Chapter 0.4 – Seaports: Demand and Supply Determinants
      - Demand Factors for Port Services
      - Demand Function for Port Services
      - Elasticity of Demand for Port Services
      - Elasticity of Supply of Port Services
      - Factors Determining the Demand for Port Services
      - Objectives and Supply Behavior of Port Service Providers
      - Supply Factors for Port Services
      - Supply Function for a Port Service
      - The Demand for Port Services
    - Chapter 0.5 – Emerging Issues in Ports and Maritime Shipping
  - IV. PORT TERMINALS
    - Chapter 4.1 – Terminals and Terminal Operators
      - Common Ship Hull Markings
      - Conditions for Port Privatization
      - Container Terminals Controlled by Holdings, 2019
      - Container Terminals Controlled by Shipping Lines, 2019
      - Container Terminals Controlled by Stevedores, 2019
      - Container Terminals of the World’s Major Terminal Operators, 2021
      - Container Terminals Operated by APM, 2019
      - Container Terminals Operated by DPW, 2019
      - Container Terminals Operated by HPH, 2019
      - Container Terminals Operated by PSA, 2019
      - Cruise Terminal Operators: Typology and Drivers of Market Entry
      - Cruise Terminals Operated by Global Ports Holding (GPH), 2024
      - Forms of Port Terminal Privatization
      - Largest Global Container Terminal Operators by Equity-Based Throughput, 2018-21
      - Private Islands in the Caribbean Owned by Cruise Lines
      - Regional Share of Hectares in the Terminal Portfolio of the Largest Global Terminal Operator, 2021
      - Ship Characteristics and Capacity Measures
      - Size of Cruise Terminals in North America
      - Terminalization of Cruise Ports: Port of Barcelona
      - The Strategies of Terminal Operators
      - Types of Port Terminals
      - Typology of Global Port Operators
      - Value Propositions behind the Interest of Equity Firms in Transport Terminals
      - Vertical and Horizontal Integration in Port Development
    - Chapter 4.2 – Terminal Concessions and Land Leases
      - Container Terminals Concessions in Global Ports per Type of Transaction
      - Direct and Competitive Types of Terminal Awarding Procedures
      - Main Types of Public-Private Partnerships
      - Options Related to the Splitting and Phasing of a Terminal Site
      - Phases in Port Terminal Awarding Procedure
    - Chapter 4.3 – Financialization, Terminal Funding and Valuation
      - Distribution of Terminal Equity Stakes by Terminal Operators
      - Port and Maritime Industry Finance
      - Port Terminal Infrastructure and Superstructure
      - Risks Associated with Terminal Investments
      - Sources of Funding and Finance for Port Terminals
      - Terminal and Port Related Risks for a Terminal Operator
      - Types of Port Site Developments
    - Chapter 4.4 – Port Labor
      - Art Dedicated to Dock Workers
      - Intrinsic Cargo Handling Values per Ton
      - The Impact of Changing Market Requirements on Dock Labor
      - The societal status of the dock worker
    - Chapter 4.5 – Port Terminal Construction
      - Caisson Construction Tema Port, Ghana
      - Construction of Deurganckdock, Antwerp
      - Construction of Maasvlakte 2, Rotterdam
      - Cubic Yards Dredged by the US Army Corp of Engineers at Selected Port Districts
      - Dredging Activities and Equipment
      - Large Locks in the Port of Antwerp
      - Lock Operations Principles
      - Sea Lock Ijmuiden in Port of Amsterdam
      - Treatment of Contaminated Dredged Material
      - Typical Cross-Sections of Gravity Quay Walls
  - IX. PORT COMPETITION
    - Chapter 9.1 – Inter-Port Competition
      - Behavioral Factors Influencing Cargo Routing Decisions and Port Choice
      - Classification of the Core Competencies of Ports
      - Container traffic of European ports between 1985 and 2021
      - Dimensions of Inter-Port Competition
      - Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Ports
      - Top 15 container ports in the European Union in 2023
    - Chapter 9.2 – Intra-Port Competition
      - Conditions Supporting Market Power of Port Service Providers
      - Dimensions of Intra-Port Competition
      - Intra-Port Competition in Busan New Port
      - Minimum Efficient Scale (MES)
      - Strategies to Introduce Intra-Port Competition and Prevent Rent Extraction
    - Chapter 9.3 – Port Marketing
      - A Taxonomy of Strategic Marketing Positioning by Port Authorities
      - Marketing Objectives of Port Authorities
      - Objectives of Port Authorities Marketing Strategies
      - Port Authority Marketing Strategies and Stakeholder Types
      - Risk Profile of Port Customers
    - Chapter 9.4 – Port Pricing
      - Categories of Port Fees at Cruise Terminals
      - Concession Fees and Financial Flows of Port Authorities and Terminal Operators
      - Container Terminal Cargo Handling Charges
      - Container Terminal Cargo Storage Handling Charges
      - Distribution of Port Dues per Size of Cruise Vessel
      - Port Cost Components and Total Port Pricing per TEU (USD), 2012
    - Chapter 9.5 – Entry Barriers in Seaports
      - Entry Barriers in Seaports
      - Policy Options to Reduce Entry Barriers in Seaports
  - V. BULK & BREAKBULK PORTS
    - Chapter 5.1 – Breakbulk
      - Forms of Cargo Transportation
      - Goods Explosion Model
      - Main Physical Characteristics of ISO Containers
      - The Barge Carrier Concept
      - The Man Load Concept
      - The Ripening of Bananas
      - The Shipment of Forest Products
      - Wind Turbines as Break Bulk Cargo
    - Chapter 5.2 – Roll-on/Roll-off (RORO)
      - A Large Car Terminal: Bastenaken Terminal Zeebrugge
      - Calais Ferry Terminal
      - Global RORO Vessels Market Segments
      - Large RoRo vessels of the PCTC and PCC type
      - Largest Car Exporters and Importers, 2022
      - Largest RORO Carriers, 2024
      - Mega Car Carriers: the Shaper+ Class
      - Multilevel car parks at Antwerp Euroterminal (AET)
      - Number of Port Calls by RORO Ships, 2024
      - Outbound and Inbound Traffic at Car Terminals
      - Piraeus Car Terminal
      - Ramp Configurations for RORO Vessels
      - Roro Barges for New Car Transport
      - RORO Fleet Load Capacity
      - Storage Configurations at Car Terminals
      - Supporting Videos on RoRo Vessels
      - The Largest Available RORO Vessel, 1985-2025 (in CEUs)
      - Train Ferries on the Caspian Sea as Part of the Middle Corridor
    - Chapter 5.3 – Ports and Energy Commodities
      - Bunker Fuel Sales at the Port of Singapore, 2013-2024
      - Global Coal Market
      - Global Natural Gas Market
      - Global Oil Market
      - Largest Bunker Fuel Markets, 2024
      - Oil Transportation and Major Chokepoints
      - Shipping Lanes, Strategic Passages and Oil Production in the Middle East
      - Tanker Sizes and Classes
    - Chapter 5.4 – Dry and Liquid Bulk
      - Bulk Ship Classes
      - Crane Technology at Bulk Terminals
      - Equipment on a coal/iron ore terminal
      - Examples of Grain Terminals
      - Examples of Heavy Lift Cranes at Breakbulk Terminals
      - From Breakbulk to Containerized Commodities
      - Global LNG Trade: Exporting Countries (2023)
      - Handling Gear Used at Breakbulk Terminals
      - Import-Oriented Dry Bulk Terminal: EMO Rotterdam
      - LNG Terminals in Europe (2023)
      - Natural Gas Spot Prices, United States and Europe (1997-2025)
      - Offshore Dry Bulk Handling
      - Q-flex LNG Carrier “Mesaimeer”
      - Services provided at LNG Import Terminals
      - Tank Storage Capacity and Number of Terminals
      - The Transport and Handling of Bananas
  - VI. CONTAINER PORTS
    - Chapter 6.1 – Ports and Container Shipping
      - Alliances in Container Shipping
      - AMAX Round-the-World Route, 2005-2007
      - Asset Management Domains in Container Shipping
      - Average Operating Margins of Main Carriers by Quarter, Q1 2008 to Q2 2025
      - Carrier Competition within Alliances
      - Conferences versus Alliances in Maritime Shipping
      - Container Port Traffic and Transshipment Traffic around the Caribbean Basin, 2015
      - Country and Port Level Liner Shipping Connectivity Index
      - Deviation from the Main Shipping Route of Mediterranean Container Ports
      - Emerging Global Maritime Transport System
      - Examples of Largest Container Vessels (Unit Capacity > 20,000 TEU)
      - Levels of Transshipment Incidence
      - LNG-Powered Vessels
      - Madrid Maersk
      - Main Impediments for Carriers to be Involved in Alliances
      - Main Incentives for Carriers to be Involved in Alliances
      - Maritime Deviation
      - Maximum Container Vessel Size Call per Region (2006-2020)
      - Maximum Containership Size Calling Container Port
      - Mergers and Acquisitions in the Container Shipping Industry since 2014
      - Port and Terminal Selection by Container Shipping Lines
      - Program of Maersk Line to Shorten the List of Charges/Surcharges (2013)
      - Selection Factors for a Transshipment Hub
      - Shanghai Containerized Freight Index (SCFI) and other Freight Rate Indices
      - Slow steaming in container shipping
      - Supporting Videos on Container Vessels
      - The Disadvantages of Scale in Maritime Shipping
      - The Insertion and Location of Transshipment Hubs
      - The Largest Available Containership, 1970-2024 (in TEUs)
      - The Optimal Size of a Container Ship
      - The Strategic Transformation of Maersk
      - Three Major Inter-Range Routes Serviced by Maersk
      - Transshipment Patterns
      - Trends in Containership Deployment, 2006-2025
      - Types of Inter-Range Maritime Routes
      - Vertical Integration for Selected Major Container Shipping Lines
      - World’s Largest Maritime Container Shipping Operators
      - World’s Main Intermediate Hubs and Markets
      - World’s Major Container Ports, 2022
    - Chapter 6.2 – Containers: The Box and Chassis Markets
      - 20-Foot Containers on Chassis, Belgium
      - Advantages and Disadvantages of Container Transloading
      - Asymmetries between Import and Export-Based Containerized Logistics
      - Cargo Rotation
      - Carrier Haulage vs Merchant Haulage
      - Characteristics of Container Leasing Arrangements
      - Chassis Operations
      - Composition of the Global Fleet of Containers, 2012
      - Container Repositioning using an Empty Container Depot
      - Container Transloading
      - Container Usage during its Life-Span
      - Geographical Levels of Empty Container Repositioning
      - Inland Containerized Flows and Inland Ports
      - Major Types of Chassis Pools
      - On Terminal Chassis Pool, Port of Los Angeles
      - The Container and the Chassis Markets
      - Transloading at Major North American Container Ports
      - Types of Container Flows
    - Chapter 6.3 – Containers: The Containerization of Commodities
      - Bagged Coal Entering the Port of Cartagena to be Transloaded into Containers
      - Bulk and Containerized Commodity Chains
      - Commodity Group and Containerization Level
      - Commodity Index, Baltic Dry Index and Container Shipping Rates, 2000-2024
      - Comparison Between Bulk and Containerized Commodity Transportation
      - Container Coal Stuffing Station, Port of Cartagena
      - Container Coffee Stuffing Station, Port of Cartagena
      - Growth Factors behind the Containerization of Commodities
      - Monthly Containerized Agricultural Trade, United States, 2016-2021
    - Chapter 6.4 – Port Cold Chains
      - Containerization, Cold Chains and the Flexibility of Supply Chains
      - Main American Banana Import Ports, 2011
      - Number of Reefer Slots per Container Port
      - Packer Avenue Marine Terminal, Philadelphia
      - Reefer Power Outlet
      - Reefer Rack Storage, Porte Oceane Terminal, Le Havre
      - Reefer Slots Available at North American Ports
      - Reefers Used for Temporary Cold Chain Storage
      - Seaborne Reefer Trade, 2008
      - Share of Refrigerated Transport Capacity in Maritime Shipping, 1980-2017
      - Stacked Reefer Storage, Maher Terminal, Newark
      - The Limon Moin Container Terminal, Costa Rica
      - Unloading a Banana Ship, New Orleans, 1903
      - Wheeled Reefer Storage
    - Chapter 6.5 – Container Terminal Design and Equipment
      - Balancing Water and Yard Capacity
      - Bomb Carts, Yusen Terminals, Port of Los Angeles
      - Container Freight Station, Shenzhen, China
      - Conventional and Automated Container Terminal Configurations
      - Conventional Intermodal Port Terminal Equipment
      - Depth and Surface Distribution of a Sample of Container Terminals
      - Empty Containers Stacking Area, Maher Container Terminal, Newark
      - Impact of 20,000 TEU Vessel Call on Inland Transport
      - On-Dock Rail, Maher Terminal, Newark
      - Portainers or Ship-to-Shore (STS) Container Cranes
      - Quay and Yard Equipment Combinations
      - Rubber-Tired Gantry Crane
      - Spreader technology
      - Stacking Density of Container Yard Equipment
      - Terminal Depth at Selected Ports
      - Terminal Footprint, Selected Container Ports
      - The Configuration of Container Yards
      - The Insertion of a Satellite Terminal in Port Operations
    - Chapter 6.6 – Container Terminal Automation
      - Automated Guided Vehicles and Automated Stacking Cranes
      - Automated Terminals in the United States
      - Container Terminal Automation: Hierarchy of Drivers and Achieved Benefits
      - Control Station for Automated Stacking Cranes
      - Cumulative Number of Automated Terminals and Automated Surface
      - Diffusion of Key Port Terminal Automation Technologies
      - Fully and Semi Automated Container Terminals, 2024
      - Labor Requirement in Conventional versus Fully Automated Terminals
      - Port Terminal Automation
      - Potential Impacts of Container Terminal Automation
      - Remote Verification of Container Identification at a Port Terminal Gate
      - Remotely Operated Crane, Busan Container Terminal (BCT)
      - Types of Container Terminal Truck Appointment Systems
  - VII. PASSENGER PORTS
    - Chapter 7.1 – Cruise Shipping
      - Asian Cruise Passengers Source Markets, 2015-2020
      - Average Cruise Duration
      - Average Cruise Passenger Age Group
      - Classification of Cruise Ships by Cruise Lines
      - Cruise Market Segments
      - Cruise Passenger Age Groups, 2024
      - Cruise Passengers Movements in Mediterranean Cruise Ports, 2023
      - Cruise Shipping during the Soviet Era
      - Cruise Ships: Scale of Dimensions and Capacity
      - Cruise Source Markets, 2013-18
      - Deployment of the Global Cruise Fleet, 2008-23
      - Deployment of the Global Cruise Fleet, 2025
      - Evolution of Representative Vessels in Cruise Shipping
      - Generations of Cruise Passengers
      - Global Cruise Passengers Carried and Growth Rates, 1990-2024
      - Luxury Cruises
      - Market Share of Main Cruise Lines, 2026
      - Ocean-going Cruise Vessels Newbuilds in European Yards by Capacity in Passengers, 2015-2018
      - One of the Last Liners, SS France (1969)
      - Repeat Cruisers: Taking More than One Cruise Per Year
      - Revenue and Expenses per Average Cruiser, 2023
      - Size of Cruise Terminals in North America
      - The First Cruise Vessel, S.S. Prinzessin Victoria (1900)
      - The Largest Available Cruise Ship, 1970-2025
      - The Largest Cruise Vessel in the World (2025): Icon of the Seas
      - The Three Pilars of Cruising
      - Top 20 Cruise Brands by Berth Capacity, 2026
      - Total Gross Tonnage by Ship Classes, Royal Caribbean Cruises
      - Total Gross Tonnage by Ship Classes: Carnival Cruises
    - Chapter 7.2 – Cruise Ports
      - Benefits of Home-porting at the Port of Barcelona
      - Categories of Cruise Ports Fees
      - Costs of Medium and Big size Cruise Vessels
      - Costs of Small Size Cruise Vessels
      - Costs of Super and Mega-size Cruise Vessels
      - Cruise Home Port Selection Criteria
      - Cruise Passengers Visits, Caribbean, 2023
      - Cruise Ship at the Port of Vancouver
      - Cruise Ship Costs per Size of Vessel
      - Cruise Ship Store Loading and Cold Ironing
      - Cruise Ships at the Port of Barcelona
      - Deployment of Cruise Vessels: Coupling of Markets
      - Expected Cruise Ports Services & Facilities
      - Food and Alcohol Provisioning for a 2,000 Passenger 7-Day Cruise
      - Interlinked Drivers of Cruise Ships Deployment
      - Large Ships in Small Places, Chios, Greece
      - Largest Cruise Ports by Passengers, 2023
      - Ports With at Least One Cruise Berth with Shoreside Power, 2023
      - Seasonality of Cruise Port Activities in the Mediterranean Sea
      - Share of Monthly Cruise Passengers by Region of Destination, 2012
      - The Global Cruise Port System
      - Types of Cruise Itineraries
      - Typology of Cruise Ports
      - World’s Largest Cruise Terminal (2025)
    - Chapter 7.3 – Tourist Harbors and Marinas
      - Average Capacity of Marinas in Europe, 2023
      - Main Yacht and Boat Manufacturers
      - Marina Attributes Inﬂuencing Yachtsmen’s Experience
      - Marinas in Europe: Total Berth Capacity per country, 2023
      - Segmentation of the Yacht Market: Propulsion
      - Segmentation of the Yacht Market: Yacht Length
      - Superyachts deliveries by year (2020-2025)
      - Top-10 Largest Yachts in the World, 2025
      - Top-15 Yacht Builders by Total Length of Construction, 2024
      - Yachts Density in Major Markets
    - Chapter 7.4 – River Cruises and Ports
      - Types of River Cruise Itineraries
    - Chapter 7.5 – Cruise Terminal Design and Equipment
      - Cruise Boarding Corridor
      - Cruise Passengers Waiting Area
      - Cruise Terminal Configuration
      - Customs Clearance at a Cruise Terminal
      - Luggage Lay-Down Area
      - Luggage Loading through a Cargo Door of a Cruise Ship
      - Modal Distribution of Cruise Passenger Mobility at Port of Barcelona
      - Royal Caribbean Galveston Cruise Terminal
      - Truck Unloading Ramps for Cruise Stores On-Dock Deliveries
      - Types of Cruise Gangways
      - Waste Reception from a Cruise Ship
  - VIII. PORT GOVERNANCE
    - Chapter 8.1 – Port Governance and Reform
      - A Broader View of Port Governance
      - A Multi-Modal Port Governance Vision
      - Corporatized Port
      - Groups of Port Governance Tasks
      - Landlord Port
      - Linking Port Governance and Performance
      - Port Governance Tasks: Management of Concession Agreements
      - Port Governance Tasks: Management of Emerging Issues
      - Port Governance Tasks: Market and Price Regulations
      - Port Governance Tasks: Port Policy Formation
      - Port Governance Tasks: Public Authority Functions
      - Port Governance Tasks: Technical Management of the Port Area
      - Port Governance: Matching Frameworks
      - Private Service Port
      - Public and Private Roles in Port Management
      - Public Service Port
      - Public Tool Port
      - Recent Port Governance Reforms: Europe
      - Recent Post Governance Reforms: Asia
      - The Port Governance Reform Process
      - Trade, Transport, and Port Governance
      - Types of Port Reforms
    - Chapter 8.2 – Port Authorities
      - Cooperation of Port Authorities: A Typology
      - Emerging Paradigm in the Role of Port Authorities within their Port Regions
      - Ownership of European Port Authorities
      - Recent Changes in Port Authority Functions
      - The Main Activities of Landlord Port Authorities
      - Variance of Port Authorities Role in Cruise Ports Governance
    - Chapter 8.3 – Port Coordination and Cooperation
      - Cooperation and Coordination in Strategic Port Management
      - Cooperation between Non-proximate Ports
      - Coordination Mechanisms and Arrangements in Seaports
      - Italian Port System Authorities
      - Number of Cruise Ports managed per Port Authority: The Med (2015)
      - Number of Ports Managed per Port Authority in Europe
      - Port Authority Mergers in the Rhine-Scheldt Delta
      - Port Reform and Integration in Mainland China
    - Chapter 8.4 – Port Clusters
      - Functional Types of Port Centric Logistics
      - Maritime Ranges and the Propensity for Cluster Formation
        
        Change in Average Ship Size and Deployed Capacity by Major Port (2019/2020 vs 2008/2009)
      - Port Centric Logistics
      - Port Centric Logistics: From Dissociation to Reinsertion
      - Umbrella Associations in Rotterdam and Antwerp
      - World’s Largest Container Port Clusters, 2022
    - Chapter 8.5 – Green Port Governance
      - Clean Truck Program in Los Angeles/Long Beach
      - Cruise Ports Waste Reception Facilities: Ownership and Fee Schemes
      - Instruments for Port Authorities to Reduce the Environmental Impacts of Terminals
      - Sustainability Reporting by Port Authorities
      - The Greening of Terminal Concessions
    - Chapter 8.6 – Port Management, Governance and Leadership
      - Average Tenure of Port Director, American Ports
      - Evolution of the Role of Human Resources at Ports
      - Sample Mission Statements from Port Websites
      - Sample Port Power Wheel for a Port Director leading a Locally-Controlled Public Port
  - X. PORT PERFORMANCE
    - Chapter 10.1 – Port Performance
      - Container Port Productivity Index, 2024
      - OECD and Port Performance
      - The European Union and Port Performance
      - The World Bank and Port Performance
      - UNCTAD and Port Performance
    - Chapter 10.2 – Port Efficiency
      - Container Terminal Performance: Utilization Indicators
      - Container Terminal Productivity Indicators
      - Container Terminal: Service Performance Indicators
      - Dimensions of Port Governance Transparency
      - Distribution of Average Berth-Hours, 2023
      - Financial Performance Evaluation
      - Market Capture Performance Indicators
      - Measurement of Container Terminal Production
      - Port Efficiency: A Multi-dimensional Concept
      - Port Environmental Performance Indicators
      - Port Governance Performance Indicators in Port Cluster Integration and Autonomous Management
      - Port Governance Transparency: Disclosure and Involvement
      - Port Governance: Transparency Performance Indicators
      - Port Performance: Τhe Efficiency Continuum
      - Safety, Security, and Occupational Health, Performance Indicators
      - Socio-Economic Performance Indicators
      - Top Environmental Priorities for the European Port Sector
      - Types of Container Movements at the Terminal
    - Chapter 10.3 – Port Effectiveness
      - Criteria for evaluating port effectiveness: Levels of influence per actor
      - Criteria of Cruise Ports Performance
      - Parameters Shaping the Perspectives of Port Users
      - Port Performance: Strategies to enhance effectiveness
    - Chapter 10.4 – Port Resilience
      - Blockage of the Suez Canal, March 2021
      - Container Traffic at Container Ports: Impact of crises (2019/2020 vs 2008/2009)
      - Cruise Passengers Handled at Caribbean Ports and Path of Atlantic Hurricanes Above Category 3
      - CSCL Indian Ocean Grounded on the Elbe, 2016
      - Impacts of the Baltimore Bridge Collapse on Access to Its Main Port Terminal Facilities, 2024
      - Main Natural and Anthropogenic Supply Chains Disruptions in the 21st Century
      - Maritime Transportation Networks and Vulnerabilities
      - Most Common Causes of Grounding Claims, 2013-2017
      - Potential Climate Change Impacts on Maritime Transportation
      - Proactive and Reactive Mitigation for Port Resilience
      - Risk of Earthquake for Global Container Ports
      - Risk of Hurricanes for Global Container Ports, 2022
      - Site of the 2015 Tianjin Port Explosions
      - Site of the 2020 Beirut Port Explosion
      - Site of the 2022 Chittagong Container Depot Explosion
      - The Concept of Port Resilience
      - The Hanjin Shipping Bankruptcy
      - The Port as a Resilience Platform
      - Weekly Vessels Calls in World Ports, 2020 vs 2019
  - XI. PORT POLICIES & DEVELOPMENT
    - Chapter 11.1 – Ports, Policies, and Geopolitics
      - Classification of Geopolitical Developments and Dimensions Affecting Ports
      - Emission Control Areas for Maritime Shipping
      - European Port Policies
      - Geopolitics and Foreign Direct Investments in Ports
      - Global Hierarchy of Container Ports
      - Impact of the Red Sea Crisis on Port Arrivals
      - The Geostrategy of Russian and Ukrainian Ports
    - Chapter 11.2 – Ports and Economic Development
      - Factors Expanding a Port’s Cargo Base
      - The Port as a Funnel to Economic Development
      - The Port as a Value Proposition
    - Chapter 11.3 – Port Planning and Development
      - Classification of Stakeholders Based on Impact and Involvement
      - Dynamics in Port-Related Planning and Strategy
      - Key Performance Indicators (KPI) vs Objectives and Key Results (OKR)
      - Port Demand and Capacity Utilization
      - Stakeholder Groups in a Port Context
      - Stakeholder Participation in Port Development Decision Making
      - The Adaptive Port Planning Approach
      - The Port Strategy Matrix
      - The Strategic Port Planning Process
      - The Timing of Port Capacity Extensions
    - Chapter 11.4 – Port Safety, Security, and Cybersecurity
      - Cyber-Resiliency Measures for Information Technologies
      - Impact of Organised Crime on Port Performance
      - Petya Ransomware Cyber-Attack on Maersk
      - Port Cyberattacks, 2011-2023
      - Vulnerabilities of the Maritime Industry to Cybersecurity
    - Chapter 11.5 – Port-City Relationships
      - Air Cargo Traffic by Metropolitan Area, 2018
      - Airport Passenger Traffic by Metropolitan Area, 2018
      - Global Network Connectivities Index, 2016
      - Maritime Capital Index and Container Traffic, 2020
      - Planning the City with the Port
      - Ports and Urban Land Use
      - Spatial Development of the Port of Antwerp and Waterfront Redevelopment
      - The AIVP 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Port Cities
      - Two Possible Constellations for the City-Port Border Area
      - Typology of Port Cities
      - World Maritime Capitals, 2022
      - World’s Largest Coastal Cities, 2025
    - Chapter 11.6 – Representing Port Interests
      - Regional Associations of Ports and Terminal Operators
      - Regional Cruise Ports Associations
  - XII. CASE STUDIES
    - Competition between the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach
      - Factors behind the Congestion of San Pedro Ports
      - Monthly Container Traffic at the Port of Los Angeles, 2005-2023
      - Ports of Los Angeles / Long Beach, Inland Flows
      - San Pedro Bay Ports Container Volumes and Market Share
      - Truck Turn Times, San Pedro Ports, 2015
    - Nike European Logistics Campus in Belgium
    - Optimal Ship Size: Container Ships and Cruise Vessels
    - Ports and the COVID-19 Pandemic
      - Monthly Container Volumes for the Main US West Coast Ports
    - Ports Charges as Tools for Geopolitical Objectives
    - The Nicaragua Canal Project
    - The Port of Savannah Logistics Cluster
      - Container Traffic at Selected East Coast Ports, 1990-2022
      - Crossroads Business Park
      - Transit Times from Shanghai and North American Routing Options (in Days)
    - Tools for Managing Port Risk and Resilience
- GLOSSARY
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Theo Notteboom, Athanasios Pallis and Jean-Paul Rodrigue (2026) Port Economics, Management and Policy, 2nd Edition, New York: Routledge, 820 pages / 232 illustrations. ISBN 9781032955339.

doi.org/10.4324/9781003585367

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