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Subscriber features Print (Subscriber Feature) Email (Subscriber Feature) Cite (Subscriber Feature) Translate (Subscriber Feature) Listen (Subscriber Feature) × Contents

• Introduction
• Where Do Dolphins Live?
• What Do Dolphins Look Like?
• How Do Dolphins Behave?
• What’s the Life Cycle of a Dolphin?
• Are Dolphins Endangered?
• What Is a Dolphinfish?
• Explore Further

Did You Know?

Dolphins have longer snouts and pointier teeth than porpoises.

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Dolphins are noted for their intelligence and learning abilities. They’ve proved to be superb acrobats and can be trained to perform impressive tricks in oceanariums (large marine aquariums).

• Dolphins breathe air.
• Dolphins are present in both salt water and fresh water.
• Dolphins live in groups called pods. Some super pods may include several thousand individuals.
• Dolphins use echolocation (sound waves) to move about and to hunt.

Dolphins are mammals and belong in the whale order, Cetacea. Biologists recognize three distinct families of dolphins. Two of the families contain river dolphins, and the other is composed of ocean dolphins. All are toothed whales (suborder Odontoceti).

1. river dolphins: The river dolphins of south-central Asia and China belong to the family Platanistidae.
2. South American river dolphins: The South American river dolphins belong to the family Iniidae.
3. ocean dolphins: The ocean dolphins are classified in the family Delphinidae. The killer whale (orca) and the pilot whales are included in this family.

The terms dolphin and porpoise are sometimes used interchangeably. However, scientists prefer to use the term porpoise only as the common name for the six species in the family Phocoenidae. Porpoises have a more compact build and are generally smaller than dolphins.

Dolphins are found in marine environments worldwide, from cold Arctic and Antarctic seas to warm equatorial waters. Most live in salt water, but a few species inhabit freshwater rivers. The common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) are widely distributed in warm and temperate seas. Others are found only in limited areas. Hector’s dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori), for example, stays in the offshore waters of New Zealand. Some coastal species of ocean dolphins spend considerable amounts of time in fresh water.

The river dolphins are native to South America and southern Asia. The Ganges and Indus dolphins (family Platanistidae) inhabit the large rivers of India, Pakistan, and nearby countries. These rivers include the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Meghna, and Indus rivers. The Chinese river dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer) was native to the Yangtze River. The last confirmed sighting of that mammal occurred in the early 21st century. The Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) is found in the Orinoco and Amazon rivers of South America.

The largest species in the dolphin family is the killer whale (or orca). It can reach more than 32.5 feet (10 meters) in length and weigh about 21,600 pounds (9,800 kilograms). That means the largest orcas weigh about as much as two or three large rhinoceroses. However, most dolphins are much smaller. For example, bottlenose dolphins reach an average length of 8–10 feet (2.5–3 meters) and weight of 300–650 pounds (135–300 kilograms). Likewise, the largest river dolphin, the Amazon river dolphin, can grow to about 9 feet (2.8 meters) and weigh 350 pounds (160 kilograms). One of the smaller dolphins, Hector’s dolphin, reaches about 4 feet (1.2 meters) long and weighs about 110 pounds (50 kilograms).

Dolphins have smooth, rubbery skin. The color is usually a mixture of black, white, and gray. Dolphins have two flippers, or fins, on their sides as well as a triangular dorsal fin, which is a fin on their back. Like other whales, they have an insulating layer of blubber (fat) beneath the skin. Although they are similar in appearance to porpoises, dolphins have a beaklike snout. Porpoises have short, blunt snouts. In addition, the teeth of dolphins are cone-shaped, while those of porpoises are flatter.

The dolphin’s tail, which propels the animal in its lunges and dives, is horizontal rather than vertical like the tails of fishes. Dolphins are noted for being graceful swimmers. They move in long, slow curves that bring the head to the surface of the water and then expose the back fin as the animal dips downward. At first glance, the high dorsal fin somewhat resembles that of a shark. Dolphins are also swift swimmers. The bottlenose dolphin can attain speeds of nearly 18 miles (30 kilometers) per hour in short bursts, and common dolphins can swim even faster.

Dolphins are mammals, not fish, and are thus warm-blooded. This means that they have a nearly constant body temperature even when they’re exposed to different environmental temperatures.

Like other whales, dolphins have lungs and breathe through a single nostril called the blowhole located on top of the head. The blowhole is opened during their frequent trips to the water surface to expel and inhale air.

Interactive

Dolphins use their teeth to seize their food. They typically eat marine fish and larger invertebrates (animals without backbones), such as squid. River dolphins spend much of their time at river bottoms, using their snout to find fish and crustaceans (hard-bodied invertebrate animals, such as crabs) in the mud.

The social behavior and organization of dolphins are among the most complex and advanced among all animals. Dolphins use a communication and detection system in the form of underwater sonar that consists of high-pitched whistles and squeaks. Some of these sounds may be of ultrasonic frequency—that is, above the range of human hearing.

Dolphins are able to detect objects underwater by using echolocation, where the sounds they make are reflected off solid surfaces back to their sensitive ears. The time it takes for a reflected sound to return indicates how far away an object is from the dolphin.

Dolphins also use sounds for communication among themselves as members of a group called a pod. A pod may consist of as few as five to as many as several thousand individuals. Often an entire pod will function as a unit to accomplish some objective, such as trapping fish.

Certain species of marine dolphins survive well in captivity, allowing scientists to observe them carefully. The common bottlenose dolphin, for example, has been studied intensively. It has become the subject of scientific studies because of its intelligence and its ability to communicate with other dolphins through sounds and ultrasonic pulses. Studies have shown that bottlenose dolphins can recognize the unique whistles of individual dolphins after having been separated for 20 years. They also have demonstrated the ability to recognize their reflections.

Most dolphin species don’t begin to breed until they are five to eight years old. The gestation period (the time between conception and birth) is 8 to 11 months, depending on the species. The female bears a single offspring, called a calf. As soon as the calf is born, the mother nudges it to the surface for its first breath of air. The young stay with their mothers for at least one and sometimes as long as two years, while continuing to nurse. Most dolphins give birth to their young in the warm months of the year. Dolphins are relatively long-lived, with some individuals living more than 50 years.

Although some sharks and killer whales prey on dolphins, the biggest threat comes from humans. In some areas of the world, people kill dolphins for food or because dolphins reduce the amount of available fish, thus interfering with commercial fishing industries. Dolphins also fall victim to nets from fishing ships. Pollution is another major threat to dolphins.

In the early 21st century, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) listed several dolphin species as endangered or critically endangered (the most threatened category of species). The following are included on that list:

• Atlantic humpback dolphin (Sousa teuszii)
• Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris)
• Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica)

The name dolphin is also given to an unrelated large fish of open tropical seas. The dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) is also called the mahi-mahi, coryphene, or dorado. It is bright blue and green with irregular, gold-tinted patches on the sides. The colors are brilliant but fade rapidly after the fish is removed from the water. Dolphinfish are an edible game species that may reach a length of 5 feet (1.5 meters) and a weight of nearly 66 pounds (30 kilograms).

To find out more about the dangers facing dolphins, take a look at these articles:

• endangered species
• pollution
• water pollution
• overfishing

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