-ed - Wiktionary

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "ed"

English

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Alternative forms

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-d (now standard only after -e)
-'d (chiefly poetry)
-èd (chiefly poetry)

Pronunciation

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(in verbs, past participles, and some denominal adjectives):
- (after a vowel or a voiced consonant other than a /d/) enPR: d, IPA(key): /d/
- (after a voiceless consonant other than a /t/) enPR: t, IPA(key): /t/
- (after a /d/ or /t/) same as below
(other denominal adjectives, archaic or poetic elsewhere):
- (UK) enPR: ĭd, IPA(key): /ɪd/
  - Audio (Southern England): (file)
- (US) enPR: ĭd, IPA(key): /ɪd/ or enPR: əd, IPA(key): /əd/
- (General Australian) enPR: əd, IPA(key): /əd/

Other dialects

(Hong Kong)
- (after a /d/ or /t/) IPA(key): /əd/
- (after vowels) IPA(key): /d/, /dəd/
- (after other consonants) IPA(key): /dəd/
Audio (Southern England): (file)

Etymology 1

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From Middle English -ede, -eden, from Old English -ode, -odon (class 2 weak past ending), from Proto-Germanic *-ōd-, *-ōdēdun. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ede (“-ed”, first person singular past indicative ending), Low German -de (“-ed”, first and third person singular past indicative ending), Dutch -d (“-ed”), German -t (“-ed”), Swedish -ade (“-ed”), Icelandic -aði (“-ed”).

Suffix

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-ed

Used to form past tenses of (regular) verbs. In linguistics, it is used for the base form of any past form. See -t for a variant. ‎live + ‎-ed → ‎lived Once upon a time a little princess lived with her mother in a lonely castle. Jose phoned five minutes ago.

Translations

[edit] past tense

Danish: -de, -te
Dzongkha: ཅི (ci)
Esperanto: -is (eo)
Hungarian: -t/-tt/-ott/-ett/-ött
Ido: -is
Japanese: -た (-ta)
Korean: -았 (-at)
Kurdish: Northern Kurdish: -d (ku) (for most transitive verbs) -î (ku) (for most intransitive verbs and a few transitive verbs), -t (ku) (for some basic verbs, both transitive and intransitive)
Norwegian: Bokmål: -a (no), -et (no), -te, -de, -dd, -tt, -tø, -øt, -øyt Nynorsk: -a, -te, -de, -dd, -tt, -aut
Nǀuu: -a
Persian: ـده (-de), ـد (-d), ـته (-te), ـت (-t)
Polish: -ł
Russian: -л (ru) m (-l), -ла (ru) f (-la), -ло (ru) n (-lo), -ли (ru) pl (-li)
Spanish: -ado (es)
Swedish: -de (sv), -t (sv)
Ukrainian: -в m (-v), -ла f (-la), -ло n (-lo), -ли pl (-ly)
Vietnamese: đã (vi)

Etymology 2

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From Middle English -ed, from Old English -od (class 2 weak past participle), from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ed.

Suffix

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-ed

Used to form past participles of (regular) verbs. See -en and -t for variants. ‎point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed He has pointed at the dog. There's the abandoned mineshaft.

Translations

[edit] past participle

Sikkimese: ཅེ (ce)

Etymology 3

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From Middle English -ed, from Old English -od (adjective suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos. While identical in appearance to the past participle of class 2 weak verbs, this suffix was attached directly to nouns without any intervening verb. Cognate with Latin -ātus (whence also a doublet -ate).

Suffix

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-ed

Used to form possessional adjectives from nouns, in the sense of having the object represented by the noun. Antonym: -less ‎point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed ‎horn + ‎-ed → ‎horned ‎hoof + ‎-ed → ‎hooved ‎chagrin + ‎-ed → ‎chagrined
As an extension of the above, used to form possessional adjectives from adjective-noun pairs. ‎red + ‎hair + ‎-ed → ‎red-haired ‎left + ‎hand + ‎-ed → ‎left-handed ‎two + ‎prong(s) + ‎-ed → ‎two-pronged

Derived terms

[edit] English terms suffixed with -ed abandoned abased abatised abayaed abbed able-bodied aborted abridged abscessed absorbed abstracted abstricted academicked accepted accomplished accredited accused accustomed acellularized acetated acned acorned acquaintanced acquisitioned acred Adderalled addled Adidased adjuvanted adrenalined adulted advanced aeried aerobicized aerofoiled aethered afeard affectioned affriended afroed agarized agenized agented agnamed aiguilletted airbagged air-conned airfoiled air-gapped airproofed aisled akenned albed alcoved alecied aliquoted alkalied alleyed alleywayed alligatored alloxanized allspiced alphabeted altared alveated ambitioned ambiverted amexed amnestied amphitheatred amuleted amused anchovied angulated aniseeded ankled ankleted ankylosed annalled anoraked antechambered antennaed anthered antibioticked anticolored anticorrelated antigenized antimacassared antiquated antlered anused apertured apexed apocoped apostrophed appalled appearanced appendaged appendicled appetited appled applianced aproned arabesqued arabicised arbored arboured arcaded archipelagoed architectured architraved archivolted archwayed armatured armbanded armchaired armed armied armpitted aromaed arrased arseholed artexed artifacted artificed ashamed ashlared aspected aspirined assed assholed astrakhaned -ated atmosphered atriumed attaindered attainted attituded auraed auricled autocued avenued avowed awned awninged axised axled Axminstered azoted azured babushkaed babyproofed backboned backed backplated backticked baconed baized balaclavaed balayaged balconied baldachined baldricked ballcapped ball-gowned balustraded bandanaed bandoliered bangled banjaxed bannered barbicaned barbuled barcoded barded barmed barnacled barricadoed baseball-mitted baseboarded based basemented basined basqued bathrobed bathroomed batteried battlemented batwinged beached beanied beaproned bearded beardletted bearskinned beautied beavered bebannered beblubbered be-bonneted

Translations

[edit] having an object

Dutch: -ig (nl), ge- -d (nl)
Finnish: -kas (fi)
Hungarian: -s/-os/-as/-es/-ös
Indonesian: ber- (id)
Japanese: 気味 (ja) (kimi)
Kurdish: Northern Kurdish: -dar (ku), bi- (ku)
Malay: ber- (ms)
Persian: ـدار (-dâr)
Swedish: -ig (sv), -ad (sv)

having an object of a particular quality

Dutch: -ig (nl), also as a past participle: ge- (nl) + -d (nl)
Finnish: -nen (fi)
Hungarian: -ú/-ű/-jú/-jű
Indonesian: ber- (id)
Japanese: 気味 (ja) (kimi)
Malay: ber- (ms)
Polish: -y (pl) m, -ny (pl) m
Swedish: -ig (sv), -ad (sv)

Anagrams

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de-, D&E, dE, DE, de, De

Breton

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Etymology

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Cognate to Cornish -es.

Suffix

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-ed

Suffix denoting plural of certain nouns ‎kazhez (“female cat”) + ‎-ed → ‎kazhezed (“female cats”)

Derived terms

[edit] Breton terms suffixed with -ed abaded arzhed azened azenned bleizezed ebeulezed erered gasted gouelaned kaouenned kazezed kazhed kazhezed kefeleged kelennerezed kiezed kleñved loened maered merc'hed pauned personed stered tadeged

German

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Etymology

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Borrowed from English -ed (past participle suffix).

Suffix

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-ed (sometimes proscribed)

alternative form of -t used in verbs borrowed from English:
1. To form past participles. ‎downloaden + ‎-ed → ‎gedownloaded
2. (nonstandard) To form the third-person singular. ‎bashen + ‎-ed → ‎sie bashed

Hungarian

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Pronunciation

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IPA(key): [ɛd]
Rhymes: -ɛd

Etymology 1

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From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (possessive suffix).

Suffix

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-ed

(possessive suffix) your (second-person singular, single possession) ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-ed → ‎kerted (“your (singular, informal) garden”) Megbízol engem a kerted gondozásával? ― Will you entrust me with the care of your garden?

Usage notes

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(possessive suffix) Variants: -d is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-. -ad is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant -od is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant -ed is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant -öd is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

Etymology 2

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From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (personal suffix).

Suffix

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-ed

(personal suffix) Forms the definite second-person singular indicative present of verbs. ‎fest (“to paint”) + ‎-ed → ‎fested (“you paint [him/her/it], you are painting [him/her/it]”) Mikor fested a kerítést? ― When do you paint the fence?

Usage notes

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(personal suffix) See harmonic variants in the table below.

Present tense definite – personal endings

Person		Back vowel	Front vowel
Person		Back vowel	unrounded	rounded
én	1st person singular	-om	-em	-öm
te	2nd person singular	-od	-ed	-öd
őmagaön	3rd person singular orformal 2nd person singular	-ja	-i
mi	1st person plural	-juk	-jük
ti	2nd person plural	-játok	-itek
őkmagukönök	3rd person plural orformal 2nd person plural	-ják	-ik
See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing.

Etymology 3

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From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (fraction-forming and verb-forming suffix).

Suffix

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-ed

(fraction-forming suffix) -th (added to a cardinal number to form a fraction) ‎ezer (“thousand”) + ‎-ed → ‎ezred (“thousandth”)
(frequentative verb-forming suffix) Added to a stem to form a verb to indicate repetitive action. No longer productive. szenved (“to suffer”)

Usage notes

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(fraction-forming suffix) Variants: -d is added to words ending in a vowel -ad is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant -od is added to some other back-vowel words ending in a consonant -ed is added to unrounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant -öd is added to rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
(frequentative suffix) Variants: -d is found only in a few words as an obscured suffix mond (“to say, tell”), kezd (“to begin”) -od is added to back-vowel words tapod (“to tread on something”) -ad is added to back-vowel words -ed is added to unrounded front-vowel words szenved (“to suffer”) -öd is added to rounded front-vowel words bököd (“to repeatedly poke at something”)

Derived terms

[edit] Hungarian fractional numbers suffixed with -ed ezred heted ketted kilenced negyed tized

Ido

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Etymology

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From French -ée, Italian -ata, Spanish -ada, ultimately from Latin -atus.

Suffix

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-ed

contents of, -ful. ‎manuo (“hand”) + ‎-ed → ‎manuedo (“handful”)

Derived terms

[edit] Category Ido terms suffixed with -ed not found

Middle English

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Etymology 1

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Suffix

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-ed

Forms the past participle of weak verbs.

Alternative forms

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-et, -it, -t

Etymology 2

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Suffix

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-ed

alternative form of -hede

References

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“-(e)d, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Old English

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Pronunciation

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IPA(key): /ed/

Etymology 1

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Suffix

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-ed

Used to form the past participle of class I weak verbs ‎fremman (“to perform”) + ‎-ed → ‎fremed (“performed”)

Etymology 2

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Suffix

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-ed

alternative form of -od ‎æppel (“apple”) + ‎-ed → ‎æppled (“apple-shaped”)

Old Irish

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Pronunciation

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IPA(key): /eð/

Suffix

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-ed

slender form of -ad

Spanish

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Etymology

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From Latin -ēte (second-person plural present active imperative ending of second conjugation verbs).

Suffix

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-ed

used to form the informal second-person plural imperative mood of -er verbs ‎comer (“to eat”) + ‎-ed → ‎¡Comed! (“Eat!”)

Swedish

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Suffix

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-ed c

Examples
Dals Långed Hamneda Ed

(place-names) path between or along water Synonym: -eda

Welsh

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Brythonic *-hed, from Proto-Celtic *-isetos.

Pronunciation

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(North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA(key): /ɛd/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /ad/
(South Wales) IPA(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

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-ed

Forms an equative of an adjective of one or two syllables. ‎gwan (“weak”) + ‎-ed → ‎gwanned (“as weak”) ‎rhad (“cheap”) + ‎-ed → ‎rhated (“as cheap”) ‎cynt (“faster, earlier, sooner”) + ‎-ed → ‎cynted (“as fast, as early, as soon”)

Usage notes

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Causes fortition of final voiced consonant of adjectival roots.

Etymology 2

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Reduced form of -fed. Cognate with Cornish -es.

Pronunciation

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(North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA(key): /ɛd/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /ad/
(South Wales) IPA(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

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-ed

Used to form the ordinal forms of five and six. Synonyms: -edd, -fed, -ydd ‎pump (“five”) + ‎-ed → ‎pumed (“fifth”) ‎chwech (“six”) + ‎-ed → ‎chweched (“sixth”)

Etymology 3

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Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tis or Proto-Indo-European *-tus.[1]

Pronunciation

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(North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA(key): /ɛd/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /ad/
(South Wales) IPA(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

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-ed

Used to form verbal nouns. ‎cerdd- (“to walk”, stem) + ‎-ed → ‎cerdded (“to walk”, verbal noun) ‎clyw- (“to hear”, stem) + ‎-ed → ‎clywed (“to hear”, verbal noun)

Etymology 4

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Cognate with Cornish -es.

Pronunciation

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(North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA(key): /ɛd/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /ad/
(South Wales) IPA(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

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-ed

Used to form nouns. ‎colli (“to lose”) + ‎-ed → ‎colled (“loss”) ‎sych (“dry”) + ‎-ed → ‎syched (“thirst”) ‎cymuno (“to take communion, to communicate”) + ‎-ed → ‎cymuned (“community”)

Etymology 5

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Pronunciation

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(North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA(key): /ɛd/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /ad/, /ai̯d/
(South Wales) IPA(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

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-ed

Used to form plural nouns. Synonyms: -aid, -aint, -au, -edd, -en, -i, -iadau, -iaid, -iau, -ion, -od, -oedd, -on, -ydd, -yr, -ys ‎pryf (“bug, insect”) + ‎-ed → ‎pryfed (“bugs, insects”) ‎merch (“girl”) + ‎-ed → ‎merched (“girls”)

Usage notes

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-ed is only used in the above two plural forms in Modern Welsh.

Etymology 6

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Pronunciation

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IPA(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

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-ed

(literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative

Etymology 7

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Pronunciation

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IPA(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

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-ed

(literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative Synonyms: -pwyd, -wyd

Usage notes

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Rare in Modern Welsh with a few verbs creating an alternative secondary form.

ganwyd, ganed ― was born, one bore trowyd, troed ― was turned, one turned cafwyd, caed ― was had, one had daethpwyd, deuwyd, doed ― one came

Derived terms

[edit] Welsh terms suffixed with -ed adduned agored anodded boed byrred caleted ceuled colled cored cylched cymuned chweched diflased donioled dued eiledol gwyched hapused llaered lleied llysferched merched moled newydded nodded pumed syched teced tristed trwydded twped uned ystyried

References

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^ Morris Jones, John (1913), A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 203 iii 8