Eternity - Wikipedia

Endless time or timelessness For other uses, see Eternity (disambiguation).

Eternity,[a] also referred to as sempiternity[b][7] or forever,[c] is time with no end[10] i.e. infinite.[11]

In the context of human life, eternity and death are co-existing realities.[12][13][14]

Philosophy

[edit] See also: Eternalism (philosophy of time)

Classical period (8th-7th century BC[d] - 5th-9th century AD)[e] Plato (c. 428–423 BC - 348/347 BC) described time as the moving image of eternity in Timaeus (37[21] D[22]) using the word: αἰών.[23] Aristotle (384–322 BC) stated οὐρανοῦ was eternal (in Book I of Περὶ οὐρανοῦ)[24][25] and an eternal world (in Physics). [26]

The ancient Greek word for everlastingness was ἀίδιος (aidios)[27] as exists via Plotinus, who also used the word aoin [28] (eternity), in Ennead III.7. [29] The thought of Classical period Augustine, as exists in Book XI of the Confessions, and Boethius (c. 480–524 AD), in Book V of the Consolation of Philosophy were adopted as the reality of the subject for later thinkers in the western tradition of philosophy.[30]

Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) and many others in the Age of Enlightenment drew on the classical distinction to put forward metaphysical hypotheses such as "eternity is a permanent now".[31]

Religion

[edit] See also: God and eternity and Unto the ages of ages

Ancient Egyptian eternity terms were neheh, for cyclical time, and djet, for linear. [32][33][34][35][36][37] Rameses III [38] (c.1187-1156 B.C.E.) [39] funerary temple [38] was: 'United-with -Eternity' [40]

In Genesis 21:33 of the Old Testament [41] El-Olam [42] is God-Eternal. [41][42][43]

Mythic [44] Iliadical [45][46] ἀθάνατος (athanatos) is the immortal. [44]

Eternity as infinite duration is an important concept in many lives and religions. God or gods are often said to endure eternally, or exist for all time, forever, without beginning or end. Religious views of an afterlife may speak of it in terms of eternity or eternal life.[f] Christian theologians may regard immutability, like the eternal Platonic forms, as essential to eternity.[47][g]

The ancient greek word for everlasting and, or, eternal exists in the Orphica Hymni. [48]

Boethius stated eternity was: interminabilis vitae tota simul et perfecta possessio, [49] which is translated as "simultaneously full and perfect possession of interminable life".[50][h] and nunc permanens, which in English is a: permanent now. [49] Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225 – 1274) believed in an eternal God, without either a beginning or end; the concept of eternity is of divine simplicity, thus incapable of being defined or fully understood by humankind.[51]

Physics

[edit]

The possibility of eternal universes with reference to General Relativity was a subject of physics since the 21st century. [52]

Symbolism

[edit] See also: Alpha and Omega, Armenian eternity sign, Engagement ring, and Eternity ring

Eternity is often symbolized by the endless snake, swallowing its own tail, the ouroboros. The circle, band, or ring is also commonly used as a symbol for eternity, as is the mathematical symbol of infinity, ∞ {\displaystyle \infty } . Symbolically these are reminders that eternity has no beginning or end.

• The ouroboros
• The "endless knot", a symbol of eternity used in Tibetan Buddhism
• Infinity symbol variations
• Folk art allegorical map "The 3 Roads to Eternity" from Matthew 7:13–14 by the woodcutter Georgin François (1801–1863) in 1825
• Jacopo da Sellaio, Triumph of Eternity, 1485–1490
• An allegorical classical woman c. 1670s, representing eternity[i]

See also

[edit]

• Aeon
• Akal (Sikh term)
• Chronology of the universe
• Eternal now
• Eternal return
• Everlasting life
• Eviternity
• Kalpa
• Philosophical presentism
• Philosophy of space and time
• Planck epoch
• Time perception
• Temporal finitism
• Wheel of time

Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Cicero used the word aeternitatis, written at some uncertain time between the years 88 - 81 BC [1] (work: De Inventione 1, 27, 39. [2]: tempus autem est—id quo nunc utimur, nam ipsum quidem generaliter definire difficile est—pars quaedam aeternitatis cum alicuius annui, menstrui, diurni nocturnive spatii certa significatione.[3]) which is an early or the earliest extant written form from which the English word is derived; [4] first shown in history in an approx. 1374 translation by Chaucer. [5] The first usage in French is 1175: eternitez: B. de Ste-Maure, 'Ducs Normandie. [6]
2. ^ Earliest / oldest extant source: 1599 [7]:[8] "thy muse to sempiternity"[9]
3. ^ in the context of future only - also everlasting
4. ^ In the Iliad attributed to Homer (c. 8th century BC) the gods are ἀθάνατος [15] (ἀθανασία[16]) καὶ ἀγήρως [15] (appearance physically never any older through time)
5. ^ Termination of the classical era considered: the last Western Roman Emperor (476),[17][18] the last Platonic Academy in Athens ends (529) [19] the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb, Near East and Europe; 637 - 870 [20]
6. ^ For examples: Bassali (2008), p. 138, quote: "In the next life, there will be two places only - heaven and hell. ... In heaven, you will spend an eternity of bliss, light, and glory with God. In hell, you will spend an eternity of woe, darkness and torment apart from God. Which of these two places would you prefer to spend your eternity?"
7. ^ Deng (2018) harvp error: no target: CITEREFDeng2018 (help), quote: "Augustine connects God's timeless eternity to God's being the cause of all times and God's immutability."
8. ^ Boethius (523), book 5, prose §. 6, quote: "Aeternitas igitur est interminabilis uitae tota simul et perfecta possessio"
9. ^ She holds up an hourglass, her elbow above a human skull and in her lower hand two flowers in maturity, one of which is a dandelion blowball or clock (seed head), reminders of transience. An Ouroboros, snake swallowing its own tail, floats above her head as a halo - symbols of eternity.

References

[edit]

1. ^ James D. Williams (May 4, 2009). "Part II: Classical Roman Rhetoric 7 Cicero and the Latinization of Greek Rhetoric". In James D. Williams (ed.). An Introduction to Classical Rhetoric Essential Readings. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 319. ISBN 9781405158602.
2. ^ Liddell, Henry; Scott, Robert; Jones, Henry (1940). Spiros Doikas (ed.). "aeternus". Liddell, Scott, Jones Ancient Greek Lexicon. Retrieved February 10, 2023 – via merriam-webster.com/dictionary/eternity. Tempus est pars quaedam aeternitatis, Cic. Inv. 1, 27, 39
3. ^ M. Tullius Cicero. "Cic. Inv. 1.39". In Eduard Stroebel (ed.). Rhetorici libri duo qui vocantur de inventione. Lipsiae 1915: republished by the Department of Classical Studies, Tufts University: Aedibus B.G. Teubneri: perseus.tufts.edu republication.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
4. ^ "eternity noun Word History Etymology". Merriam-Webster (an Encyclopaedia Britannica company). Middle English eternite, from Middle French eternité, from Latin aeternitat-, aeternitas, from aeternus
5. ^ Oxford English Dictionary. "eternity noun Factsheet". Oxford University Press.
6. ^ CNRTL (2012). "Éternité, subst. fem". www.cnrtl.fr.
7. ^ a b "sempiternity noun". Merriam-Webster.
8. ^ "sempiternity noun Factsheet". Oxford University Press.
9. ^ Thomas Nashe (1599). Nashe's Lenten Stuff (PDF). oxford-shakespeare.com. p. 16.
10. ^ Cambridge Dictionary. "Meaning of eternity in English". Cambridge University Press.
11. ^ dictionary.com. "American eternity". IXL Learning.
12. ^ Noah Webster (1856). "ETH EUD". A Dictionary of the English Language Exhibiting the Origin, Orthography, Pronunciation and Definitions of Words. George Routledge & Company. p. 369. Eternity the state or time after death: as, at death we enter on eternity
13. ^ Irene Sibbing-Plantholt (October 6, 2021). Anne Blankenship (ed.). "Coping with time and death in the Ancient Near East". Religious Compass. 15 (11) e12420. Freie Universität Berlin/Einstein Center Chronoi: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. doi:10.1111/rec3.12420. ISSN 1749-8171. All humans, past and future, are forced to grapple with the abstract phenomenon of passing and ending time, as well as ideas about time, such as eternity and finality. Death especially is a confrontation with the passing, ending, irreversibility, and unpredictability of time,
14. ^ Lowell Gustfson (July 5, 2022). "Chapter 9 THE TIES THAT BIND: Death and Eternity". In Lowell Gustafson; Barry Rodrigue; David Blanks (eds.). Science, Religion and Deep Time (1 ed.). Villanova University: Taylor & Francis. doi:10.4324/9781003256656-10. ISBN 9781000522945.
15. ^ a b Garcia Jr, Lorenzo. "1. Immortal and ageless forever? The spatial and temporal dimensions of immortality". Homeric Durability: Telling Time in the Iliad. Hellenic Studies Series 58. Harvard University Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies. [ed. ageless is an error in-as-much-as their current static physically appearing age could be estimated by similarity to known ages of individuals in the mortal realm]
16. ^ "ἀθανασία". LSJ.
17. ^ Clare, I. S. (1906). Library of universal history: containing a record of the human race from the earliest historical period to the present time; embracing a general survey of the progress of mankind in national and social life, civil government, religion, literature, science and art. New York: Union Book. p. 1519 (cf., Ancient history, as we have already seen, ended with the fall of the Western Roman Empire; [...])
18. ^ United Center for Research and Training in History. (1973). Bulgarian historical review. Sofia: Pub. House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]. p. 43. (cf. ... in the history of Europe, which marks both the end of ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages, is the fall of the Western Roman Empire.)
19. ^ Hadas, Moses (1985) [1950]. A History of Greek Literature. Columbia University Press. p. 273. ISBN 0-231-01767-7.
20. ^ Henri Pirenne (1937). Mohammed and Charlemagne Archived 8 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine English translation by Bernard Miall, 1939. From Internet Archive. The thesis was originally discussed in an article published in Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire 1 (1922), pp. 77–86.
21. ^ Smith, Andrew (August 13, 1996). "8 Eternity and Time". In Gerson, Lloyd (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Plotinus. Cambridge University. p. 197. ISBN 0521476763.
22. ^ Noburu NOTOMI (August 12, 2018). "Plato on Time and Eternity: Timaeus 37C-38C" (PDF). jsns.jp. 新プラトン主義協会 (Japanese Society for Neoplatonic Studies).
23. ^ Robert Parker (March 7, 2016). "Aion: Extract". Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.227. In early Greek αἰών means...'whole lifetime'...perhaps through application to the kosmos, the lifetime of which is never-ending, that the word acquired the sense of eternity (cf. Pl. Ti. 37d; Arist. Cael. 279a23–8)
24. ^ Maria Varlamova (2018). "Philoponus on the Nature of the Heavens and the Movement of Elements in Against Aristotle on the Eternity of the World". Scrinium: Revue de patrologie, d'hagiographie critique et d'histoire ecclésiastique. 14 (1). Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation: BRILL.
25. ^ Aristotle. "BOOK I. 9". DE CAELO (PDF). Translated by J. L. Stocks; H. B. Wallis. St John's College, Oxford University: Humphrey Milford 1922. p. 279, lines 25-28, footnote – via Robert Parker (2016) Oxford Classical Dictionary doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.227. On the same principle the fulfilment of the whole heaven, the fulfilment which includes all time and infinity, is 'duration' a name based upon the fact that it is always 1 duration immortal and divine. 1 αἰών is derived from άεἰ ὢν. (Preface textual notes - Prantl taken as basis.)
26. ^ "Eternity of the World". Faculty of Theology and Religion. University of Oxford. Archived from the original on December 8, 2018.
27. ^ Giannis Stamatellos (May 2020). "Aion (αἰών)". In Thorsten Botz-Bornstein (ed.). ODIP Online Dictionary of Intercultural Philosophy. Institute of Philosophy & Technology.
28. ^ J.R.G.; J.C.B. (1880). "LETTER VIII". A Discussion on the Doctrine of Endless Punishment BETWEEN Rev. J.R.Graves, D. D., L. L. D., Editor of "the BAPTIST," Memphis Tenn. AND Rev. John C. BURRUSS, Editor of the "UNIVERSALIST HERALD" Notasulga Ala. ATLANTA, GA.: J.O. Perkins & Co. p. 136.
29. ^ Giannis Stamatellos (December 2013). Eternity in Plotinus: Abstract. Athens: DEREE-Αμερικανικό Κολλέγιο Ελλάδος – via Giannis Stamatellos (2007) Plotinus and the Presocratics: A Philosophical Study of Presocratic Influences in Plotinus' Enneads: "Plotinus’ central discussion on eternity (αἰών) and time (χρóνος) appears in Ennead III.7, On Eternity and Time." SUNY Press.
30. ^ Deng, Natalja. Edward N. Zalta; Uri Nodelman (eds.). "Eternity The loci classici". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2025 Edition). (Following the work of Boethius and Augustine) [ed.:of Thagaste] (divine timelessness became the dominant view.)...what came to be the dominant account of eternity in western philosophy and theology, are to be found in
31. ^ Hobbes (1662), p. 50.
32. ^ Michael Stausberg (2004). "Approaches to the Study of 'Time' in the History of Religions" (PDF). Temenos - Nordic Journal for the Study of Religion. 40. University of Bergen. doi:10.33356/temenos.4829. ISSN 2342-7256 – via iask.ai/q/ancient-egyptian-hieroglyphs-eternity-jta7me0.
33. ^ Steven R. W. Gregory (February 2022). Tutankhamun Knew the Names of the Two Great Gods: Dt and nHH as Fundamental Concepts of Pharaonic Ideology. Archaeopress. p. 1, 5. doi:10.2307/j.ctv2b07tzx. ISBN 9781789699852. the ancient Egyptian terms dt and nhh, each of which, from the manner in which they have usually been interpreted in Egyptological scholarship, has been thought to denote infinite time
34. ^ D. A. Ziborova. "TIME-ETERNITY: ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TEMPORAL CONCEPTIN THE CONTEXT OF ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHY". UDC. 94 (32). V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University: 79. ancient Egyptians temporal categories: nHH (neheh) and Dt (djet) and their comparison with the tradition of ancient Greek philosophy. It is shown that these terms can be defined as time-eternity. Attention is focused on the definition of the term nHH as associated with the solar god and the cyclic movement, innite duration of recovery and cyclic length, and term Dt as the eternity associated with Osiris, the other world of the dead, imperishableness, constancy and "eternal sameness".
35. ^ Janice Kamrin (February 1, 2017). "Timeline of Art History Telling Time in Ancient Egypt". 1000 Fifth Avenue New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. two kinds of eternity. Linear time, or djet, associated with the funerary god Osiris, had a beginning and would have an end, albeit in the infinitely far future. Neheh, cyclical time, was tied to the passage of the sun through the sky during the day and the Netherworld during the night. Ideally, an Egyptian who had lived according to the precepts of maat by supporting and maintaining the proper order of a just cosmos, and who had been accorded a proper burial, would live forever (djet) and ever (neheh).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
36. ^ Willeke Wendrich (2013). "ANTIQUARIANISM IN EGYPT THE IMPORTANCE OF RE". In Alain Schnapp; with: Lothar von Falkenhausen; Peter N. Miller; Tim Murray (eds.). World Antiquarianism Comparative Perspectives. Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-60606-148-0.
37. ^ Claude Traunecker (2001). "Chapter 3 The Gods and their Universe DIVINE SPACE AND TIME". Les Dieux de L'Egypte. Translated by David Lorton (1 ed.). Cornell University Press. p. 37, Divine Time. ISBN 9780801438349.
38. ^ a b Farid Atiya (2007). "Medinet Habu". The Pocket Book of Ancient Egypt. American University in Cairo Press. p. 332. ISBN 9789771744399.
39. ^ "Thebes - Temple of Ramesses III". TN: The University of Memphis.
40. ^ Harold H. Nelson (April 1942). "The Identity of Amon-Re of United-with-Eternity". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 1 (2). The University of Chicago Press: ITHAKA: 127–155. doi:10.1086/370633. JSTOR 542124 – via William J. Murnane (1980) isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/united.pdf OI & AUCP.
41. ^ a b John C. Jeske. "Exegetical Brief: םלוֹע־דע"Forever"" (PDF). Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary. in the Old Testament. םלוֹע־ is used to describe God's person. Genesis 21:33 calls him םלוֹע־לא, "the eternal God."
42. ^ a b Oleh Uwe Hummel (June 2016). "NAMA ALLAH: DIMULIAKAN ATAU DIPERALAT?" (PDF). PAMBELUM: Jurnal Teologi Kontekstual (in Indonesian). 6 (1). Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Gereja Kalimantan Evangelis: stt-gke.ac.id: 9. El –Olam: Nama םל וֹע לאberarti "Allah yang Kekal". Olam sebenarnya berarti jagad raya (universe) atau kekekalan (eternity). El Olam identik dengan "TUHAN" (הוהי), yaitu Allah yang disembah oleh para leluhur Israel di Bersyeba (lihat Kej. 21:33; Maz. 90:1-3; Yes.26:4).
43. ^ Brian Ogren (January 27, 2015). "Introduction: That Which is Before [And That Which is After]". In Brian Ogren (ed.). Time and Eternity in Jewish Mysticism: That Which is Before and That Which is After. Vol. 48 of Studies in Jewish History and Culture. BRILL. p. 4. ISBN 978-9004290310.
44. ^ a b Dante L. Germino (1982). "Chapter III The Open Society and the Birth of Philosophy". Political Philosophy and the Open Society. University of Virginia: Louisiana State University Press - Baton Rouge & London. p. 74, The Pre-Socratic Philosophers and the Break with Myth. ISBN 9780807109748.
45. ^ Homer (1888). "IΛIΑΔΟΣ Ξ (xiv.)". In Walter Leaf (ed.). The Iliad. Trinity College, Cambridge: Macmillan, 1888. p. 80. Ξάνθου δινἡεντος, ôν ἀθάνατος τέκετο Ζεύς
46. ^ Liddell, Henry; Scott, Robert; Jones, Henry (1940). Spiros Doikas (ed.). "ἀθάνατος". Liddell, Scott, Jones Ancient Greek Lexicon. Retrieved December 31, 2025.
47. ^ Deng (2018), §. 3.1, "The Loci Classici". sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDeng2018 (help)
48. ^ Liddell, Henry; Scott, Robert; Jones, Henry (1940). Spiros Doikas (ed.). "ἀΐδιος". Liddell, Scott, Jones Ancient Greek Lexicon. English (LSJ) [ᾱῐδ], ον, also η, ον, Orph.H.10.21 - Carola Schenkl; Eugenius Abel, eds. (1885). Orphica. Lipsiae: G. Freytag Pragae: F. Tempsky.
49. ^ a b MARGHERITA BELLI (2014). "The Fortune of Boethius's Concept of Eternity in the Scholastic Debate". Carmina Philosophiae. 23 (Special Issue: The Medieval Legacy of Boethius on the Continent). International Boethius Society: ITHAKA: 31–60. JSTOR 44211274.
50. ^ Boedder (1902), book 2, ch. 2, "The Eternity of God".
51. ^ Helm (2010), §. 6, "Medieval thinkers". sfnp error: no target: CITEREFHelm2010 (help)
52. ^ Damien A. Easson; Joseph E. Lesnefsky (May 2, 2024). Eternal Universes. arXiv:2404.03016v1.

Works cited

[edit]

• Bassali, Maurice (2008). Where Will You Spend Eternity?. Xulon Press. ISBN 9781606473276. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
• Boedder, Bernard (1902). Natural Theology. Longmans, Green, and Co. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved July 29, 2022 – via University of Notre Dame.
• Boethius, Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severinus. De philosophiae consolatione  (in Latin) – via Wikisource.
• Deng, Natalja (September 21, 2018). "Eternity in Christian Thought". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2018 ed.). ISSN 1095-5054. OCLC 429049174.
• Helm, Paul (June 21, 2010). "Eternity". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2010 ed.). ISSN 1095-5054. OCLC 429049174.
• Hobbes, Thomas (1662). Mr. Hobbes considered in his loyalty, religion, reputation, and manners, by way of a letter to Dr. Wallis.

Further reading

[edit]

• Yu, Jiyuan (2003). The Structure of Being in Aristotle's Metaphysics. Springer. pp. 188–. ISBN 9781402015373.

External links

[edit]

• Entry in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy on the relationship between God and Time.

v t e Time
Key concepts	Past Present Future Eternity
Measurementand standards	Chronometry UTC Universal Time TAI Unit of time Orders of magnitude (time) Measurementsystems Italian six-hour clock Thai six-hour clock 12-hour clock 24-hour clock Relative hour Daylight saving time Chinese Decimal Hexadecimal Hindu Jain Metric Roman Sidereal Solar Time zone Calendars Main types Solar Lunar Lunisolar Gregorian Julian Hebrew Islamic Solar Hijri Chinese Hindu Panchang Maya List Clocks Main types astronomical astrarium atomic quantum hourglass marine sundial watch 24-hour wristwatch mechanical stopwatch water-based Cuckoo clock Digital clock Grandfather clock History Timeline
Chronology History	Astronomical chronology Big History Calendar era Deep time Periodization Regnal year Timeline
Philosophy of time	A series and B series B-theory of time Chronocentrism Duration Endurantism Eternal return Eternalism Event Moving spotlight theory Perdurantism Presentism Temporal finitism Temporal parts The Unreality of Time
Religion Mythology	Ages of Man Destiny Immortality Dreamtime Kāla Time and fate deities Father Time Wheel of time Kalachakra
Human experienceand use of time	Chronemics Generation time Mental chronometry Music tempo time signature Rosy retrospection Tense–aspect–mood Time management Yesterday – Today – Tomorrow
Time in science	Geology Geological time age chron eon epoch era period Geochronology Geological history of Earth Physics Absolute space and time Arrow of time Chronon Coordinate time Instant Proper time Spacetime Theory of relativity Time domain Time translation symmetry Time reversal symmetry Other fields Chronological dating Chronobiology Circadian rhythms Clock reaction Glottochronology Time geography
Related	Leap year Memory Moment Sabbath Space System time Tempus fugit Time capsule Time immemorial Time travel Time value of money
Category Commons

v t e Time in religion and mythology
Aeon Calendar Sabbath Deities Destiny Divination Eschatology Eternity Aevum Heortology Golden Age Prophecy Wheel of the Year Yuga

v t e Philosophy of time
Concepts in time	Time A priori and a posteriori A series and B series Action Duration Eternal return Eternity Event Aevum Imaginary time Multiple time dimensions Temporal parts Temporality
Theories of time	A-theory of time B-theory of time Endurantism Eternalism Four-dimensionalism Fatalism Finitism Growing block universe Perdurantism Presentism
Related articles	Etiology Metaphysics Post hoc ergo propter hoc Teleology "The Unreality of Time" The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time An Experiment with Time

v t e Infinity (∞)
History	Ananta (infinite) Apeiron Controversy over Cantor's theory Galileo's paradox Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel Infinity (philosophy) Paradoxes of infinity Paradoxes of set theory
Branches of mathematics	Complex analysis Internal set theory Nonstandard analysis Set theory Synthetic differential geometry
Formalizations of infinity	0.999... Absolute infinite Actual infinity Aleph number Beth number Cardinal numbers Cardinality of the continuum Dedekind-infinite set Division by zero (Complex infinity) Epsilon number Gimel function Hilbert space Hyperreal numbers Infinite set Infinitesimal Ordinal numbers Point at infinity Large cardinal Sphere at infinity (Kleinian group) Supertask Surreal numbers Transfinite numbers
Geometries	Differential geometry of surfaces Möbius plane Möbius transformation Riemannian manifold
Mathematicians	Georg Cantor David Hilbert Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz August Ferdinand Möbius Bernhard Riemann Abraham Robinson

v t e Modern spirituality
Spirituality Outline of spirituality Category:Spirituality
Concepts	Afterlife Akashic records Ātman Awakening Bodhi Chakra Consciousness Cosmogony Cosmology Creation myths Deity Dharma Ekam Emanationism Enlightenment Epigenesis Eschatology Eternal return Eternity Ethic of reciprocity Existence God Guru Inner peace Involution Jihad Karma Kevala jnana Lataif-e-Sitta Meaning of life Metaphysics Mind's eye Moksha Nature Nirvana Paranormal Parapsychology Planes of existence Prophecy Qi Reality Reincarnation Revelation Salvation Samadhi Satguru Satori Shabda Śūnyatā Soul Spirit Spiritual evolution Spiritual possession Supernatural Synchronicity Tao Tattvas Yana Yuga
Practices	Ahimsa Aikido Altruism Ancestor worship Asceticism Astrology Bearing testimony Being born again Bhajan Bhakti Blessing Celibacy Channelling Chanting Contemplation Dhikr Embodiment Entheogen Exorcism Faith healing Fasting Glossolalia Hymn Iconolatry Japa Kinomichi Koan practice Magick Mantra Meditation Martyrdom Ministering Miracles Monasticism Muraqabah Nonresistance Nonviolence Pacifism Pilgrimage Prayer Qawwali Qigong Religious ecstasy Religious music Repentance Revivalism Ritual Sacrament Sacrifice Sādhanā Sahaj Marg Sainthood Self-realization Shamanism Simple living Simran Supplication Sufi whirling Tai chi Theophany Theosis Tithing Vegetarianism Veneration Vipassanā Wabi-sabi Wearing vestments Worship Yoga Zazen
Belief systems	Advaita Anthroposophy Darshana Deism Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism Gnosticism Henotheism Hermeticism Kabbalah Kathenotheism Martinism Modern paganism Monotheism Monolatry Mysticism Neoplatonism Nondualism Pandeism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism Religion Rosicrucianism Spiritualism Sufism Taoism Theism Thelema Theosophy Transcendentalism Vedanta
Texts	A Course in Miracles Akilathirattu Ammanai Bible Book of Mormon The Cloud of Unknowing Dhammapada Hindu scripture Guru Granth Sahib I Ching Liber AL vel Legis Quran Sufi texts Tao Te Ching Torah The Urantia Book Zhuangzi
Virtues	Awareness Charity Compassion Empathy Faith Forgiveness Gratitude Honesty Hope Intuition Kindness Love Mercy Mettā Moral courage Patience Seven virtues Wisdom

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