Gatling Gun - Wikipedia

Multi-barrel repeating firearm, 1860s-1910s "Gatling" redirects here. For other uses, see Gatling (disambiguation). For the film, see Gatling Gun (film).

Gatling gun
1876 Gatling gun kept at Fort Laramie National Historic Site
Type	Rapid-fire gun, hand-cranked machine gun
Place of origin	United States
Service history
In service	1862–1911
Used by	See Users
Wars	American Civil WarBoshin WarIndian WarsFranco-Prussian War[1]Anglo-Ashanti WarEthiopian-Egyptian WarHaw WarsSatsuma Rebellion[2]Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)Second Anglo-Afghan WarAnglo-Zulu WarWar of the PacificArgentine Civil WarsRussian conquest of Central AsiaKiriji WarMahdist WarAnglo-Egyptian WarColombian Civil War of 1884-1885[3]Northwest RebellionItalo-Ethiopian War of 1887-1889[4]Revolution of the Park[5]Argentine Revolution of 1893[6]Revolta da Armada[7]First Sino-Japanese War[8]Second Matabele War[9]Spanish–American WarPhilippine–American WarBoxer RebellionColorado Labor WarsRusso-Japanese War (limited)[10][11]1907 Honduran ConflictMexican Revolution[12]Battle of Blair Mountain
Production history
Designer	Richard Jordan Gatling
Designed	1861
Manufacturer	Eagle Iron WorksCooper Firearms Manufacturing CompanyColt Manufacturing CompanyAmerican Ordnance Company
Produced	1862–1903
Specifications
Mass	170 lb (77.2 kg)[13]
Length	42.5 in (1,079 mm)
length	26.5 in (673 mm)
Crew	4

The Gatling gun is a rapid-firing multiple-barrel firearm invented in 1861 by Richard Jordan Gatling of North Carolina. It is an early machine gun and a forerunner of the modern electric motor-driven rotary cannon.

The Gatling gun's operation centered on a cyclic multi-barrel design which facilitated cooling and synchronized the firing-reloading sequence. As the handwheel is cranked, the barrels rotate, and each barrel sequentially loads a single cartridge from a top-mounted magazine, fires off the shot when it reaches a set position (usually at 4 o'clock), then ejects the spent casing out of the left side at the bottom, after which the barrel is empty and allowed to cool until rotated back to the top position and gravity-fed another new round. This configuration eliminated the need for a single reciprocating bolt design and allowed higher rates of fire to be achieved without the barrels overheating quickly.

One of the best-known early rapid-fire firearms, the Gatling gun saw occasional use by the Union Army during the American Civil War, which was the first time it was employed in combat. It was later used in numerous military conflicts, including the Boshin War, the Anglo-Zulu War, and the assault on San Juan Hill during the Spanish–American War.[16] It was also used by the Pennsylvania militia in episodes of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, specifically in Pittsburgh. Gatling guns were also mounted aboard ships.[17]

Design

[edit]

The Gatling gun is operated by a hand-crank mechanism, with six barrels revolving around a central shaft (although some models had as many as ten). Each barrel fires once per revolution at about the same position. The barrels, a carrier, and a lock cylinder were separate and all mounted on a solid plate revolving around a central shaft, mounted on an oblong fixed frame. Turning the crank rotated the shaft. The carrier was grooved and the lock cylinder was drilled with holes corresponding to the barrels.

The casing was partitioned, and through this opening, the barrel shaft was journaled. In front of the casing was a cam with spiral surfaces. The cam imparted a reciprocating motion to the locks when the gun rotated. Also in the casing was a cocking ring with projections to cock and fire the gun. Each barrel had a single lock, working in the lock cylinder on a line with the barrel. The lock cylinder was encased and joined to the frame. Early models had a fibrous matting stuffed in among the barrels, which could be soaked with water to cool the barrels down. Later models eliminated the matting jacketing as being unnecessary.

Cartridges, held in a hopper, dropped individually into the grooves of the carrier. The lock was simultaneously forced by the cam to move forward and load the cartridge, and when the cam was at its highest point, the cocking ring freed the lock and fired the cartridge. After the cartridge was fired the continuing action of the cam drew back the lock bringing with it the spent casing which then dropped to the ground.

The grouped barrel concept had been explored by inventors since the 18th century, but poor engineering and the lack of a unitary cartridge made previous designs unsuccessful. The initial Gatling gun design used self-contained, reloadable steel cylinders with a chamber holding a ball and black-powder charge, and a percussion cap on one end. As the barrels rotated, these steel cylinders dropped into place, were fired, and were then ejected from the gun. The innovative features of the Gatling gun were its independent firing mechanism for each barrel and the simultaneous action of the locks, barrels, carrier, and breech.

The ammunition that Gatling eventually implemented was a paper cartridge charged with black powder and primed with a percussion cap because self-contained brass cartridges were not yet fully developed and available. The shells were gravity-fed into the breech through a hopper or simple box "magazine" with an unsprung gravity follower on top of the gun. Each barrel had its own firing mechanism.

Despite self-contained brass cartridges replacing the paper cartridge in the 1860s, it was only in the Model 1881 that Gatling switched to the 'Bruce'-style feed system (U.S. Patents 247,158 and 343,532) which accepted two rows of .45-70 cartridges. While one row was being fed into the gun, the other could be reloaded, thus allowing sustained fire. The final gun required four operators. By 1886, the gun was capable of firing more than 400 rounds per minute.

The smallest-caliber gun also had a Broadwell drum feed in place of the curved box of the other guns. The drum, named after L. W. Broadwell, an agent for Gatling's company, comprised twenty stacks of rounds arranged around a central axis, like the spokes of a wheel, each holding twenty cartridges with the bullet noses oriented toward the central axis. This invention was patented in U. S. 110,338. As each stack emptied, the drum was manually rotated to bring a new stack into use until all 400 rounds had been fired. A more common variant had 240 rounds in twenty stands of fifteen.

By 1893, the Gatling was adapted to take the new .30 Army smokeless cartridge. The new M1893 guns featured six barrels, later increased to ten barrels, and were capable of a maximum (initial) rate of fire of 800–900 rounds per minute, though 600 rpm was recommended for continuous fire.[15][18] Dr. Gatling later used examples of the M1893 powered by electric motor and belt to drive the crank.[19] Tests demonstrated the electric Gatling could fire bursts of up to 1,500 rpm.

The M1893, with minor revisions, became the M1895, and 94 guns were produced for the U.S. Army by Colt. Four M1895 Gatlings under Lieutenant John H. Parker saw considerable combat during the Santiago campaign in Cuba in 1898. The M1895 was designed to accept only the Bruce feeder. All previous models were unpainted, but the M1895 was painted olive drab green, with some parts left blued.

Model 1900 was very similar to Model 1895 but with only a few components finished in O.D. green. The U.S. Army purchased several M1900s. All Gatling Models 1895-1903 could be mounted on an armored field carriage. In 1903, the Army converted its M1900 guns into .30 Army to fit the new .30-03 cartridge (standardized for the M1903 Springfield rifle) as the M1903. The later M1903-'06 was an M1903 converted to .30-06. This conversion was principally carried out at the Army's Springfield Armory arsenal repair shops. All models of Gatling guns were declared obsolete by the U.S. military in 1911, after 45 years of service.[20]

The original Gatling gun was a field weapon that used multiple rotating barrels turned by a hand crank, and firing loose (no links or belt) metal cartridge ammunition using a gravity feed system from a hopper. The Gatling gun's innovation lay in the use of multiple barrels to limit overheating, a rotating mechanism, and a gravity-feed reloading system, which allowed unskilled operators to achieve a relatively high rate of fire of 200 rounds per minute.[21]

Although the first Gatling gun was capable of firing continuously, it required a person to crank it and so it was not a true automatic weapon. The Maxim gun, invented and patented in 1883, was the first true fully-automatic weapon making use of the fired projectile's recoil force to reload the weapon. Nonetheless, the Gatling gun represented a huge leap in firearm technology.

Before the Gatling gun, the only weapons available to military forces that could fire many projectiles in a short period of time were mass-firing volley weapons, like the Belgian and French mitrailleuse of the 1860s and 1870s, and field cannons firing canister shot, much like an upsized shotgun. The latter was widely used during and after the Napoleonic Wars. Although the maximum rate of fire was increased by firing multiple projectiles simultaneously, those weapons still needed to be reloaded after each discharge, which for multi-barrel systems like the mitrailleuse was cumbersome and time-consuming. That negated much of the advantage of their high rate of fire per discharge by making them much less powerful on the battlefield. In comparison, the Gatling gun offered a rapid and continuous rate of fire without having to be manually reloaded by opening the breech.

Early multi-barrel guns were approximately the size and weight of artillery pieces and were often perceived as a replacement for cannons firing grapeshot or canister shot.[22] Compared with earlier weapons such as the mitrailleuse, which required manual reloading, the Gatling gun was more reliable and easier to operate and had a lower, but continuous rate of fire. The large wheels required to move these guns around required a high firing position, which increased the vulnerability of their crews.[22]

Sustained firing of black powder cartridges generated a cloud of smoke, making concealment impossible until smokeless powder became available in the late 19th century.[23] When operators were firing Gatling guns against troops of industrialized nations, they were at risk, being vulnerable to artillery they could not reach and snipers they could not see.[22]

History

[edit]

The Gatling gun was designed by the American inventor Richard J. Gatling in 1861 and patented on November 4, 1862.[24][21] Gatling wrote that he created it to reduce the size of armies and so reduce the number of deaths by combat and disease.[25]

United States and South America

[edit]

The US Army adopted Gatling guns in several calibers, including .42 caliber, .45-70, .50 caliber, 1 inch, and (M1893 and later) .30 Army, with conversions of M1900 weapons to .30-03 and .30-06.[26][27] The .45-70 weapon was also mounted on some US Navy ships of the 1880s and 1890s.[28]

The British manufacturer James George Accles, previously employed by Colt 1867–1886, developed a modified Gatling gun circa 1888 known as the Accles Machine Gun.[29] Circa 1895, the American Ordnance Company acquired the rights to manufacture and distribute this weapon in the Americas. It was trialed by the US Navy in December 1895, and was said to be the only weapon to complete the trial out of five competing weapons, but was apparently not adopted by US forces.[30]

The Gatling gun was first used in warfare during the American Civil War. Twelve of the guns were purchased personally by Union commanders and used in the trenches during the Siege of Petersburg, Virginia (June 1864—April 1865).[31] Eight other Gatling guns were fitted on gunboats.[32] The gun was not accepted by the American Army until 1866 when a sales representative of the manufacturing company demonstrated it in combat.[22]

On July 17, 1863, Gatling guns were purportedly used to overawe New York anti-draft rioters.[33] Two were brought by a Pennsylvania National Guard unit from Philadelphia to use against strikers in Pittsburgh.

Gatling guns were famously not used at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, also known as "Custer's Last Stand," when General George Armstrong Custer chose not to bring Gatling guns with his main force.

In April 1867, a Gatling gun was purchased for the Argentine Army by Interior Minister Domingo F. Sarmiento under instructions from President Bartolomé Mitre.[34]

Captain Luis Germán Astete of the Peruvian Navy took with him dozens of Gatling guns from the United States to Peru in December 1879 during the Peru-Chile War of the Pacific. Gatling guns were used by the Peruvian Navy and Army, especially in the Battle of Tacna (May 1880) and the Battle of San Juan (January 1881) against the invading Chilean Army.

In 1888, the SS Ozama smuggled a number of Gatling guns into Haiti[35]

In 1907, Gatling guns were used by Nicaragua in the battle of Namasique, largely manned by American mercenaries[36]

Gatling guns were kept in store by coal companies and used during the Battle of Blair Mountain;[37] On September 1, a group of miners looted one of these guns and assaulted a spot called Craddock Fork. Opposing forces fought back with a machine gun, but after three hours of heavy fire, their weapon jammed. The miners surged forward and briefly broke the defensive line, but were repulsed by another machine gun nest located further up the ridge.[38]

Russia

[edit]

According to Ellis, the Russians were amongst the first to realize the potential of machine guns, testing two Gatlings in 1865 and promptly ordering twenty for the Imperial Russian Army, eventually obtaining a license to build them locally. By 1876, the Russians had 400 Gatlings organized in eight batteries; While McNab stated that the Russians were introduced to the Gatling in 1871, when Colonel Aleksandr Pavlovich Gorloff was given a demonstration, and impressed by what he saw, ordered 400 Gatlings for the Imperial Army. Both accounts agree that these guns, known in Russia as the Gorloffs first saw action during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878),[39][40] where they were effectively used at the Battle of Nikopol and the Siege of Plevna. The Gorloff gun was also used during the Russian conquest of Central Asia to repel Turkmen cavalry charges.[39]

Africa and Asia

[edit]

The Gatling gun was used most successfully to expand European colonial empires by defeating indigenous warriors mounting massed attacks, including the Zulu, the Bedouin, and the Mahdists.[22] The British Army first deployed the Gatling gun in 1873-74 during the Anglo-Ashanti wars, and extensively during the last actions of the 1879 Anglo-Zulu war.[41] The Royal Navy used Gatling guns during the 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War.[23]

Gatling guns were used by Egyptian forces both on sea and land and saw combat in Sudan and Abyssinia. Isma'il Pasha ordered 120 Colt 1865 six-barrel Gatling guns; after being convinced by Shahine Pasha who witnessed Gatling gun trials at Shoeburyness in 1866. In 1872 a few ''camel'' guns were purchased, these were smaller and used a tripod instead of the carriage. During the Siege of Khartoum an Egyptian Gatling gun aided by a telescope was able to target Sudanese artillery crews from a distance of 2,000 yards.[42]

Gatling guns were imported by some states in Nigeria. They were used during the Kalabari Civil war of 1879–83,[43] the Abbi House bought one from King Jaja of Opobo and it may have been used in canoe warfare.[44] The Ijesha used a Gatling gun against the Ibadan during the early 1880s.[43] In 1882 the Bonny used a Gatling gun during an attack on New Calabar.[45]

By 1880, Siam had imported an unknown number of Gatlings. By 1885 the kingdom had a Gatling Gun regiment of 600 men; those weapons were possibly used in the Haw Wars. They were also seen among Prince Bigit's escort in 1886.[46]

The Korean Empire possessed a number of Gatlings. Six had been imported in 1884, by 1891 it had a battery of fourteen guns and in 1894 the army's two American drilled regiments had as many as 40 Gatlings and practiced regularly (Supposedly because the noise pleased Emperor Gojong). Some of them were deployed to defend the approaches of the capital during the Donghak Rebellion, but there is no evidence they saw combat.[47]

British North America

[edit]

Lieutenant Arthur L. Howard of the Connecticut National Guard had an interest in the company manufacturing Gatling guns and took a personally owned Gatling gun to the District of Saskatchewan, Canada, in 1885 for use with the Canadian military against Métis and First Nations rebels during Louis Riel's North-West Rebellion.[22][better source needed]

Spanish–American War

[edit] Further information: Spanish–American War

Because of infighting within army ordnance, Gatling guns were used by the U.S. Army during the Spanish–American War.[48] A four-gun battery of Model 1895 ten-barrel Gatling guns in .30 Army, made by Colt's Arms Company, was formed into a separate detachment led by Lt. John "Gatling Gun" Parker.[49] The detachment proved very effective, supporting the advance of American forces at the Battle of San Juan Hill. Three of the Gatlings with swivel mountings were used with great success against the Spanish defenders.[15] During the American charge up San Juan and Kettle hills, the three guns fired a total of 18,000 .30 Army rounds in 8+1⁄2 minutes (an average of over 700 rounds per minute per gun of continuous fire) against Spanish troop positions along the crest of both hills, causing significant casualties.[15][50]

Despite this successful deployment, the Gatling's weight and cumbersome artillery carriage hindered its ability to keep up with infantry forces over difficult ground, particularly in Cuba, where roads were often little more than jungle footpaths. By this time, the U.S. Marines had been issued the modern tripod-mounted M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun using the 6mm Lee Navy round, which they employed to defeat the Spanish infantry at the battle of Cuzco Wells.

Philippine–American War

[edit] Main article: Philippine–American War Further information: Battle of San Jacinto (1899)

Gatling guns were used by the U.S. Army during the Philippine–American War.

One such instance was during the Battle of San Jacinto (1899) (Spanish: Batalla de San Jacinto) which was fought on November 11, 1899, in San Jacinto in the Philippines, between Philippine Republican Army soldiers and American troops.[51]

The Gatling's weight and artillery carriage hindered its ability to keep up with American troops over uneven terrain, particularly in the Philippines, where outside the cities there were heavily foliaged forests and steep mountain paths.

Further development

[edit] Main articles: Minigun and Rotary cannon

After the Gatling gun was replaced in service by newer recoil or gas-operated weapons, the approach of using multiple externally powered rotating barrels fell into disuse for many decades. However, some examples were developed during the interwar years, but only existed as prototypes or were rarely used. The concept resurfaced after World War II with the development of the Minigun and the M61 Vulcan in particular for use in aircraft over reciprocating bolt autocannons which are more prone to jamming in high g environments. Other versions of the Gatling gun were built from the late 20th century to the present, the largest of them being the 30mm GAU-8 Avenger autocannon as used on the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II.[citation needed]

Users

[edit]

• Argentina
• Austria-Hungary
• Brazil
• British Empire
• Bolivia[52]
• Kingdom of Bonny[45]
• Chile
• Colombia[53]
• Khedivate of Egypt
• France
• Haiti
• Ijesha Kingdom[43]
• Kingdom of Italy
• Empire of Japan
• Kalabari Kingdom[44]
• Korean Empire
• Liberation Army of the South
• Kingdom of Montenegro[54]
• Morocco[55]
• Nagaoka Domain
• Nicaragua[36]
• Ottoman Empire[56][57]
• Peru
• Qing Empire
• Radical Civic Union
• Kingdom of Romania[58]
• Russian Empire[59]
• Siam Empire
• Beylik of Tunis[60]
• United States

Gallery

[edit]

• A Korean Gatling gun from the Donghak Peasant Revolution
• Colorado National Guard with Gatling guns during Colorado Labor Wars, 1904
• A modern reproduction of the Gatling gun

See also

[edit]

• Ripley machine gun – Early volley gun
• Gardner gun – Machine gun
• Hotchkiss revolving cannon – Guns from Hotchkiss arms companyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Bailey machine gun
• List of multiple barrel firearms

References

[edit]

1. ^ Smithurst, Peter, The Gatling Gun: Osprey Publishing (2015)
2. ^ "How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion".
3. ^ Sicard, Pedro (1925). Páginas para la historia militar de Colombia: Guerra civil de 1885. Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango: Press of the E.M.G. p. 119.
4. ^ Finaldi, Giuseppe, "A History of Italian Colonialism, 1860–1907: Europe’s Last Empire"(2016)
5. ^ "Las Gatling en el Ejercito y Armada Argentina". December 8, 2017.
6. ^ "Revolucion Radical de 1893".
7. ^ "ArmasBrasil - Metraladora Gatling".
8. ^ Esposito, Gabriele (2022). Armies of the first Sino-Japanese War 1894-95. Giuseppe Rava. Oxford. ISBN 978-1-4728-5130-7. OCLC 1350351894.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
9. ^ "THE ORDNANCE AND MACHINE GUNS OF THE BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY 1889 - 1896 Part One: 1889-1891".
10. ^ "Historical Firearms- The Gatling Gun".
11. ^ Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, "Anti-personnel Weapons"(2021)
12. ^ "Guns of Mexico's Freedom Fighters".
13. ^ Weight listed for Colt's Model 1877 10-barrel gun, w/o carriage or mount.
14. ^ "Gatling Gun – Facts & Summary". history.com. March 4, 2010. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016.
15. ^ a b c d Parker, John H. (Lt.), The Gatlings At Santiago, Middlesex, UK: Echo Library (reprinted 2006)
16. ^ Chambers, John W. (II) (2000). "San Juan Hill, Battle of". The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Archived from the original on November 26, 2009. Retrieved November 24, 2009.
17. ^ 1884 Picture of Gatling Gun on board 1875 US warship "Alliance"
18. ^ U.S. Ordnance Dept., Handbook of the Gatling Gun, Caliber .30 Models of 1895, 1900, and 1903, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, (1905) p. 21
19. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
20. ^ Wahl and Toppel, 1971, p. 155
21. ^ a b Greeley, Horace; Leon Case (1872). The Great Industries of the United States. J.B. Burr & Hyde. p. 944. ISBN 978-1-85506-627-4. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
22. ^ a b c d e f Emmott, N.W. "The Devil's Watering Pot" United States Naval Institute Proceedings September 1972 p. 70.
23. ^ a b Emmott, N.W. "The Devil's Watering Pot" United States Naval Institute Proceedings September 1972 p. 72.
24. ^ Richard J. Gatling, "Improvement in revolving battery-guns," Archived 2017-01-20 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Patent No. 36,386 (issued: Nov. 4, 1862).
25. ^ Paul Wahl and Don Toppel, The Gatling Gun, Arco Publishing, 1971, p. 12.
26. ^ Paul Wahl and Don Toppel, The Gatling Gun, Arco Publishing, 1971, p. 155.
27. ^ Randolph, Captain W. S., 5th US Artillery Service and Description of Gatling Guns, 1878 Archived 2016-01-31 at the Wayback Machine
28. ^ Friedman, Norman (1984). U.S. Cruisers: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. pp. 457–463. ISBN 978-0-87021-718-0.
29. ^ "History". www.accles-shelvoke.com.
30. ^ American Ordnance Company (1896). The Driggs-Schroeder System of rapid-fire guns, 2nd edition. Baltimore, MD: The Deutsch Lithographing and Printing Company. pp. Preface, 76.
31. ^ Civil War Weapons And Equipment by Russ A. Pritchard Jnr.
32. ^ "The Gatling Gun In The Civil War". civilwarhome.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2015. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
33. ^ Julia Keller, Mr. Gatling's Terrible Marvel (2008), p. 168-170
34. ^ Rauch, George v (January 1, 1999). Conflict in the Southern Cone: The Argentine Military and the Boundary Dispute with Chile, 1870-1902. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-96347-7.
35. ^ Bridgeport Morning News, (Bridgeport, Connecticut), Volume 19, #155, December 29, 1888, p. 1, c. 3
36. ^ a b Jowett, Phillip, Latin American Wars 1900-1941: Osprey Publishing (2018)
37. ^ "100 years since the Battle of Blair Mountain". World Socialist Web Site. September 10, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
38. ^ Andrews, Evan (September 2018). "The Battle of Blair Mountain". HISTORY. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
39. ^ a b Ellis, John (1986). The Social History of the Machine Gun. JHU Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-8018-3358-8.
40. ^ McNab, Chris (2022). Soviet Machine Guns of World War II (ePDF ed.). Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-4728-4237-4.
41. ^ Laband, John (2009). Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars. Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-8108-6078-0.
42. ^ Dunn, John P. (2012). Khedive Ismail's army. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-64595-9. OCLC 808492529.
43. ^ a b c "THE PROLIFERATION OF SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS IN INTERNAL CONFLICT: THE CHALLENGE OF HUMAN SECURITY IN NIGERIA". Archived from the original on September 5, 2022.
44. ^ a b Smith, R. (1970). The Canoe in West African History. The Journal of African History, 11(4), 515–533. http://www.jstor.org/stable/180919
45. ^ a b "Fighting in New Calabar. Auckland Star, Volume XV, Issue 3716, 8 July 1882, Page 4 (Supplement)".
46. ^ Heath, Ian (2003) [1998]. Armies of the Nineteenth Century: Burma and Indo-China. Foundry Books. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-90154-306-3.
47. ^ Heath, Ian (1998). Armies of the nineteenth century. Asia : organisation, warfare, dress, and weapons. St. Peter Port, Guernsey: Foundry Books. ISBN 1-901543-01-3. OCLC 50089869.
48. ^ Patrick McSherry. "Gatling". spanamwar.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2018. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
49. ^ Parker, John H. (Lt.), History of the Gatling Gun Detachment, Kansas City, MO: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Co. (1898), pp. 20, 23–32
50. ^ Parker, John H.: Cranked by hand at its highest speed until the first magazine of ammunition had been emptied, the M1895 .30 Gatling Gun had an initial rate of fire of 800–900 rounds per minute.
51. ^ Linn, B. M., 2000, The Philippine War, 1899–1902, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, ISBN 0700612254
52. ^ "Jornada de Historia Militar en Antofagasta. Guerra del Pacifico". August 30, 2019. Archived from the original on September 6, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
53. ^ "Manual del manejo del cañon gatling(ametralladora) usado por la guardia colombiana (1874)".
54. ^ "mont". carbinesforcollectors.com. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
55. ^ Chinn, George Morgan, "The Machine Gun: History, Evolution and Development of Manual, Automatic and Airborne Repeating Weapons, Volume 1" U.S. Government Printing Office, (1951)
56. ^ Drury, Ian, "The Russo-Turkish War 1877": Osprey Publishing (1994)
57. ^ "Historical Firearms - The Gatling Gun Invented by Dr Richard Gatling in..."
58. ^ Emil Boboescu. "Mitralierele au intrat în dotarea Armatei Române în timpul Războiului de Independență". historia.ro (in Romanian).
59. ^ "Machine-Guns. The Gatling Gun: Its Positive Feed, High-Angle Fire, and Use in War". U.S. Naval Institute. December 13, 1901.
60. ^ Longstaff, F. V. The Book of the Machine Gun 1917 (2003)

Further reading

[edit]

• Ordnance Department, United States (1917). Handbook of the Gatling Gun, Caliber .30. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

External links

[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gatling gun.

• An original video about the Gatling history and guns
• Randolph, Captain W. S., 5th US Artillery Service and Description of Gatling Guns, 1878
• 19th Century Machine Guns
• List of Military Gatling & Revolver cannons
• Austro-Hungarian Gatling Guns
• U.S. patent 36,836 -- Gatling gun
• U.S. patent 47,631 -- improved Gatling gun
• U.S. patent 112,138 -- revolving battery gun
• U.S. patent 125,563 -- improvement in revolving battery guns
• U.S. patent 110,338 -- feeder for repeating firearms
• Machine-gun
• Description of operating principle (with animation) from HowStuffWorks
• CGI animated GAU-17/A
• Animations and technical descriptions of 1862, 1865 and 1874 models (Requires QuickTime and not suitable for slow-speed links)
• Presentation by Keller about Mr. Gatling's Terrible Marvel: The Gun That Changed Everything and the Misunderstood Genius Who Invented It at the Printers Row Book Fair, June 8, 2008
• The Gatling Gun

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Non-lethal	Flash-ball Osa
Amphibious firearms	Heckler & Koch P11 Mk1 UDG SPP-1 underwater pistol
Flare guns	Nambu Type 90
Grenade launchers	DP-64 Redback RPG-30
Cannon	GAU-8 Avenger GAU-12/U Equalizer GAU-13/A GAU-22/A T250 Vigilante Double-barreled cannon GSh-23 GSh-6-23 GSh-30 GSh-6-30 M61 Vulcan M197 XM301

Weapons of the British Empire and the Commonwealth of Nations 1722–1965
Handguns	Beaumont–Adams revolver Enfield revolver Webley Revolver Mk. I–VI Enfield No. 2 revolver Browning Hi-Power
Rifles,carbines	Brown Bess musket Ferguson rifle Nock gun Baker rifle Brunswick rifle Enfield 1853 rifle-musket Snider–Enfield Martini–Henry Enfield-Martini Martini–Enfield Lee–Metford Lee–Enfield Ross rifle Lee–Enfield No.5 Mk.I "jungle carbine" Howell Automatic Rifle Huot Automatic Rifle Rieder Automatic Rifle De Lisle Commando carbine L1A1 SLR
Submachine guns	Lanchester Sten Owen gun Sterling L2 F1 submachine gun Thompson submachine gun
Rapid-fire	Nordenfelt gun Gatling gun Gardner gun Maxim gun QF 2 pdr "Pom-Pom" Vickers gun Lewis gun Vickers–Berthier Vickers K machine gun Charlton Automatic Rifle Besa Besal Bren gun L7 (machine gun)
Anti-tank	Rifle, Anti-Tank, .55 in, Boys PIAT 2 pdr anti-tank gun 6 pdr anti-tank gun 17 pdr anti-tank gun L6 Wombat
Field guns,others	25 pdr field gun Congreve rocket SBML 2-inch mortar Ordnance ML 3 inch mortar No.2 "Lifebuoy" flamethrower Stokes mortar OTO Melara Mod 56

v t e Weapons of the American Civil War
Edged weapons	Arkansas toothpick Bayonet Bowie knife M1832 foot artillery sword M1833 dragoon saber M1840 army noncommissioned officer's sword M1840 cavalry saber M1840 light artillery saber M1850 army staff & field officer's sword M1850 army foot officer's sword M1852 naval officer's sword M1860 cutlass M1860 light cavalry saber Mameluke sword USMC noncommissioned officer's sword
Sidearms	Adams M1851 revolver Allen & Thurber M1837 revolver pepperbox Allen & Wheelock M1861 revolver Beaumont–Adams M1862 revolver Butterfield M1855 transitional revolver Colt M1836 Paterson revolver Colt M1847 Walker revolver Colt M1848 Dragoon revolver Colt M1849 Pocket revolver Colt M1851 Navy revolver Colt M1860 Army revolver Colt M1861 Navy revolver Colt M1862 Police revolver Colt Root M1855 revolver Deringer M1825 Philadelphia caplock pistol Elgin M1838 cutlass caplock pistol Harpers Ferry M1836 and M1842 pistol Kerr M1855 revolver Lefaucheux M1854 revolver Lefaucheux M1858 revolver LeMat M1856 revolver Moore M1864 revolver Remington M1858 revolver Remington M1860 Elliot revolver pepperbox Savage-North M1861 Navy revolver Smith & Wesson Model 1 Smith & Wesson Model No. 2 Army Spiller & Burr M1861 revolver Starr M1858 and M1863 revolver Tranter M1856 revolver Volcanic M1855 repeating pistol Walch M1859 revolver Wesson and Leavitt M1850 Dragoon revolver Whitney M1857 revolver
Rifles and muskets	Augustin M1842 musket Ballard M1861 rifle Brunswick P1836 and P1841 rifle Burnside M1855 carbine Charleville M1816 and M1822 musket Colt M1855 revolver carbine and rifle Deringer M1814 Common rifle Deringer M1817 Common rifle Enfield P1853 rifled musket Enfield P1861 musketoon Fayetteville M1862 rifle Gallager M1861 carbine Hall M1819 rifle Hall-North M1843 carbine Harper Ferry M1803 rifle Henry M1860 repeating rifle Jenks M1841 Mule ear carbine Joslyn M1855, M1861, M1862, M1864, M1865 carbine and rifle Lorenz M1854 rifled musket Maynard M1851 carbine Merrill M1858 carbine Mississippi M1841 rifle P1839 and P1842 Brown Bess musket Potzdam M1831 musket Richmond M1861 rifled musket Sharps M1848, M1850, M1851, M1852, M1853, M1855, M1859, M1863, M1865 carbine and rifle Sharps & Hankins M1862 carbine Smith M1857 carbine Spencer M1860, M1865 repeating carbine and rifle Springfield M1795 musket Springfield M1812 musket Springfield M1816 musket Springfield M1822 musket Springfield M1835 musket Springfield M1840 musket Springfield M1842 musket Springfield M1847 musketoon Springfield M1855 rifled musket Springfield M1861 rifled musket Springfield M1863 rifled musket Starr M1858 carbine Tarpley M1863 carbine Volcanic M1855 repeating rifle Wesson M1859 carbine and rifle Whitworth P1857 rifle
Other weapons	Adams grenade Coach gun Congreve rocket Double-barreled shotgun Hale rocket launcher Ketchum Grenade Rains grenade Rains landmine Sea mine Winans Steam Gun
Rapid fire weapons	Ager machine gun Billinghurst Requa Battery volley gun Claxton machine gun Gatling I and II machine gun Gorgas machine gun Pate revolver cannon Ripley machine gun Vandenberg volley gun Williams machine gun
Artillery	Mortars 8-inch M1841, 10-inch M1841 and 13-inch M1861 mortar Coehorn 5.82-inch M1841 mortar Field andSiege artillery 6-pounder M1841 field cannon 12-pounder M1841 howitzer 12-pounder M1841 mountain howitzer 12-pounder M1857 Napoleon field cannon 24-pounder M1841 howitzer 32-pounder M1844 howitzer Blakely rifled cannon James 14-pounder M1861 rifled cannon (also known as James 6-pounder M1861 or 3.8-inch M1861 rifled cannon) James 24-pounder M1839, 32-pounder M1829 and 42-pounder M1841 rifled cannon Ordnance 3-inch M1861 rifled cannon Ordnance 4.5-inch rifled cannon Parrott 10-pounder M1861 rifled cannon Parrott 20-pounder M1861 rifled cannon Parrott 30-pounder, 100-pounder, 200-pounder and 300-pounder rifled cannon Pate revolver cannon Whitworth 12-pounder rifled cannon Naval andCoastal artillery Bomford Columbiad cannon Brooke rifled cannon Carronade cannon Dahlgren cannon Paixhans cannon Rodman Columbiad cannon Whitworth 70-pounder rifled cannon
Ammunition, cartridges and equipment	.22 Short .44 Henry .56-56 Spencer Buck and ball Canister shot Friction primer Gunpowder Maynard tape primer Minié ball Paper cartridge Percussion cap Ramrod

v t e Russian infantry weapons of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)
Edged weapons	Shashka Kindjal
Sidearms	Smith & Wesson Model 3
Rifles	Khirimi Boyliya M1867 Carle M1867 Krnka M1868 Berdan №1 M1870 Berdan №2 M1868 Romanian Peabody M1867 Romanian Dreyse
Artillery	6-inch siege gun M1877 M1876 Gana-Krnka
Machine guns	Gorloff gun
Cartridges	15.24x40mmR 10.75×58mmR .44 Russian

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