Granulocytes: Definition, Types & Function - Cleveland Clinic

Home/Health Library/Body Systems & Organs/GranulocytesAdvertisementAdvertisementGranulocytesMedically Reviewed.Last updated on 08/07/2024.

Granulocytes — the most common type of white blood cell — have small granules that release enzymes when your immune system is under attack. This can happen during an infection, allergic reaction or asthma episode. Granulocytes form in your bone marrow and only live for a few days.

Advertisement

Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Policy

Care at Cleveland ClinicClassical Hematology Disorders TreatmentFind a Doctor and SpecialistsMake an AppointmentContentsArrow DownOverviewFunctionAnatomyConditions and DisordersCareAdditional Common QuestionsContentsArrow DownOverviewFunctionAnatomyConditions and DisordersCareAdditional Common Questions

Overview

Image content: This image is available to view online.

View image online (https://my.clevelandclinic.org/-/scassets/Images/org/health/articles/22016-granulocytes)

What are granulocytes?

Granulocytes are the most common type of white blood cell. They contain enzyme granules, which form in the cytoplasm (a thick, semi-fluid solution that fills each cell). When inflammation enters your body, granulocytes rush to the area and release their granules to fight infection.

Advertisement

Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Policy

A blood test is the only way to check your granulocyte levels. A high granulocyte count could mean you have some type of infection. A low granulocyte count might point to bone marrow disorders like leukemia or aplastic anemia.

Other names for granulocytes include granular leukocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes or PMN cells.

What does it mean if I have immature granulocytes?

Typically, granulocytes fully develop in your bone marrow before traveling into your bloodstream. If there are immature granulocytes in your bloodstream, it could mean there’s a problem with your bone marrow. Or it could simply indicate an early-stage response to infection. Healthcare providers get concerned when immature granulocytes make up 2% of your total white blood cell count.

Pregnant women and newborn babies may naturally have immature granulocytes in their bloodstream. In these cases, immature granulocytes indicate a healthy bone marrow response and it’s not a cause for concern.

Care at Cleveland ClinicClassical Hematology Disorders TreatmentFind a Doctor and SpecialistsMake an Appointment

Function

What is the function of granulocytes?

Granulocytes work together to rid your body of infection or allergens.

There are four types of granulocytes. Each type has its own combination of chemicals and enzymes in its granules. As a result, each type of granulocyte has a different function:

• Neutrophils: The most abundant type of granulocyte, these attack bacteria. Each cell can consume up to 20 bacteria in its lifetime. Neutrophils make up about 40% to 60% of all granulocytes in your body. That’s about two-thirds of all your white blood cells.
• Eosinophils: These granulocytes show up in almost all immune responses, most notably allergies. They also fight off parasites.
• Basophils: These granulocytes mainly combat allergic reactions. They release histamine (which escorts allergens out of your body) and the blood thinner heparin (which prevents clotting).
• Mast cells: Mast cells are a type of granulocyte that stays in your tissues rather than circulating in your blood. Like basophils, they contain histamine and heparin. Basophils and mast cells are structurally similar. The main difference is that basophils have a shorter lifespan, and they rush to sites of inflammation at the first sign of trouble.

Advertisement

Anatomy

Where are granulocytes located?

Granulocytes form in your bone marrow and enter your bloodstream when necessary.

What is the normal range for granulocytes?

The normal range for granulocytes is between 1,500 and 8,500 cells per microliter of blood. On a blood test, this might look something like: 1.5 – 8.5 x 10^9/L. This range varies slightly depending on the lab that does the testing.

About 50% to 70% of all the white blood cells in your body should be neutrophils. Eosinophils should account for 1% to 3%, and basophils should make up approximately 0.4% to 1%.

Conditions and Disorders

What common conditions and disorders affect your granulocytes?

Conditions that affect your granulocytes include:

• Basophilia: High basophil count. It could be a sign of infection, autoimmune disease or leukemia.
• Cyclic neutropenia: Neutrophil levels dip and then return to normal. This condition increases your risk for infections.
• Eosinophilia: High eosinophil count. It commonly indicates asthma or seasonal allergies. But it could also point to parasitic infections or autoimmune diseases like sarcoidosis or inflammatory bowel disease.
• Granulocytosis: High granulocyte count. It could indicate several issues, including infection, blood cell cancer or some type of autoimmune disease. Bone marrow conditions are also a primary cause.
• Neutropenia (granulocytopenia): Low granulocyte count. It usually points to a blood or bone marrow condition, like aplastic anemia or leukemia. Agranulocytosis is a severe form of neutropenia.

Common signs or symptoms of granulocyte conditions

Symptoms vary depending on the type of condition you have. But people commonly experience:

• Fatigue.
• Fever.
• Frequent infections.
• Gum disease.
• Joint pain.
• Mouth sores.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Skin rashes.
• Sore throat.
• Swollen lymph nodes.

Common tests to check the health of granulocytes

Your provider can determine your granulocyte count with a complete blood count (CBC), a routine blood test. To find granulocyte levels on your CBC test results, look for the words:

• Neutrophil or “neut.”
• Eosinophil or “eosin.”
• Basophil or “baso.”

These words are often followed by “abs” which is short for “absolute.” This refers to the absolute number of the cells per unit volume.

What are common treatments for granulocyte conditions?

Treatment depends on your situation but could include:

• Antibiotics.
• Bone marrow transplant.
• Corticosteroids.
• G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) injections.
• Immunosuppressants.

If you have cancer that’s affecting your granulocytes, treatment options may include:

• Chemotherapy.
• Immunotherapy.
• Radiation therapy.
• Targeted therapy.
• Surgery.

Treatment for immature granulocytes

If immature granulocytes show up in your bloodwork, your healthcare provider may run more tests to find out why.

If you have an infection, then your provider will prescribe the appropriate medications. If cancer is the culprit, then your provider will talk with you about treatment options, which may include surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Advertisement

Care

How can I take care of myself?

If you have a condition affecting your granulocyte count, it’s important to protect yourself from infection. Here are some recommendations:

• Avoid touching your eyes, nose or face (unless you’ve recently washed your hands).
• Get recommended vaccinations.
• Visit your dentist regularly and practice good oral hygiene at home.
• Wash your hands often.

Additional Common Questions

Granulocytes vs. agranulocytes: What’s the difference?

Both are white blood cells, but agranulocytes don’t have any granules in their cytoplasm. (Monocytes and lymphocytes are two examples of agranulocytes.)

A note from Cleveland Clinic

Granulocytes play a major role in attacking infection, allergens and other irritants that invade your body. When these white blood cells work as they should, your body can effectively protect itself. But if your body doesn’t make enough granulocytes — or if your granulocyte count is too low or too high — it could mean there’s something more significant going on. If you get sick often or are prone to infections, schedule an appointment with a healthcare provider. They can run tests to find the underlying cause and plan appropriate treatment.

Advertisement

Better health starts here

Sign up for our Health Essentials emails for expert guidance on nutrition, fitness, sleep, skin care and more.

Example emailSign upSign upExample email

Experts You Can Trust

Medically Reviewed.Last updated on 08/07/2024.

Learn more about the Health Library and our editorial process.

References

Cleveland Clinic’s health articles are based on evidence-backed information and review by medical professionals to ensure accuracy, reliability and up-to-date clinical standards.

View Sources

Medically Reviewed.Last updated on 08/07/2024.

References

Cleveland Clinic’s health articles are based on evidence-backed information and review by medical professionals to ensure accuracy, reliability and up-to-date clinical standards.

• American Cancer Society. Infections in People with Cancer (https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/infections.html). Accessed 8/6/2024.
• National Organization for Rare Diseases. Agranulocytosis, Acquired (https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/agranulocytosis-acquired/). Last updated 9/17/2007. Accessed 8/6/2024.
• U.S. National Library of Medicine. Blood differential test (https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003657.htm). Last reviewed 2/2/2023. Accessed 8/6/2024.
• U.S. National Library of Medicine. Granulocyte (https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003440.htm). Last reviewed 2/2/2023. Accessed 8/6/2024.

Care at Cleveland Clinic

Living with a noncancerous blood disorder can be exhausting. But there’s hope. Cleveland Clinic’s classical hematology experts provide personalized care and support.

Classical Hematology Disorders TreatmentFind a Doctor and SpecialistsMake an AppointmentAdvertisementAdvertisementAdCancer Answer Line 866.223.8100Appointments & LocationsRequest an AppointmentSearch Clinical Trials