Highclere Castle | Description, History, & Facts | Britannica

History and ownership

Highclere is located on land that came under the control of the bishops of Winchester in 749 and was held by them for some 800 years. In the late 14th century Bishop William of Wykeham was involved in the construction of a palace (bishop’s residence) on the grounds. In 1551, during the Protestant Reformation, King Edward VI confiscated the property from the church. Originally granted by the king to the Fitzwilliam family, Highclere had several owners during the next century and a quarter. A manor house was built in the early 17th century. In 1679 the property was purchased by the politician and future attorney general Robert Sawyer. In the early 18th century Sawyer’s heirs laid out drives and walkways, planted formal gardens, and built several follies—picturesque but nonfunctional structures with names such as Heaven’s Gate and Jackdaw’s Castle.

Henry Herbert, a descendant of Sawyer, inherited Highclere Castle in 1769 and was created 1st earl of Carnarvon in 1793. He brought in the noted landscape architect Lancelot Brown, who planted large numbers of trees and made other changes that gave the grounds a more natural, unplanned appearance. But the most conspicuous changes to Highclere were made by the 3rd earl, who in 1838 commissioned the architect Charles Barry, best known for the Houses of Parliament in London, to remodel the manor house completely in the Elizabethan (or “Jacobethan”) style. The exterior and interior work took decades to complete, and the castle became known for its opulence. Notably, the Saloon now features 17th-century Spanish leather wall coverings collected by the 3rd earl, and the walls of the Music Room are hung with 16th-century Italian embroideries