How Blood-borne Viruses Are Spread - HSE

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It is very unlikely that you will become infected through everyday social contact with another person who has a bloodborne virus (BBV).

Routes of transmission

BBVs are transmitted through blood, or other body fluids containing virus. The rate of viral transmission varies depending on:

  • how the person has been exposed to the virus (the route of transmission)
  • the type of virus
  • how much virus the carrier has in their body
  • the immunity status of the exposed person

The most common route of workplace transmission includes skin puncture by blood-contaminated sharp objects, such as needles, instruments or glass.

Less common routes of transmission are through:

  • contact with open wounds (for example bloody injuries during sporting activities)
  • contact with skin lesions and damaged skin (for example eczema)
  • splashing of the mucous membranes of the eye, nose or mouth

Bites when blood is drawn may be a problem in certain occupations, such as the prison and police services, where front-line workers may be exposed to violent behaviour.

There is more information on how to prevent workplace transmission of bloodborne viruses.

Find out more

There is more information on:

  • how to prevent workplace transmission of bloodborne viruses
  • how to deal with an exposure incident at work
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