Inflectional Ending -ed

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In the Phonology chapter we looked at alveolar stops: /t/ and /d/. These are very important as they play a major part in the pronunciation of past endings in English. What follows is an explanation of their role followed by exercises.

 

1)    -ed is pronounced /d/if the suffix is preceded by a voiced consonant (except /d/) or a vowel. 

b

grabbed

m

summed

aɪ

died

g

hugged

ŋ

hanged

eɪ

played

v

lived

i

pitied

ɔɪ

cloyed

ð

breathed

ə

bothered

əʊ

flowed

z

gazed

iː

freed

au

ploughed

ʒ

rouged

uː

sued

ɪə

feared

dʒ

dodged

ɜː

erred

eə

fared

l

called

ɑː

barred

ʊə

moored

n

tinned

ɔː

bored

 

 

       

2)    If the suffix -ed is preceded by a voiceless consonant (except /t/) it is pronounced /t/: 

p

taped

ʃ

wished

k

raked

tʃ

watched

f

laughed

l

called

θ

unearthed

n

tinned

s

kissed

 

 

 

3) If the verb ends in /t/or /d/ the suffix is pronounced [ɪd]

t

rated

courted

coated

tainted

d

ended

loaded

landed

faded

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