Jeremiah - Wikipedia

Biblical prophet This article is about the prophet. For other uses, see Jeremiah (disambiguation). "Jeremias" redirects here. For other uses, see Jeremias (disambiguation).

Jeremiah
Jeremiah on the ruins of Jerusalem by Horace Vernet, 1844
Born	c. 650 BCAnathoth
Died	c. 570 BCEgypt
Occupation	Prophet
Parent	Hilkiah

Jeremiah[a][b] (c. 650 – c. 570 BC),[3] also called Jeremias,[4] was one of the major prophets of the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition, Jeremiah authored the book that bears his name, the Books of Kings, and the Book of Lamentations,[5] with the assistance and under the editorship of Baruch ben Neriah, his scribe and disciple.

According to the narrative of the Book of Jeremiah, the prophet emerged as a significant figure in the Kingdom of Judah in the late 7th and early 6th centuries BC. Born into a priestly lineage, Jeremiah reluctantly accepted his call to prophethood, embarking on a tumultuous ministry more than five decades long. His life was marked by opposition, imprisonment, and personal struggles, according to Jeremiah 32 and 37. Central to Jeremiah's message were prophecies of impending divine judgment, forewarning of the nation's idolatry, social injustices, and moral decay. According to the Bible, he prophesied the siege of Jerusalem and Babylonian captivity as consequences for disobedience. Jeremiah's teachings encompassed lamentations, oracles, and symbolic acts, emphasising the urgency of repentance and the restoration of a covenant relationship with God.

Jeremiah is an essential figure in both Judaism and Christianity. His words are read in synagogues as part of the haftara and he is quoted in the New Testament.[6] Islam also regards Jeremiah as a prophet and his narrative is recounted in Islamic tradition.[7]

Biblical narratives

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Lineage and early life

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Jeremiah was known as a prophet from the thirteenth year of Josiah, king of Judah (626 BC),[8] until after the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of Solomon's Temple in 587 BC.[9] This period spanned the reigns of five kings of Judah: Josiah, Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim, Jehoiachin, and Zedekiah.[8] The prophetess Huldah was a relative and contemporary of Jeremiah, while the prophet Zephaniah was his mentor.[10]

Jeremiah was the son of Hilkiah, a priest from the land of Benjamin in the village of Anathoth.[11] The difficulties he encountered, as described in the books of Jeremiah and Lamentations, have prompted scholars to refer to him as "the weeping prophet".[12]

Jeremiah was called to prophecy c. 626 BC[13] by God to proclaim Jerusalem's coming destruction[14] by invaders from the north.[15] This was because Israel had forsaken God by worshiping the idols of Baal[16] and burning their children as offerings to Baal.[17] The nation had deviated so far from God's laws that they had broken the covenant, causing God to withdraw his blessings. Jeremiah was guided by God to proclaim that the nation of Judah would suffer famine, foreign conquest, plunder, and captivity in a land of strangers.[18]

According to Jeremiah 1:2–3, Yahweh called Jeremiah to prophesy in about 626 BC,[13] about five years before Josiah's famous reforms.[19] However, they were insufficient to save Judah and Jerusalem from destruction, because of the sins of Manasseh, Josiah's grandfather,[20] and Judah's return to the idolatry of foreign gods after Josiah's death.[21] Jeremiah was said to have been appointed to reveal the sins of the people and the punishment to come.[22][23]

Jeremiah resisted the call by complaining that he was only a child and did not know how to speak,[24] but the Lord placed the word in Jeremiah's mouth,[25] commanding "Get yourself ready!"[26] The qualities of a prophet listed in Jeremiah 1 include not being afraid, standing up to speak, speaking as told, and going where sent.[27] Since Jeremiah is described as emerging well trained and fully literate from his earliest preaching, his relationship with the Shaphan family has been used to suggest that he may have trained at the scribal school in Jerusalem over which Shaphan presided.[28][29]

In his early years of being a prophet, Jeremiah was primarily a preaching prophet,[30] preaching throughout Israel.[29] He condemned idolatry, the greed of priests, and false prophets.[31] Many years later, God instructed Jeremiah to write down these early oracles and his other messages.[32] Charles Cutler Torrey argues that the prophet accuses priests and scribes of altering the actual Scriptures with "scribal additions" to accommodate the worship of other deities.[33]

Persecution

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Jeremiah's prophecies prompted plots against him.[34] Unhappy with Jeremiah's message, possibly from concern that it would shut down the Anathoth sanctuary, his priestly kin and the men of Anathoth plotted to kill him. However, the Lord revealed the conspiracy to Jeremiah, protected his life, and declared disaster for the people of Anathoth.[29][35] When Jeremiah complains to the Lord about this persecution, he is told that the attacks on him will become worse.[36]

A priest, Pashur the son of Immer, a temple official in Jerusalem, had Jeremiah beaten and put in the stocks at the Upper Gate of Benjamin for a day. After this, Jeremiah laments the travails and mockery that speaking God's word have caused him.[37] He recounts how, if he tries to shut God's word inside, it burns in his heart and he is unable to hold it in.[38]

Conflict with false prophets

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While Jeremiah was prophesying the coming destruction, he denounced a number of other prophets who were prophesying peace.[39]

According to the book of Jeremiah, during the reign of King Zedekiah, the Lord instructed Jeremiah to make a yoke with the message that the nation would be subject to the king of Babylon. The false prophet Hananiah took the yoke off Jeremiah's neck and broke it, prophesying that within two years the Lord would break the yoke of the king of Babylon, but Jeremiah prophesied in return: "You have broken the yoke of wood, but you have made instead a yoke of iron."[40]

Relationship with the Northern Kingdom (Samaria)

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Jeremiah was sympathetic to, as well as descended from, the northern Kingdom of Israel. Many of his first reported oracles are about, and addressed to, the Israelites at Samaria. He resembles the northern prophet Hosea in his use of language and examples of God's relationship to Israel. Hosea seems to have been the first prophet to describe the desired relationship as an example of ancient Israelite marriage, where a man might be polygamous, while a woman was only permitted one husband. Jeremiah often repeats Hosea's marital imagery.[41][42]

Babylon

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The biblical narrative portrays Jeremiah as being subject to additional persecutions. After Jeremiah prophesied that Jerusalem would be handed over to the Babylonian army, the king's officials, including Pashur the priest, tried to convince King Zedekiah that Jeremiah should be put to death for disheartening the soldiers and the people. Zedekiah allowed them, and they cast Jeremiah into a cistern, where he sank down into the mud. The intent seemed to be to kill Jeremiah by starvation, while allowing the officials to claim to be innocent of his blood.[43] Ebed-Melech, an Ethiopian, rescued Jeremiah by pulling him out of the cistern, but Jeremiah remained imprisoned until Jerusalem fell to the Babylonian army in 587 BC.[44]

The Babylonians released Jeremiah, and showed him great kindness, allowing him to choose the place of his residence, according to a Babylonian edict. Jeremiah accordingly went to Mizpah in Benjamin with Gedaliah, who had been made governor of Judea.[45]

Egypt

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Johanan succeeded Gedaliah, who had been assassinated by an Israelite prince in the pay of Ammon "for working with the Babylonians." Refusing to listen to Jeremiah's counsel, Johanan fled to Egypt, taking with him Jeremiah and Baruch, Jeremiah's faithful scribe and servant, and the king's daughters.[46] There, the prophet probably spent the remainder of his life, still seeking to turn the people back to God.[46] There is no authentic record of his death. The Elephantine papyrus reflects that the Yahweh's wife or consort is still acknowledged in worship and liturgy at the site as late as 419 BC, and several scholars have noted that this feature of the cultural landscape in the place of his exile is likely to have left him disconsolate or perturbed during the final years of his life.[47][48]

Historicity

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The consensus is that there was a historical prophet named Jeremiah and that portions of the book probably were written by Jeremiah or his scribe Baruch.[49] Views range from the belief that the narratives and poetic sections in Jeremiah are contemporary with his life (W. L. Holladay), to the view that the work of the original prophet is beyond identification or recovery (R. P. Carroll).[50][51]

According to Rainer Albertz, first there were early collections of oracles, including material in ch. 2–6, 8–10, 13, 21–23, etc. Then there was an early Deuteronomistic redaction which Albertz dates to around 550 BC, with the original ending to the book at 25:13. There was a second redaction around 545–540 BC which added much more material, up to about ch. 45. Then there was a third redaction around 525–520 BC, expanding the book up to the ending at 51:64. Then there were further post-exilic redactions adding ch. 52 and editing content throughout the book.[52]

Although Jeremiah was often thought of traditionally as the author of the Book of Lamentations, it may also be a collection of individual and communal laments by others composed at various times throughout the Babylonian captivity--interpretations on this question continue to swing both ways.[53]

Archaeology

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Nebo-Sarsekim tablet

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In July 2007, Assyrologist Michael Jursa translated a cuneiform tablet dated to 595 BC, as describing a Nabusharrussu-ukin as "the chief eunuch" of Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon. Jursa hypothesized that this reference might be to the same individual as the Nebo-Sarsekim mentioned in Jeremiah 39:3.[54][55]

Seals

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A 7th-century BC seal of Jehucal, son of Shelemiah and another of Gedaliah, son of Pashhur (mentioned together in Jeremiah 38:1; Jehucal also mentioned in Jeremiah 37:3) were found during excavation by Eilat Mazar in the city of David, Jerusalem, in 2005 and 2008, respectively.[56]

Tel Arad ostraca

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Pottery shards at Tel Arad were unearthed in the 1970s that mention Pashhur, and this reference may be to the same individual mentioned in Jeremiah 20:1.[57]

Religious views

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He was first added to Bede's Martyrology.[58]

SaintJeremiahProphet
Russian Orthodox icon of Jeremias
Prophet
Venerated in	All Christian denominations that venerate saintsJudaismIslamBaháʼí FaithRastafari
Major works	Book of Jeremiah

Judaism

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In Jewish rabbinic literature, especially the aggadah, Jeremiah and Moses are always mentioned together,[59] An ancient midrash, in connection with Deuteronomy 18:18 presented their life and works in parallel, in which "a prophet like Moses" is promised, states Jeremiah's time as prophet was similar with Moses, which is 40 years. Moses also prophesied that his own tribe, Tribe of Levi, will rebel against Judah, while Jeremiah's tribe would in turn rebel against Jeremiah himself. In the year of the prophesied event, Moses also said that he himself will be exiled into watery areas, while Jeremiah will be jailed in a pit. Then Moses will be saved by a slave of Pharaoh's daughter, while subsequently Jeremiah will be rescued by a slave named Ebed-melech; After such, the Deuteronomy closed the chapter with Moses reprimanded the people in discourses; so did Jeremiah.[60] The prophet Ezekiel was a son of Jeremiah according to rabbinic literature.[61] In 2 Maccabees 2:4ff, Jeremiah is credited with hiding the Ark, incense altar, and tabernacle on the mountain of Moses.[62]

Christianity

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Christian worship services regularly include readings from the Book of Jeremiah.[63] The author of the Gospel of Matthew is especially mindful of how the events in the life, death and resurrection of Jesus fulfill Jeremianic prophecies.[64] There are about forty direct quotations of the book in the New Testament, most appearing in Revelation 18 in connection with the destruction of Babylon.[65] The Epistle to the Hebrews also picks up the fulfilment of the prophetic expectation of the new covenant.[66]

In Christianity, there are several feast days which commemorate Jeremiah:

• 16 January – commemoration of overthrowing the Idols by prophet Jeremiah (OO)[67]
• 7 April – Saint Michael delivers Jeremiah from prison (OO)[67]
• 30 April – Martyrdom of Jeremiah the Prophet (OO)[67]
• 1 May – commemoration in Catholic Church[58] and Eastern Orthodox Church[68]
• 26 June – commemoration in LCMS (R)[69]

Islam

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ProphetIrmiya̅Alayhi as-Salam
إِرۡمِيَا Jeremiah
Irmiya taming animals in the wilderness.
Prophet of Islam
Preceded by	Yunus
Succeeded by	Dhu al-Kifl
Personal life
Born	Irmiya ibn Halqiya650 BCKingdom of Judah
Died	570 BC (age 80)Egypt
Parent	Halqiya (father) (father)
Religious life
Religion	Islam

Jeremiah (Arabic: إِرۡمِيَا بۡنُ حَلۡقِيَا, romanized: Irmiya ibn Halqiya, lit. 'Jeremiah, son of Hilkiah';[70] 650 BC[71] – 570 BC)[71] is regarded as a prophet in Islam. In Arabic, Jeremiah's name is usually vocalised Irmiyā, Armiyā or Ūrmiyā.[72] However, since the name of Jeremiah is not explicitly mentioned in the Quran and Hadith, belief in Jeremiah was considered not part of the Five Pillars of Islam by the academic community of Islam, who regarded Jeremiah instead as historical supplementary material, since his name was only found in the tafsir and other non-canonical Islamic literature. Nevertheless, since his status as prophet was generally undisputed in Islam, Muslims apply "PBUH" or "Peace Be Upon Him" as an honorific for Jeremiah.[73]

The narratives of Jeremiah in Islamic belief closely correspond with the account given in the Hebrew Bible, and are found in the Ibn Kathir work of al-Bidaya wa l-Nihaya & Qisas Al-Anbiya (History of prophets), Al-Tabari work of "History of the Prophets and Kings", and Ibn Asakir work of "History of Damascus".[73]

Islamic literature narrated a detailed account of the Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC), which parallels the account given in the Book of Jeremiah.[74]

Interpretation of Quran and Hadith

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The oldest Islamic narration about Jeremiah was found in the tradition from Ibn Abbas, which identified Jeremiah as Khidr.[c] However, This Hadith tradition was considered inauthentic and not generally accepted by Ibn Kathir in his work, al-Bidaya wa l-Nihaya.[73][76]

According to al-Qurtubi, the interpretation of the 11th verse Quran chapter Al-Anbiya has mentioned the unnamed figure in the verse as Jeremiah, which musing in the similar narrative with the biblical version of Nebuchadnezzar's invasion of Jerusalem. However, al-Qurtubi also further added in his interpretation that during the meeting of Jeremiah with Nebuchadnezzar, Jeremiah revealed to him about the prophesied advent of Muhammad in the land of Hejaz.[77]

Ibn Kathir tafsir narrate that the Parable of the Hamlet in Ruins, which from the 259th verse of Al-Baqara chapter focused about Jeremiah, when he was commanded by God to reconstruct the devastated Jerusalem after Nebuchadnezzar's invasion.[78][79]

In Quran Sura (chapter) 17 (Al-Isra), Ayah (verse) 4–7, that is about the two corruptions of children of Israel on the earth, some hadith and tafsir cite that one of these corruptions is the imprisonment and persecution of Jeremiah.[80][81][82][83] Separately, Ibn Kathir interpretation of the 11th verse of al-Isra also discussed about Jeremiah.[84]

Other traditions

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Ibn Asakir has mentioned in his work titled Tarikh Dimashq (History of Damascus), that Jeremiah was a son of Hilkiah, who hailed from the tribe of Levy which descended from Jacob.[73] According to one tradition which recorded by Ibn Kathir, Wahb has narrated that the timeline of Jeremiah as prophet was between the era of David and the era of Zechariah.[85]

Wahb ibn Munabbih, who gave Israʼiliyyat account about Jeremiah which turned "upon the main points of the Old Testament story of Jeremiah: his call to be a prophet, his mission to the king of Judah, his mission to the people and his reluctance, the announcement of a foreign tyrant who is to rule over Judah."[7]

According to some Jewish narratives and Ibn Kathir, Zoroaster was once a disciple of Jeremiah.[d][87] However, the two of them came into conflict which ended with Jeremiah disowning Zoroaster. Jeremiah then cast a curse upon Zoroaster, causing him to suffer leprosy. Zoroaster later moved to a place in modern-day Azerbaijan, ruled by Bashtaasib, governor of Nebuchadnezzar, and spread his teaching of Zoroastrianism there. Bashtaasib then followed his teaching, forced the inhabitants of Persia to convert to Zoroastrianism and killed those who refused.[79][88] Ibn Kathir quoted the original narrative which was borrowed from Tabari's record of the "History of Jerusalem". He also mentioned that Zoroastrian was synonymous with Majus.[89][90]

Religious ritual

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Jeremiah is listed amongst the prophets in the work of salawat Dalail al-Khayrat, an Islamic prayer collection made by Muhammad al-Jazuli from Shadhili order of Sufi.[citation needed]

Baháʼí Faith

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In the Baháʼí Faith, Jeremiah is regarded as one of the prophets along with David, Solomon, Isaiah, Ezekiel, and others.[91]

Cultural influence

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Jeremiah inspired the French noun jérémiade, and subsequently the English jeremiad, meaning "a lamentation; mournful complaint,"[92] or further, "a cautionary or angry harangue."[93]

Jeremiah has periodically been a popular first name in the United States, beginning with the early Puritan settlers, who often took the names of biblical prophets and apostles. Jeremiah was substituted for the Irish Diarmuid/Diarmaid (also anglicised as Dermot), with which it has no etymological connection, when Gaelic names were frowned upon in official records. The name Jeremy also derives from Jeremiah.

Sohrab Sepehri, an Iranian poet and painter, has mentioned Jeremiah in his work as "The weeping prophet".[94]

Notes and references

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Explanatory footnotes

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1. ^ /ˌdʒɛrɪˈmaɪ.ə/;[1]
2. ^ Hebrew: יִרְמְיָהוּ, romanized: Yirmĭyāhū, lit. 'Yah shall raise',[2] Koine Greek: Ἰερεμίας, romanized: Ieremíās
3. ^ similar narration about the identification as Khidr also found in the record of Tabari, which detailed the event was during the destruction of Jerusalem.[75]
4. ^ Sibt ibn al-Jawzi instead stated that some older narration said that Zoroaster was a former disciple of Uzair.[86]

Citations

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1. ^ Wells 1990, p. 383.
2. ^ Khan, Geoffrey (2020). The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume 1. Open Book Publishers. ISBN 978-1783746767.
3. ^ "Jeremiah". Encyclopedia Britannica. 15 March 2024.
4. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jeremias". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
5. ^ Hillers 1972, pp. xix–xxiv.
6. ^ Matthew 2:18, Hebrews 8:8–12, Hebrews 10:16–17
7. ^ a b Wensinck 1913–1936.
8. ^ a b Douglas 1987, p. 559–560.
9. ^ Sweeney 2004, p. 917.
10. ^ Singer 1926, p. 100,130.
11. ^ Jeremiah 1:1
12. ^ Henderson 2002, pp. 191–206.
13. ^ a b Longman 2008, p. 6.
14. ^ Jeremiah 1:14–16
15. ^ Jeremiah 4
16. ^ Jeremiah 2, Jeremiah 3, Jeremiah 5, Jeremiah 9
17. ^ Jeremiah 19:4–5
18. ^ Jeremiah 10,Jeremiah 11
19. ^ 2 Kings 22:3–13
20. ^ 2 Kings 23:26–27
21. ^ Jeremiah 11:10, 2 Kings 23:32
22. ^ Jeremiah 1:1–2:37
23. ^ Ryken 2001, pp. 19–36.
24. ^ Freedman 1992, p. 686.
25. ^ Jeremiah 1:6–9
26. ^ Jeremiah 1:17
27. ^ Jeremiah 1:4–10, Jeremiah 1:17–19
28. ^ 2 Kings 22:8–10
29. ^ a b c Freedman 1992, p. 687.
30. ^ Jeremiah 1:7
31. ^ Jeremiah 3:12–23,Jeremiah 4:1–4, Jeremiah 6:13–14
32. ^ Jeremiah 36:1–10
33. ^ Torrey, Charles C. "The Background of Jeremiah 1–10". Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 56, no. 3, 1937, pp. 193–216. doi:10.2307/3259609. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
34. ^ Jeremiah 11:21–23
35. ^ Jeremiah 11:18–2:6
36. ^ Sweeney 2004, p. 950.
37. ^ Jeremiah 20:7
38. ^ Jeremiah 20:9
39. ^ Jeremiah 6:13–15, 14:14–16, 23:9–40, 27:1–28:17, 2:14
40. ^ Jeremiah 28:13
41. ^ Jeremiah 2:2, Jeremiah 2:3, Jeremiah 3:1–5,Jeremiah 3:19–25, Jeremiah 4:1–2
42. ^ Anon. 1971, p. 126.
43. ^ Barker, Youngblood & Stek 1995, p. 1544.
44. ^ Jeremiah 38:7–13
45. ^ Jeremiah 40:5–6
46. ^ a b Jeremiah 43:1–13
47. ^ Schama, Simon, ed. (2014). The story of the Jews: finding the words; 1000 BC - 1492 AD. London: Vintage Books. pp. 4, 9–13. ISBN 978-0-09-954668-9.
48. ^ Jeremiah : a new translation with introduction and commentary. Internet Archive. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday. 1965. pp. 238, 263, 320. ISBN 978-0-385-00823-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
49. ^ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "The Book of Jeremiah". Encyclopedia Britannica
50. ^ Anon. 1971, p. 125.
51. ^ Marsh 2018.
52. ^ Albertz 2003, pp. 302–344
53. ^ Delbert R. Hillers (1972). Lamentations: The Anchor Bible. Internet Archive. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. p. 22.
54. ^ Reynolds 2007.
55. ^ Hobbins 2007.
56. ^ Kantrowitz 2012.
57. ^ "Arad-Canaanite city and Israelite citadel in the Negev – Site No. 6". Israeli Foreign Ministry. 20 Nov 2000. Retrieved 2019-07-08.
58. ^ a b "Jeremiasz". DEON.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2022-08-12.
59. ^ This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain.
60. ^ Pesiqta, ed. Buber, xiii. 112a.
61. ^ "EZEKIEL – JewishEncyclopedia.com". jewishencyclopedia.com.
62. ^ Collins 1972, pp. 101–.
63. ^ Schroeder 2018, pp. 414–436.
64. ^ Dahlberg, Bruce T. (1975). "The Typological Use of Jeremiah 1:4-19 in Matthew 16:13-23". Journal of Biblical Literature. 94 (1): 73–80. doi:10.2307/3266036. JSTOR 3266036.
65. ^ Dillard & Longman 1994, p. 339.
66. ^ Hebrews 8:8–12, 10:16–17
67. ^ a b c "Ethiopian synaxarium" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-08-25. Retrieved 2022-08-12.
68. ^ "ИЕРЕМИЯ". www.pravenc.ru. Retrieved 2022-08-12.
69. ^ "Commemorations - Church Year - The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod". www.lcms.org. Retrieved 2022-08-12.
70. ^ "Is Jeremiah one of the Prophets of Allah in whom we are obliged to believe? - Islam Question & Answer". islamqa.info. Retrieved 2025-03-13.
71. ^ a b Steve (2023-02-07). "Who was Prophet Armiya/Jeremiah?". Life in Saudi Arabia. Retrieved 2025-03-13.
72. ^ see Tād̲j̲ al-ʿArūs, x. 157.
73. ^ a b c d Muhammad Al-Munajjid (2016). "هل " أرميا " نبي من أنبياء الله ، يجب علينا الإيمان به ؟" (in Arabic). IslamQA.info. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
74. ^ Tabari, i, 646ff.
75. ^ The Qur'an and Its Interpreters , Volume 1. SUNY Press. 1984. p. 260. ISBN 9780873957274. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
76. ^ Ibn Kathir (2011). Artawijaya (ed.). Kisah Para Nabi [Stories of prophets] (in Indonesian). Translated by Dudi Rosyadi. Pustaka Al-Kautsar. p. 870. ISBN 9789795925576. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
77. ^ "التفسير Tafsir (explication) القرطبي - Al-Qurtubi الأنبياء (21:11) ; Tafseer al-Qurtubi". quran.ksu.edu.sa. القرآن الكريم (in Arabic). Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
78. ^ Tafsir al-Qurtubi, vol. 3, p. 188; Tafsir al-Qummi, vol. 1, p. 117.
79. ^ a b Ibn Kathir. "The Reconstruction of Jerusalem In the Era of Jeremiah". islamawareness. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
80. ^ "Al-Isra 17:4 Tafsir Ibn Kathir". Quran.com. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
81. ^ "Al-Isra 17:6 Tafsir Ibn Kathir". Quran.com. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
82. ^ "Al-Isra 17:6 Tafsir Ibn Kathir". Quran.com. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
83. ^ "Al-Isra 17:7 Tafsir Ibn Kathir". Quran.com. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
84. ^ "Al-Isra 17:11 Tafsir Ibn Kathir". Quran.com. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
85. ^ Wisnu Sasongko (2010). "14". Jejak Yakjuj Dan Makjuj (in Indonesian). Hikmah. p. 363. ISBN 9786028767149. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
86. ^ "هل بوذا" أو "زرادشت" من الأنبياء؟". إسلام ويب (in Arabic). Islamweb. 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
87. ^ Ibn Kathir, Stories of the Prophets, The Story of the Prophet Jeremiah
88. ^ Muhammad Al-Munajjid (2017). "هل زاردشت كان نبيا ؟" [Was Zoroaster a prophet?]. islamqa.info (in Arabic). islamqa.info. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
89. ^ Ibn Kathir (2018). Stories of the Prophets (Peace be upon them): Qasas Al-Anbiya. Translated by Dar Al Kalam Staff. دار القلم للطباعة و النشر و التوزيع - بيروت. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
90. ^ Ibn Kathir. "Stories Of The Prophets". islambasics. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
91. ^ Smith, Peter (2008), An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith, p. 108
92. ^ Anon. 1989, p. 766.
93. ^ "jeremiad". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-23.
94. ^ Mansoureh Ebrahimi; Sayyed Kazem Mousavi; Saeed Ghashghaei (2015), Recognition of National and Religious Myths in Sohrab Sepehri's "The Traveler": An Investigation on Traditions and Cultural Beliefs (PDF), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: Faculty of Islamic Civilization; Malaysia Department of Persian Language & Literature; Shahrekord University; Department of Persian Language & Literature; slamic Azad University, retrieved 25 July 2024

Bibliography

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• Albertz, Rainer (2003). Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E. Society of Biblical Lit. ISBN 978-1-58983-055-4.
• "Levirate Marriage and Halizah". Encyclopedia Judaica. Vol. 11 (2nd ed.). MacMillan. 1971.
• Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. New York: Portland House. 1989. ISBN 978-0-517-68781-9.
• Barker, Kenneth L.; Youngblood, Ronald F.; Stek, John H., eds. (1995). "Commentary of Jeremiah". The NIV Study Bible. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-31092588-0.
• Collins, Marilyn F. (1972). "The Hidden Vessels in Samaritan Traditions". Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period. 3 (2): 97–116. doi:10.1163/157006372X00018. JSTOR 24656260.
• Coogan, Michael David (2012). A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in Its Context. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-983011-4.
• Dillard, Raymond B.; Longman, Tremper (1994). An Introduction to the Old Testament (2nd ed.). Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-43250-0.
• Douglas, James D. (1987). The New Bible Dictionary (2nd ed.). Tyndale Press. ISBN 978-0-85110-820-9.
• Freedman, David Noel (1992). The Anchor Bible Dictionary: A-C. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-19351-1.
• Henderson, Joseph (2002). "Who Weeps In Jeremiah VIII 23 (IX 1)? Identifying Dramatic Speakers In The Poetry Of Jeremiah". Vetus Testamentum. 52 (2): 191–206. doi:10.1163/156853302760013857. ISSN 0042-4935.
• Hillers, Delbert R. (1972). The Anchor Bible. Vol. Lamentations.
• ——— (1993). "The Lamentations of Jeremiah". In Bruce M. Metzger; Michael David Coogan (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-974391-9.
• Hobbins, John (2007). "Jeremiah 39:3 and History: A New Find Clarifies a Mess of a Text". Ancient Hebrew Poetry. Typepad.
• Kantrowitz, Jonathan (3 January 2012). "Archaeology News Report: Seals of Jeremiah's Captors Discovered!". Retrieved 8 December 2016.
• Longman, Tremper (2008). Jeremiah, Lamentations. Hendrickson. ISBN 978-1-85364735-2.
• Marsh, Allen Bythel (April 2018). How ובּש ׁand םַחָנ contribute to understanding the meaning of Jeremiah 4:28, 15:6-7, 18:7-10 and 26:3, 13 and 19 (PDF) (Ph.D). Retrieved 7 April 2020.
• Renda, G’nsel (1978). "The Miniatures of the Zubdat Al- Tawarikh". Turkish Treasures Culture /Art / Tourism Magazine.
• Reynolds, Nigel (11 July 2007). "Ancient Document Confirms Existence of Biblical Figure". The New York Sun. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
• Ryken, Philip Graham (2001). Jeremiah and Lamentations: From Sorrow to Hope. Crossway Books. ISBN 978-1-58134-167-6.
• Schroeder, Joy A. (2018). "Medieval Christian Interpretation of the Book of Jeremiah". In Lundbom, J.; Evans, C.A.; Anderson, B. (eds.). The Book of Jeremiah: Composition, Reception, and Interpretation. Vetus Testamentum, Supplements. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-37327-3.
• Singer, Isadore, ed. (1926). "Jeremiah". Jewish Encyclopaedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Vol. VII. New York: Funk & Wagnall. OCLC 426865.
• Sweeney, Marvin A. (2004). "Introduction to Jeremiah". In Adele Berlin; Marc Zvi Brettler (eds.). The Jewish Study Bible. Oxford University Press. p. 917. ISBN 978-0-19-529751-5 – via Jewish Publication Society Tanakh Translation.
• Sweeney, Marvin A. (2016). "Contemporary Jewish Readings of the Prophets". In Carolyn Sharp (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Prophets. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-985956-6.
• Wells, John C. (1990). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8117-3.
• Wensinck, A. J. (1913–1936). "Jeremiah". In M. Th. Houtsma; T. W. Arnold; R. Basset; R. Hartmann (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.).

Further reading

[edit]

• Ackroyd, Peter R. (1968). Exile and Restoration: A Study of Hebrew Thought in the Sixth Century BC. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. ISBN 9780664223199.
• Bright, John (1965). The Anchor Bible: Jeremiah (2nd ed.). New York: Doubleday.
•  Easton, Matthew George (1897). "Jeremiah". Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.
• Friedman, Richard E. (1987). Who Wrote the Bible? New York: Harper and Row.
• Heschel, Abraham Joshua (1975). The Prophets. HarperCollins Paperback. ISBN 978-0-06-131421-6
• Howard, Reggie (2019). Indomitable Spokesperson for Deity: Prophet Jeremiah. Wewak, Papua New Guinea: BookBaby. ISBN 978-1-5439-5739-6.
• Meyer, F. B. (1980). Jeremiah, Priest and Prophet (Revised ed.). Fort Washington, PA: Christian Literature Crusade. ISBN 0-87508-355-2.
• Perdue, Leo G.; Kovacs, Brian W., eds. (1984). A Prophet to the Nations: Essays in Jeremiah Studies. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 0-931464-20-X.
• Rosenberg, Joel (1987). "Jeremiah and Ezekiel". In Alter, Robert; Kermode, Frank (eds.). The Literary Guide to the Bible. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-87530-3.

External links

[edit] Look up PBUH in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeremiah (Biblical figure).

• Rebecca Denova. "إرميا". world history encyclopedia. Translated by Mahmud Ismail. UNESCO.
• Cheyne, Thomas Kelly (1911). "Jeremiah" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). pp. 323–325.
• Faulhaber, Michael (1910). "Jeremias (the Prophet)" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8.
• Hirsch, Emil G., et al. (1906). "Jeremiah". The Jewish Encyclopedia.

v t e Prophets in the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament
Pre-Patriarchal	Abel‡ Enoch‡ Noah‡ (in rabbinic literature)
Patriarchs / Matriarchs	Abraham Isaac Jacob Sarah
Israelite prophetsin the Torah	Moses (in rabbinic literature) Aaron Miriam Eldad and Medad Phinehas
Mentioned in theFormer Prophets	Joshua Deborah Gideon Samson Elkanah Hannah Abigail Samuel Gad Nathan David Solomon Jeduthun Ahijah Shemaiah Elijah Elisha Iddo Hanani Jehu Micaiah Jahaziel Eliezer ben Dodavah Zechariah ben Jehoiada Huldah
Major	Isaiah (in rabbinic literature) Jeremiah Ezekiel Daniel‡ (in rabbinic literature)
Minor	Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah (in rabbinic literature) Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi
Noahide	Beor Balaam Job (in rabbinic literature)
Other	Amoz Beeri Baruch Agur Uriah Buzi Mordecai Esther (in rabbinic literature) Ezra Nehemiah Ruth Oded Azariah
Italics indicate persons whose status as prophets is not universally accepted. ‡ indicates persons whose status as prophets is exclusive to Christianity.

v t e Extra-Quranic prophets of Islam
In Stories of the Prophets	Enoch Eber Khidr Joshua Samuel Saul Gideon Isaiah Jeremiah Ezekiel Ezra Daniel
In Islamic tradition	Amos Seth Shem Eli Ahijah Shemaiah Iddo Haggai Hanani Jehu Melchizedek Micaiah Nahum Eliezer Zechariah ben Jehoiada Uriah Hananiah, Mishael and Azariah Berechiah Joel Obadiah Micah Habakkuk Zephaniah Malachi Hanzalah Khaled bin Sinan
In Quranic exegesis	Abel People of Ya-Sin Hosea Zechariah, son of Berechiah
Italics = While the figure has been revered by many Muslims as a saint, status as a prophet is not accepted by all.

v t e Gospel of Matthew
Bible(New Testament)	Chapters Matthew 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Verses Matthew 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16:2b–3,19 27:1–12; 52–66 28
Eventsand phrases	Jesus' birth Star of Bethlehem Magi Flight into Egypt Massacre of the Innocents Return to Nazareth Kingdom of heaven Baptism Temptation Galilean ministry Fishers of men Behold the bridegroom Sermon on the Mount Beatitudes Lord's Prayer Golden Rule Jesus preaches in a ship Calming the storm Feeding the multitude Walking on water Transfiguration Great Commandment Olivet Discourse Ten Virgins Anointing Passion of Jesus Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Burial Empty tomb Resurrection Great Commission
People	Andrew Caiaphas Herod James Jeremiah Jesus Christ John John the Baptist Joseph Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Mary, sister of Martha Matthew Philip Pontius Pilate Rachel Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Sanhedrin
Places	Bethany Bethlehem Bethsaida Capernaum Egypt Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Samaria Sea of Galilee
Related	Q source M source Gospel of Mark Textual variants Augustinian hypothesis Two-gospel hypothesis Matthean Posteriority Genealogy of Jesus Five Discourses of Matthew Calling of Matthew Kingdom of heaven Immanuel Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew Rabbinical translations Shem Tob Joseph Smith–Matthew
In culture	St Matthew Passion (Bach, 1727/29) Structure The Gospel According to St. Matthew (1964 film) Godspell (1971 musical) Godspell (1973 film) The Visual Bible: Matthew (1993 film)
Manuscripts	Papyrus 1 4 19 21 25 35 37 44 45 53 62 70 71 73 77 83 86 96 101 102 103 104 105 110 Magdalen papyrus
Sources	Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version

v t e Saints of the Catholic Church
Dicastery for the Causes of SaintsStages of canonization: Servant of God   →   Venerable   →   Blessed   →   Saint
Virgin Mary	Mother of God (Theotokos) Immaculate Conception Perpetual virginity Assumption Marian apparition Titles of Mary Joseph (husband)
Apostles	Andrew Barnabas Bartholomew James of Alphaeus James the Great John Jude Matthew Matthias Paul Peter Philip Simon Thomas
Archangels	Gabriel Michael in the Catholic Church Raphael
Confessors	Anatolius Anthony of Kiev Athanasius the Confessor Chariton the Confessor Carlo Acutis Dominic Edward the Confessor Francis of Assisi Francis Borgia Homobonus John Vianney Lazarus Zographos Louis Bertrand Martin de Porres Martin of Tours Maximus the Confessor Michael of Synnada Paphnutius the Confessor Paul I of Constantinople Peter Claver Pier Giorgio Frassati Salonius Sergius of Radonezh Theophanes the Confessor Pio of Pietrelcina
Disciples	Apollos Mary of Bethany Mary Magdalene Priscilla and Aquila Silvanus Stephen Timothy Titus Seventy disciples
Doctors of the Church	Gregory the Great Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Jerome John Chrysostom Basil of Caesarea Gregory of Nazianzus Athanasius of Alexandria Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Jerusalem John of Damascus Bede the Venerable Ephrem the Syrian Thomas Aquinas Bonaventure Anselm of Canterbury Isidore of Seville Peter Chrysologus Leo the Great Peter Damian Bernard of Clairvaux Hilary of Poitiers Alphonsus Liguori Francis de Sales Peter Canisius John of the Cross Robert Bellarmine Albertus Magnus Anthony of Padua Lawrence of Brindisi Teresa of Ávila Catherine of Siena Thérèse of Lisieux John of Ávila Hildegard of Bingen Gregory of Narek Irenaeus John Henry Newman
Evangelists	Matthew Mark Luke John
ChurchFathers	Alexander of Alexandria Alexander of Jerusalem Ambrose of Milan Anatolius Athanasius of Alexandria Augustine of Hippo Caesarius of Arles Caius Cappadocian Fathers Clement of Alexandria Clement of Rome Cyprian of Carthage Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Jerusalem Damasus I Desert Fathers Desert Mothers Dionysius of Alexandria Dionysius of Corinth Dionysius Ephrem the Syrian Epiphanius of Salamis Fulgentius of Ruspe Gregory the Great Gregory of Nazianzus Gregory of Nyssa Hilary of Poitiers Hippolytus of Rome Ignatius of Antioch Irenaeus of Lyon Isaac of Armenia Isidore of Seville Jerome of Stridonium John Chrysostom John of Damascus John the Silent Maximus the Confessor Melito of Sardis Quadratus of Athens Papias of Hierapolis Peter Chrysologus Polycarp of Smyrna Theophilus of Antioch Victorinus of Pettau Vincent of Lérins Zephyrinus
Martyrs	Abda and Abdisho Agnes of Rome Anastasia of Sirmium Basilissa and Anastasia Boris and Gleb Charles de Foucauld Canadian Martyrs Carthusian Martyrs Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala Christina of Persia Chrysolius Dominguito del Val Devasahayam Pillai Dismas the Good Thief Élisabeth of France Emilianus of Trevi Felix and Regula Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Four Crowned Martyrs Gerard of Csanád Ignatius Maloyan The Holy Innocents Irish Martyrs Januarius John Fisher Korean Martyrs Lorenzo Ruiz Martyrs of Lübeck Luigi Versiglia Martyrology Martyrs of Albania Martyrs of Algeria Martyrs of Cajonos Martyrs of Compiègne Martyrs of Drina Martyrs of China Martyrs of Gorkum Martyrs of Japan 21 Martyrs of Libya Martyrs of La Rioja Martyrs of Damascus Martyrs of Laos Martyrs of Natal Martyrs of Otranto Martyrs of Prague Martyrs of Sandomierz Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War Martyrs of Zenta Maximilian Kolbe Minias Óscar Romero Parthenius Pedro Calungsod Perpetua and Felicity Peter Chanel Pietro Parenzo Philomena Saints of the Cristero War Stephen Sandukht Teresa Benedicta of the Cross Titus Brandsma 17 Thomasian Martyrs Thomas Becket Thomas More Three Martyrs of Chimbote Ulma Family Uganda Martyrs Vietnamese Martyrs Valentine of Rome Victor and Corona Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia
Missionaries	Ansgar Augustine of Canterbury Boniface Cyril and Methodius Damien of Molokai Evermode of Ratzeburg Francis Xavier François de Laval Gregory the Illuminator Junípero Serra Nino of Georgia Patrick of Ireland Remigius Sava of Serbia
Patriarchs	Adam Abel Abraham Isaac Jacob Joseph Joseph (father of Jesus) David Noah Solomon Matriarchs
Popes	Adeodatus I Adeodatus II Adrian III Agapetus I Agatho Alexander I Anacletus Anastasius I Anicetus Anterus Benedict II Boniface I Boniface IV Caius Callixtus I Celestine I Celestine V Clement I Cornelius Damasus I Dionysius Eleuterus Eugene I Eusebius Eutychian Evaristus Fabian Felix I Felix III Felix IV Gelasius I Gregory I Gregory II Gregory III Gregory VII Hilarius Hormisdas Hyginus Innocent I John I John XXIII John Paul II Julius I Leo I Leo II Leo III Leo IV Leo IX Linus Lucius I Marcellinus Marcellus I Mark Martin I Miltiades Nicholas I Paschal I Paul I Paul VI Peter Pius I Pius V Pius X Pontian Sergius I Silverius Simplicius Siricius Sixtus I Sixtus II Sixtus III Soter Stephen I Stephen IV Sylvester I Symmachus Telesphorus Urban I Victor I Vitalian Zachary Zephyrinus Zosimus
Prophets	Agabus Amos Anna Baruch ben Neriah David Elijah Ezekiel Habakkuk Haggai Hosea Isaiah Jeremiah Job Joel John the Baptist Jonah Judas Barsabbas Malachi Melchizedek Micah Moses Nahum Obadiah Samuel Seven Maccabees and their mother Simeon Zechariah (prophet) Zechariah (NT) Zephaniah
Virgins	Agatha of Sicily Agnes of Rome Angela of the Cross Æthelthryth Bernadette Soubirous Catherine of Bologna Brigid of Kildare Catherine Labouré Catherine of Siena Cecilia Clare of Assisi Eulalia of Mérida Euphemia Faustina Kowalska Faustina and Liberata of Como Genevieve Hiltrude of Liessies Joan of Arc Josephine Bakhita Kateri Tekakwitha Lucy of Syracuse Maria Goretti María de las Maravillas de Jesús Narcisa de Jesús Patricia of Naples Rosalia Rose of Lima Teresa of the Andes Teresa of Calcutta Trasilla and Emiliana Ubaldesca Taccini
See also	Calendar of saints Four Holy Marshals Fourteen Holy Helpers Great Martyr Martyr of charity Military saints Athleta Christi Miles Christianus Church Militant Seven Champions Venerated couples Virtuous pagan
Catholic Church portal Saints portal

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 GND FAST WorldCat
National	United States Czech Republic Latvia Argentina Sweden Vatican 2 Israel Finland
Artists	FID
People	Deutsche Biographie DDB
Other	IdRef Yale LUX