Jewish Religious Year - The Sabbath | Britannica

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• Introduction & Top Questions
• The cycle of the religious year
• The Jewish calendar
  • Lunisolar structure
  • Months and notable days
  • Origin and development
• The Sabbath
  • Importance
  • Observances
• The Jewish holidays
  • Pilgrim festivals
  • High Holy Days
  • Minor festivals: Hanukkah and Purim
  • The five fasts
  • The lesser holidays
• The situation today

References & Edit History Quick Facts & Related Topics Images & Videos Related Questions

• What is the Jewish religious year?
• How is the Jewish calendar different from the Gregorian calendar?
• What is Shabbat, and why is it important in the Jewish religious year?
• What are the High Holy Days in Judaism, and which holidays do they include?
• What is Passover, and how is it celebrated in the Jewish religious year?

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External Websites

• The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe - Religious Year
• JewishEncyclopedia.com - Calendar
• Jewish Virtual Library - Jewish Holidays & Festivals: The Jewish Calendar: An Overview

The Sabbath in Jewish religious year Ask Anything Homework Help Also known as: Hebrew calendar, Jewish calendar Written by Sid Z. Leiman Professor of Jewish History and Literature; Chairman, Department of Judaic Studies, Brooklyn College, City University of New York. Sid Z. Leiman Fact-checked by Britannica Editors Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Britannica Editors History Britannica AI Ask Anything Table of Contents Table of Contents Ask Anything

The Jewish Sabbath (from Hebrew shavat, “to rest”) is observed throughout the year on the seventh day of the week—Saturday. According to biblical tradition, it commemorates the original seventh day on which God rested after completing the creation.

The precise origin of the seven-day week is unclear to scholars but may owe its origin partly to the four (approximately) seven-day phases of the Moon and partly to the Babylonian belief in the sacredness of the number seven. Some scholars, pointing to the Akkadian term shapattu, suggest a Babylonian origin for the seven-day week and the Sabbath. But shapattu, which refers to the day of the Full Moon and is nowhere described as a day of rest, has little in common with the Jewish Sabbath. It appears that the notion of the Sabbath as a holy day of rest, linking God to his people and recurring every seventh day, was unique to ancient Israel.

Importance

The central significance of the Sabbath for Judaism is reflected in the traditional commentative and interpretative literature called Talmud and Midrash and in numerous legends and adages from more recent literature. For example, in his 1898 essay “Shabbat and Zionism,” scholar and influential Zionist Aḥad Haʿam remarked that “more than Israel kept the Sabbath, the Sabbath kept Israel”; or as 20th-century Jewish philosopher Abraham Joshua Heschel noted in The Sabbath: Its Meaning for Modern Man (1951):

The meaning of the Sabbath is to celebrate time rather than space. Six days a week we live under the tyranny of things of space; on the Sabbath we try to become attuned to holiness in time. It is a day on which we are called upon to share in what is eternal in time, to turn from the results of creation to the mystery of creation, from the world of creation to the creation of the world.

Some of the basic teachings of Judaism affirmed by the Sabbath are God’s acts of creation, God’s role in history, and God’s covenant with Israel. Moreover, the Sabbath is the only Jewish holiday the observance of which is enjoined by the Ten Commandments. Jews are obligated to sanctify the Sabbath at home and in the synagogue by observing the Sabbath laws and engaging in worship and study. The leisure hours afforded by the ban against work on the Sabbath were put to good use by the rabbis, who used them to promote intellectual activity and spiritual regeneration among Jews. Other days of rest, such as the Christian Sunday and the Islamic Friday, owe their origins to the Jewish Sabbath.

Observances

The biblical ban against work on the Sabbath, while never clearly defined, includes such activities as baking and cooking, travelling, kindling fire, gathering wood, buying and selling, and bearing burdens from one domain into another. The talmudic rabbis listed 39 major categories of prohibited work, including agricultural activity (e.g., plowing and reaping), work entailed in the manufacture of cloth (e.g., spinning and weaving), work entailed in preparing documents (e.g., writing), and other forms of constructive work.

At home, the Sabbath begins Friday evening some 20 minutes before sunset, with the kindling of the Sabbath candles by the wife, or in her absence by the husband. In the synagogue, the Sabbath is ushered in at sunset with the recital of selected psalms and the Lekha Dodi, a 16th-century Kabbalistic (mystical) poem. The refrain of the latter goes: “Come, my beloved, to meet the bride,” the “bride” being the Sabbath. After the evening service, each Jewish household begins the first of three festive Sabbath meals by reciting the Kiddush (“sanctification” of the Sabbath) over a cup of wine. This is followed by a ritual washing of the hands and the breaking of bread; two loaves of bread (commemorating the double portions of manna described in Exodus) being placed before the breaker of bread at each Sabbath meal. After the festive meal, the remainder of the evening is devoted to study or relaxation.

The distinctive features of the Sabbath morning synagogue service include the public reading of the Torah, or Five Books of Moses (the portion read varies from week to week) and, generally, the sermon, both of which serve to educate the listeners. Following the service, the second Sabbath meal begins, again preceded by Kiddush (of lesser significance), and conforming for the most part to the first Sabbath meal. The afternoon synagogue service is followed by the third festive meal (without Kiddush). After the evening service, the Sabbath comes to a close with the Havdala (“Distinction”) ceremony, which consists of a benediction noting the distinction between Sabbath and weekday, usually recited over a cup of wine accompanied by a spice box and candle.

The Jewish holidays

The major Jewish holidays are the Pilgrim Festivals: Pesach (Passover), Shavuot (Feast of Weeks, or Pentecost), and Sukkot (Tabernacles); and the High Holy Days: Rosh Hashanah (New Year) and Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement). In common, their observance is required by the Torah and work is prohibited for the duration of the holiday (except on the intermediary days of the Pesach and Sukkot festivals, when work the neglect of which entails monetary loss is permitted). Purim (Feast of Lots) and Hanukkah (Feast of Dedication), while not mentioned in the Torah (and therefore of lesser solemnity), were instituted by Jewish authorities in the Persian and Greco-Roman periods. Lacking the work restrictions characteristic of the major festivals, they are sometimes regarded as minor festivals. In addition, there are the five fasts: Fast of 10 Ṭevet (ʿAsara be-Ṭevet), Fast of 17 Tammuz (Shivaʿ ʿAsar be-Tammuz), Tisha b’Av (Fast of 9 Av), Fast of Gedaliah (Tzom Gedaliahu), and Taʿanit Esther (Fast of Esther); and the lesser holidays—i.e., holidays the observances of which are few and not always clearly defined—such as Rosh Ḥodesh (First Day of the Month), Tu BiShvat (New Year for Trees), Lag BaOmer (33rd Day of Omer Counting), and Tu b’Av (15th of Av). Modern holidays such as Yom HaShoah (Holocaust Remembrance Day) are often observed but are not officially part of the liturgical calendar. The fasts and the lesser holidays also lack the work restrictions characteristic of the major festivals. Some of the fasts and Rosh Ḥodesh are mentioned in Scripture, but most of the details concerning their proper observance, as well as those concerning the other lesser holidays, were provided by the Talmudic and medieval rabbis.