Job (biblical Figure) - Wikipedia

Biblical figure This article is about the biblical figure. For the other Job figures, see Job (disambiguation).

Job
Job by Léon Bonnat (1880)
Prophet, Righteous
Venerated in	JudaismChristianityIslamDruze[1]Baháʼí FaithRastafari
Major shrine	Tomb of Job
Feast	April 27 (Coptic Orthodox Church) May 6 (Eastern Orthodox Church & Armenian Apostolic Church) May 9 (Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod) May 10 (Catholic Church) August 29 (Coptic Orthodox Church) December 26 (Armenian Apostolic Church)
Attributes	Often depicted as a man tested by God
Patronage	Despair sufferers of depression lepers
Major works	Book of Job

Job (English: /dʒoʊb/;[2] Hebrew: אִיּוֹב 'Īyyōv; Greek: Ἰώβ Iṓb) is the central figure of the Book of Job in the Bible. In Islam, Job (Arabic: أيوب, romanized: ʾAyyūb) is also considered a prophet.

Job is presented as a good and prosperous family man who is suddenly beset with horrendous disasters that take away all he holds dear—a scenario intended to test Job's faith in God. Struggling mightily to understand this situation, Job reflects on his despair but consistently remains devout.

The language of the Book of Job, combining post-Babylonian Hebrew and Aramaic influences, indicates it was composed during the Persian period (540–330 BCE), with the poet using Hebrew in a learned, literary manner.[3]

In the Hebrew Book of Job

[edit] Main article: Book of Job

The Hebrew Book of Job is part of Ketuvim ("Writings") of the Hebrew Bible. Not much is known about Job based on the Masoretic Text.

The characters in the Book of Job consist of Job, his wife, his three friends (Bildad, Eliphaz, and Zophar), a man named Elihu, God, and angels.

It begins with an introduction to Job's character—he is described as a blessed man who lives righteously in the Land of Uz. The Lord's praise of Job prompts an angel with the title of "satan" ("Adversary") to suggest that Job served God simply because God protected him. God removes Job's protection and gives permission to the angel to take his wealth, his children, and his physical health (but not his life). Despite his difficult circumstances, he does not curse God, but rather curses the day of his birth. And although he anguishes over his plight, he stops short of accusing God of injustice. Job's miserable earthly condition is simply God's will.

In the following, Job debates with three friends concerning his condition. They argue whether it was justified, and they debate solutions to his problems. Job ultimately condemns all their counsel, beliefs, and critiques of him as false. God then appears to Job and his friends out of a whirlwind. God rebukes the three friends and gives them instruction for the remission of sin, followed by Job being restored to an even better condition than his former wealthy state (Job 42:10–17). Job is blessed to have seven sons, as well as three daughters, named Jemimah (which means "dove"), Keziah ("cinnamon"), and Keren-happuch ("horn of eye-makeup"). His daughters were said to be the most beautiful women in the land.[4]

In the Greek Old Testament Book of Job

[edit] See also: Jobab ben Zerah

The Septuagint, an ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament, has a revised and updated final verse that claims Job's genealogy, asserting him to be a grandson of Esau and a ruler of Edom.

This man is described by the Syriac book as dwelling in the land of Uz, on the borders of Edom and Arabia. And his name before was Jobab. And having taken an Arabian wife, he fathered a son, whose name was Enan. And he himself had as father Zareh, from the sons of Esau. And his mother was Bosorra, so that it made him the fifth from Abraham. And these were the kings who were ruling in Edom, which territory also he himself ruled over: first, Bela, the son of Beor, and the name of his city was Dinhabah. And after Bela, Jobab, who was called Job. And after this, Husham, who was serving as leader from the territories of Thaiman. And after this. Hadad, son of Bered, who destroyed Midian in the field of Moab, and the name of his city was Avith. And his friends who came to him were Eliphaz, of the sons of Esau, king of the Temanites; Bildad, the tyrant of the Shuhites; and Zophar, the king of the Naamathites.[5]

In other religious texts

[edit]

Judaism

[edit]

• He is mentioned in the Book of Ezekiel.[6]
• He is cited as someone "who held fast to all the ways of justice" in the deuterocanonical Book of Sirach.[7]

Christianity

[edit]

• He is praised for his perseverance in the Christian Epistle of James.[8]
• He is the protagonist of a pseudepigraphal book called the Testament of Job.

Mormonism

[edit]

• He is mentioned in the Doctrine and Covenants, one of the four sacred texts of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).[9]

Islam

[edit]

• He is discussed as a prophet in the Quran by the name of Ayūb.

The Quran describes Job as a righteous servant of Allah, who was afflicted by suffering for a lengthy period of time. However, it clearly states that Job never lost faith in God and forever called to God in prayer, asking Him to remove his affliction:

And [mention] Job, when he called to his Lord, "Indeed, adversity has touched me, and you are the Most Merciful of the merciful."

— Quran, sura 21 (The Prophets), ayah 83 The Quran, sura 21, verse 83

Baháʼí

[edit]

• In the writings of the Baháʼí Faith: A lengthy tablet was written by Bahá'u'lláh, the first part of which is focused on Job. The Tablet is often referred to as the Tablet of Patience or the Tablet of Job.[10]

Job in Judaism

[edit] Main article: Job in rabbinic literature

A clear majority of rabbis saw Job as having in fact existed as a historically factual figure.

According to a minority view, Job never existed.[11] In this view, Job was a literary creation by a prophet who used this form of writing to convey a divine message. On the other hand, the Talmud (in Tractate Baba Batra 15a–16b) goes to great lengths trying to ascertain when Job actually lived, citing many opinions and interpretations by the leading sages.

Job is further mentioned in the Talmud as follows:[12]

• Job's resignation to his fate.[13]
• When Job was prosperous, anyone who associated with him even to buy from him or sell to him, was blessed.[14]
• Job's reward for being generous.[15]
• David, Job and Ezekiel described the Torah's length without putting a number to it.[16]
• Job was in fact one of three advisors that Pharaoh consulted, prior to taking action against the increasingly multiplying Israelites in the Book of Exodus. As described in the Talmud:[17] Balaam urged Pharaoh to kill the Hebrew new-born boys; Jethro opposed this decree; and Job, though personally opposed to the decree, kept silent and did not protest it. It is for Job's silence that God subsequently punishes him with his bitter afflictions.[18] However, the Book of Job itself contains no indication of this, and to the prophet Ezekiel, Yahweh refers to Job as a righteous man of the same calibre as Noah and Daniel.[19]

Christian views

[edit]

Christianity accepts the Book of Job as canon in its Old Testament. In addition, Job is mentioned in the New Testament of the Christian Bible: the Epistle of James (James 5:11) paraphrases Job as an example of patience in suffering.

Job's declaration, "I know that my redeemer lives, and that in the end he will stand on the earth" (Job 19:25, Heb. ואני ידעתי גאלי חי ואחרון על עפר יקום‎ wa’ănî yāḏa‘tî gō’ălî ḥāy; wə-’aḥărōn, ‘al-‘āp̄ār yāqūm),[20] is considered by some Christians to be a proto-Christian reference to Christ as the Redeemer, and is the basis of several Christian hymns, as well as the opening scene of Part III of Handel's Messiah. Jewish biblical commentators and scholars contest this by stating that Job "insists on a divine hearing in his lifetime" (cf. Job 16:19–22).[21]

Feast Days

[edit]

He is commemorated by the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod in their Calendar of Saints on May 9, by the Roman Catholic Church on May 10, and by the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches on May 6.

He is also commemorated by the Armenian Apostolic Church on May 6 and December 26, and by the Coptic Orthodox Church on April 27 and August 29. The Armenian Apostolic Church commemorates Job along with John the Baptist on the Thursday after the third Sunday of the Feast of the Assumption.[22]

Islamic views and Quranic account

[edit] Main article: Job in Islam

In the Qur'an, Job (Arabic: أيّوب, romanized: Ayyūb) is considered a prophet in Islam.[23] The narrative frame of Job's story in Islam is similar to the Hebrew Bible story but, in Islam, the emphasis is paid to Job remaining steadfast to God and there is no record of his despair, or mention of discussions with friends.[citation needed] Some Muslim commentators also spoke of Job as being the ancestor of the Romans.[24] Muslim literature also comments on Job's time and place of prophecy, saying that he came after Joseph in the prophetic series and that he preached to his own people rather than being sent to a specified community. Tradition further recounts that Job will be the leader of the group of "those who patiently endured" in Heaven.

Local traditions regarding Job

[edit]

There are at least two locations that claim to be the place of Job's ordeal, and at least three that claim to have his tomb.

The Eyüp Sultan Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey, holds the tomb of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, a companion of Muhammad, not the biblical/Qur'anic Job (Ayyub in Arabic, Eyüp in Turkish). The covered cave in the southeastern Turkish province of Urfa is one of the claimants.

Palestine

[edit]

In Palestinian folk tradition,[citation needed] Job's place of trial is Al-Jura, or Al-Joura, a village outside the town of Al-Majdal (today's Ashkelon, Israel). It was there God rewarded him with a fountain of youth that removed whatever illnesses he had, and gave him back his youth.

To the northwest of the depopulated Palestinian village of Dayr Ayyub is an area which, according to the village belief, contained the tomb of the prophet Ayyub, the biblical Job.[25]

In the area of Tabgha (Greek: Heptapegon), on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, a few sites are associated by local tradition with the life of Ayyub. A small grotto near the base of what is known to Christians as the Mount of Beatitudes, or Mount Eremos, is known as Mghraret Ayub ("Job's Cave").[citation needed] Two of the towers built in the Byzantine period to collect the water of the Heptapegon springs are named in Arabic Tannur Ayub ("Job's Kiln") and Hammam Ayyub ("Job's Bath").[26][27] Hammam Ayyub was initially called "the Leper's Bath", but the leper was later identified with Job; the nearby spring, now a waterfall, is known as Ain Ayub, "Job's Spring".[28][29]

Hauran, Syria

[edit]

The town of al-Shaykh Saad in the Hauran region in Syria has been associated with Job since at least the 4th-century AD. Karnein was mentioned in Eusebius' Onomasticon as a town of Bashan that was said to be the location of the house of Job. Egeria the pilgrim relates that a church was built over the place in March or February 384 AD, and that the place was known as the "town of Job", or "civitas Job". According to Egeria's account the body of Job was laid in a stone coffin below the altar.[30] According to tradition, Hammam Ayyub is a fountain in the town where Job washed himself when he was sick, and is reputed to have healing powers.[31] Another holy artifact in the town is the "Rock of Job", known in local folklore as the place where he sat when he was afflicted with the disease.[32]

Urfa, Turkey

[edit]

The city of Urfa (ancient Adma', later Edessa) in the Şanlıurfa Province, or Harran region of southeastern Turkey, also claims to be the location at which Job underwent his ordeal in a cave. The venue boasts an Ottoman-style mosque and madrasa that runs as shops today. A well exists within the complex, said to be the one formed when he struck the ground with his foot as described in the Quran. The water is considered to be miraculously curing. The whole complex underwent recent restoration.[33] The actual tomb of Job is located outside the city of Urfa.[34]

Oman

[edit]

The Tomb of Job is also said to be situated in Jabal Qarah outside the city of Salalah in southern Oman.[35]

El-Chouf mountains, Lebanon

[edit]

Additionally, the Druze community also maintains a shrine for the Prophet Job in Niha village in the Chouf mountains of Lebanon.[36][37] This shrine is said to be the place where Job was healed from his ailments after his wife carried his frail body up the steep mountain in a basket so he dies up there. Instead, he was healed and given an even larger wealth.

Ayodhya, India

[edit]

In a 16th-century Mughal document, Ain-i-Akbari, there is mention of a tomb, in Ayodhya, commonly believed to be the resting place of the Prophet Job.[38][39] The tomb of the Prophet Job in Ayodhya is also mentioned in the work India of Aurangzeb of Jadunath Sarkar.[39]

Gallery

[edit]

• Job speaking to his wife, as depicted by Georges de La Tour
• Job with his friends by Gerard Seghers
• The examination of Job, Satan pours on the plagues of Job, by William Blake
• Venerable Job, 17. century Northern Russia
• Job in the curing water, from a Persian illuminated manuscript version of Stories of the Prophets
• "Job and His Friends", one of Gustave Doré's illustrations for La Grande Bible de Tours
• "Job" (bronze, 1945), by Ivan Meštrović. Installed at Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York.
• Job and His Comforters, Luca Giordano c. 1700

See also

[edit]

• Behemoth
• Biblical and Quranic narratives
• Book of Job in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts
• Jobab ben Zerah
• Prophets of Islam
• Stories of The Prophets
• Testament of Job

References

[edit]

1. ^ S. Swayd, Samy (2009). The A to Z of the Druzes. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 109. ISBN 9780810868366. They also cover the lives and teachings of some biblical personages, such as Job, Jethro, Jesus, John, Luke, and others
2. ^ Wells, John, ed. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
3. ^ Edward L. Greenstein (2019). Job: A New Translation. Yale University Press. p. xxvii. ISBN 9780300163766. Determining the time and place of the book's composition is bound up with the nature of the book's language. The Hebrew prose of the frame tale, notwithstanding many classic features, shows that it was composed in the post-Babylonian era (after 540 BCE). The poetic core of the book is written in a highly literate and literary Hebrew, the eccentricities and occasional clumsiness of which suggest that Hebrew was a learned and not native language of the poet. The numerous words and grammatical shadings of Aramaic spread throughout the mainly Hebrew text of Job make a setting in the Persian era (approximately 540–330) fairly certain, for it was only in that period that Aramaic became a major language throughout the Levant. The poet depends on an audience that will pick up on subtle signs of Aramaic.
4. ^ Coogan, Michael B. (2009). Job's Wife and Daughters. Oxford University Press. p. 388.
5. ^ Penner, Ken M. (general editor) (2019). The Lexham English Septuagint. Lexham Press. p. 844.
6. ^ Ezekiel 14:14–18
7. ^ Sirach 49:9
8. ^ James 5:11
9. ^ Doctrine and Covenants 121:10
10. ^ "Tablet of Patience, or Tablet of Job". bahai-library.com. Retrieved 2018-06-24.
11. ^ Babylonian Talmud, Bava Batra 15a
12. ^ "Iyyov – Job WEBSHAS Index to the Talmud". Aishdas.org. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
13. ^ Pesachim 2b
14. ^ Pesachim 112a
15. ^ Megillah 28a
16. ^ Eruvin 21a
17. ^ Sotah 11a
18. ^ "Rabbi Yehudah Prero "The Passover Hagadah Maggid – Relating the Chain of Events Part 2"". Torah.org. 7 June 2002. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
19. ^ Ezekiel 14:14
20. ^ "Job 19:25 Hebrew Text Analysis". biblehub.com.
21. ^ Cf. "But I know that my Vindicator lives; In the end He will testify on earth – this, after my skin will have been peeled off." (Job, 19:25 Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (2014). The Jewish Study Bible. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. p. 1523. ISBN 978-0-19-997846-5. Retrieved 2 January 2017. – Vindicator, Hebrew "go'el", a person, usually a relative, who stood up for his kinsman's rights; also used of God in his relationship with Israel.
22. ^ "Job the Righteous and John the Forerunner". 2 September 2021. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
23. ^ Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary, note 2739: "Job (Ayub) was a prosperous man, with faith in Allah, living somewhere in the north-east corner of Arabia. He suffers from a number of calamities: his cattle are destroyed, his servants slain by the sword, and his family crushed under his roof. But he holds fast to his faith in Allah. As a further calamity he is covered with loathsome sores from head to foot. He loses his peace of mind, and he curses the day he was born. His false friends come and attribute his afflictions to sin. These "Job's comforters" are no comforters at all, and he further loses his balance of mind, but Allah recalls to him all His mercies, and he resumes his humility and gives up self-justification. He is restored to prosperity, with twice as much as he had before; his brethren and friends come back to him; he had a new family of seven sons and three fair daughters. He lived to a good old age, and saw four generations of descendants. All this is recorded in the Book of Job in the Christian Jewish Old Testament. Of all the Hebrew writings, the Hebrew of this Book comes nearest to Arabic."
24. ^ Brannon M. Wheeler, Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Job, p. 171
25. ^ W. Khalidi, 1992, "All that remains", p. 376
26. ^ [Stefano De Luca, Capernaum, paragraph on Tabgha, in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Archaeology, vol. 1, p. 179, New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2013]
27. ^ The Archeology of the New Testament: The Life of Jesus and the Beginning of the Early Church (Revised edition (1609) ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1992. p. 87. ISBN 0-691-00220-7. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
28. ^ Bargil Pixner OSB, Archäologie: Das Bad des Aussätzigen in Tabgha Archived 2009-08-23 at the Wayback Machine (Archaeology: the Leper's Bath in Tabgha), Dormition Abbey, 21st newsletter, January 2002 (in German)
29. ^ Eretz Magazine, Sermon Valley, accessed 10 December 2018
30. ^ Pringle, 1998, p. 239.
31. ^ Schumacher; Oliphant; le Strange, 1886, p. 194.
32. ^ Schumacher; Oliphant; le Strange, 1886, p.191.
33. ^ Eyyüb Nebi Çevre Düzenleme Projesi(Turkish)
34. ^ "Şanlıurfa'daki kutsal mekan 'Eyüp Nebi' yeni çehresine kavuşuyor". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2025-04-18.
35. ^ "Tomb of Job near Salalah". www.usna.edu. Archived from the original on 2023-03-27. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
36. ^ Panagakos, Anastasia (2015). Religious Diversity Today: Experiencing Religion in the Contemporary World [3 volumes]: Experiencing Religion in the Contemporary World. ABC-CLIO. p. 99. ISBN 9781440833328.
37. ^ Russell, Gerard (2015). Heirs to Forgotten Kingdoms: Journeys Into the Disappearing Religions of the Middle East. Hachette UK. ISBN 9780465097692. The "tomb" of the Prophet Job, in Lebanon's Shouf Mountains, is a holy site for the country's 250,000 Druze. Since they believe in reincarnation, however, they consider it a cenotaph.
38. ^ Salam, Ziya Us (2023-01-25). "Ayodhya, a city of paramount belief, steeped in folklore, mythology and faith". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2024-12-26.
39. ^ a b Noorani, A.G. (2014) [2003]. The Babri Masjid Question, 1528-2003 'A Matter of National Honour'. Vol. 1. Tulika Books. p. 42. ISBN 9789382381457.

External links

[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Job.

• Book of Job with Hebrew and English
• Themes of Job
• Summary of Job's life.
• Aristeas identifies Job with the Jobab mentioned in Genesis 36:33, a great-grandson of Esau
• An international fraternal organization for young women based on the teachings of the book of Job.
• The Story of Ayyub (Job). The same page is also available here
• "Job", Forest Park Monuments, NYC Dept of Parks & Recreation
• 360 Degree Tour of Prophet Job's Tomb in Urfa, Turkey
• "Job" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 422–427.

v t e Book of Job
Job In Islam In rabbinic literature
Bible chapters	Prologue (Job 1 2) Dialogue (3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31) Verdicts (32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41) Epilogue (42)
People and entities	Job's family members Job's wife Jemima Keziah Keren-happuch Job's friends Bildad Elihu Zophar Eliphaz Others Angels (including Satan) Behemoth Chaldeans Jobab ben Zerah Leviathan Rahab Sabeans Shuah Tannin Ziz
Places	Ethiopia Jordan River Ophir Sheba Tema Teman (Edom) Uz
Phrases/Terms	Eloah Shaddai YHWH Chol
Related religious texts	Testament of Job Moralia in Job Add MS 31031 of 945 Cîteaux
In art	Films Adam's Apples (2005) A Serious Man (2009) The Reverend (2011) Leviathan (2014) The Shift (2023) Literature Job (1930 novel) Job (1939 radio play) A Masque of Reason (1945 play) Silverlock (1949 novel) Answer to Job (1952 analysis) J.B. (1958 play) God's Favorite (1974 play) Job's Passion (1981 play) Job: A Comedy of Justice (1984 novel) Job's Wife (2002 play) Other Byzantine illuminated manuscripts Job (Bronze sculpture by Judith Shea) William Blake's Illustrations of the Book of Job
Other	Tomb of Job
Sources	Hebrew Bible Septuagint Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version

v t e Prophets in the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament
Pre-Patriarchal	Abel‡ Enoch‡ Noah‡ (in rabbinic literature)
Patriarchs / Matriarchs	Abraham Isaac Jacob Sarah
Israelite prophetsin the Torah	Moses (in rabbinic literature) Aaron Miriam Eldad and Medad Phinehas
Mentioned in theFormer Prophets	Joshua Deborah Gideon Samson Elkanah Hannah Abigail Samuel Gad Nathan David Solomon Jeduthun Ahijah Shemaiah Elijah Elisha Iddo Hanani Jehu Micaiah Jahaziel Eliezer ben Dodavah Zechariah ben Jehoiada Huldah
Major	Isaiah (in rabbinic literature) Jeremiah Ezekiel Daniel‡ (in rabbinic literature)
Minor	Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah (in rabbinic literature) Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi
Noahide	Beor Balaam Job (in rabbinic literature)
Other	Amoz Beeri Baruch Agur Uriah Buzi Mordecai Esther (in rabbinic literature) Ezra Nehemiah Ruth Oded Azariah
Italics indicate persons whose status as prophets is not universally accepted. ‡ indicates persons whose status as prophets is exclusive to Christianity.

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Popes	Adeodatus I Adeodatus II Adrian III Agapetus I Agatho Alexander I Anacletus Anastasius I Anicetus Anterus Benedict II Boniface I Boniface IV Caius Callixtus I Celestine I Celestine V Clement I Cornelius Damasus I Dionysius Eleuterus Eugene I Eusebius Eutychian Evaristus Fabian Felix I Felix III Felix IV Gelasius I Gregory I Gregory II Gregory III Gregory VII Hilarius Hormisdas Hyginus Innocent I John I John XXIII John Paul II Julius I Leo I Leo II Leo III Leo IV Leo IX Linus Lucius I Marcellinus Marcellus I Mark Martin I Miltiades Nicholas I Paschal I Paul I Paul VI Peter Pius I Pius V Pius X Pontian Sergius I Silverius Simplicius Siricius Sixtus I Sixtus II Sixtus III Soter Stephen I Stephen IV Sylvester I Symmachus Telesphorus Urban I Victor I Vitalian Zachary Zephyrinus Zosimus
Prophets	Agabus Amos Anna Baruch ben Neriah David Elijah Ezekiel Habakkuk Haggai Hosea Isaiah Jeremiah Job Joel John the Baptist Jonah Judas Barsabbas Malachi Melchizedek Micah Moses Nahum Obadiah Samuel Seven Maccabees and their mother Simeon Zechariah (prophet) Zechariah (NT) Zephaniah
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See also	Calendar of saints Four Holy Marshals Fourteen Holy Helpers Great Martyr Martyr of charity Military saints Athleta Christi Miles Christianus Church Militant Seven Champions Venerated couples Virtuous pagan
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v t e Saints in the Coptic Church
Patriarchs	Abraham Isaac Jacob Joseph
Prophets	Moses Job Samuel David Hosea Amos Micah Joel Obadiah Jonah Nahum Noah Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Isaiah Jeremiah Baruch Ezekiel Daniel John the Baptist
Theotokos	Mary, Our Lady of Assiut Warraq Zeitoun
Seven Archangels	Michael Gabriel Raphael Suriel Zedekiel Sarathiel Ananiel
Apostles	Andrew Bartholomew James, son of Alphaeus James, son of Zebedee John Jude Matthew Matthias Paul Peter Philip Simon Thomas
Disciples	Apollos Barnabas Mary Magdalene Phoebe the Deaconess Philemon Priscilla and Aquila Silvanus Stephen Timothy Titus Seventy disciples
Evangelists	Matthew Mark Luke John
Martyrs	21 Martyrs of Libya Abāmūn Abāmūn Abanoub Abaskhiron Alexandrian Martyrs Arianus Apollonia Barbara Bashnouna Basilides and Potamiana Catherine Chrysanthus and Daria Chiaffredo Colluthus Cosmas and Damian Cyprian and Justina Cyrus and John Dasya Demiana Dismas the Good Thief Dorothea Elias and Companions Epimachus Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius Felix and Regula Gabriel Abdel El-Metgaly Gallicanus George George Bishop of Assiut George El Mozahem Gereon Hor, Besoy, and Daydara Holy Innocents Imbaba Martyrs Isaac of Dafra John of Senhout Kosheh Martyrs Malati Marina the Martyr Maspero Martyrs Maurice Memnon Menas Mohrael Moura Nag Hammadi Otimus Philomena Philotheos Rais Sarah Sidhom Bishay Theban Legion Thecla Theoclia Theodora and Didymus Theodore Stratelates Varus Veronica Wadamoun Wanas
Church Fathers	Clement of Rome Ignatius of Antioch Polycarp Papias of Hierapolis Justin Martyr Irenaeus Clement of Alexandria Athanasius of Alexandria Basil of Caesarea Gregory of Nyssa Gregory of Nazianzus John Chrysostom Cyprian Hilary of Poitiers Ambrose Jerome Augustine of Hippo Aphrahat Ephrem the Syrian Isaac of Antioch Paul of Thebes Anthony the Great Pachomius the Great Arsenius the Great Poemen Macarius of Egypt Syncletica of Alexandria John Cassian Alexander of Jerusalem Porphyrius of Gaza Alexander I of Alexandria Dionysius of Alexandria Epiphanius of Salamis Nichola of Myra
Popes	Mark I Anianus Avilius Kedron Justus Eumenes Markianos Celadion Agrippinus Julian Demetrius I Heraclas Dionysius Theonas Felix of Rome Peter I Alexander I Athanasius I Peter II Timothy I Theophilus I Cyril I Dioscorus I Timothy II Peter III Dioscorus II Timothy III Theodosius I Peter IV Damian Anastasius Andronicus Benjamin I Agathon Simeon I Alexander II Theodore I Michael I John IV Mark II James Simeon II Joseph I Michael II Cosmas II Michael III Gabriel I Cosmas III Abraham Zacharias Cyril II Macarius II Matthew I Gabriel VII John XIV Cyril V Macarius III Cyril VI
Patriarchs and Bishops	Abadiu of Antinoe Abraam of Faiyum Alexander of Jerusalem Amun of Scetis Basil of Caesarea Bar Hebraeus Cyril of Jerusalem Epiphanius of Cyprus Eusebius of Caesarea Gregory of Nazianzus Gregory of Nyssa Gregory of Neocaesarea Ignatius of Antioch Jacob of Nisibis James of Jerusalem John of Nikiû John of Jerusalem Karas of California Mikhaeil of Asyut Narcissus of Jerusalem Nicholas of Myra Paphnutius of Scetis Paphnutius of Thebes Polycarp of Smyrna Porphyrius of Gaza Psote of Ebsay Serapion of Thmuis Severus of Antioch Severian of Gabala Yousab el-Abah of Girga
Monks and nuns	Abdel Messih El-Makari Abib and Apollo Abraham of Farshut Abraham of Scetis Amun Anthony the Great Awgin Bashnouna Hilarion Horsiesius Hospitius Mother Irini Isaac of Nineveh Isidore of Pelusium John Climacus John the Dwarf Macarius of Alexandria Macarius of Egypt Marina the Monk Moses the Black Nilus of Sinai Pachomius the Great Pambo Parsoma Patapios Paul of Thebes Paul of Tammah Paul the Simple Petronius Pishoy Poemen Samuel the Confessor Sisoes the Great Tekle Haymanot Theodorus of Tabennese Theodora of Alexandria
Anchorites	Karas Mary Misael Onuphrius Paphnutius Paul Pijimi Shenouda Thomas Zosimas
Missionaries	Gregory the Illuminator Maurice Nino Frumentius Nine Saints
Other saints	Ambrose Clement of Alexandria Didymus the Blind Euphrosyne Habib Girgis Candidus Simon the Tanner Three Holy Children Maximus and Domatius Verena
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v t e Prophets in the Quran
آدَم إِدرِيس نُوح هُود صَالِح إِبْرَاهِيْم لُوط إِسْمَاعِيْل Adam Adam Idris Enoch (?) Nuh Noah Hud Eber (?) Salih Selah (?) Ibrahim Abraham Lut Lot Ismail Ishmael
إِسْحَاق يَعْقُوب يُوسُف أَيُّوْب شُعَيْب مُوسَى هَارُون ذُو الكِفْل دَاوُد Is'haq Isaac Yaqub Jacob Yusuf Joseph Ayyub Job Shuayb Jethro (?) Musa Moses Harun Aaron Dhu l-Kifl Ezekiel (?) Gautama Buddha (?) Dawud David
سُلَيْمَان إِلْيَاس اليَسَع يُونُس زَكَرِيَّا يَحْيَى عِيسَى مُحَمَّد Sulayman Solomon Ilyas Elijah Al-Yasa Elisha Yunus Jonah Zakariya Zechariah Yahya John Isa Jesus Muhammad Muhammad
Note: Muslims believe that there were many prophets sent by God to mankind. The Islamic prophets above are only the ones mentioned by name in the Quran.

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