Political alliance in India For other uses, see Left Democratic Front (disambiguation).
Left Democratic Front ഇടതുപക്ഷ ജനാധിപത്യ മുന്നണി
Abbreviation
LDF
Leader
Pinarayi Vijayan (Chief Minister of Kerala)
Chairperson
T. P. Ramakrishnan
Lok Sabha Leader
K. Radhakrishnan
Rajya Sabha Leader
John Brittas
Founders
P. K. Vasudevan NairE. M. S. Namboodiripad
Founded
1979; 46 years ago (1979)
Membership (2024)
6,590,526
Ideology
SocialismSecularism
Political position
Centre-left
Colours
Red
Lok Sabha
1 / 20
Rajya Sabha
6 / 9
Kerala Legislative Assembly
98 / 140
Gram Panchayats
514 / 941
Panchayat Samitis
108 / 152
Zilla Parishads
11 / 14
Municipalities
43 / 86
Politics of India
Political parties
Elections
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The Left Democratic Front (LDF) is an alliance of left-wing political parties led by Communist Party of India (Marxist) in the Indian state of Kerala. It is the current ruling political alliance of Kerala, since 2016.[1] It is one of the two major political alliances in Kerala, the other being Indian National Congress-led United Democratic Front, each of which has been in power alternately for the last four decades.[2] LDF has won the elections to the State Legislature of Kerala in the years 1980,[3] 1987,[4] 1996,[5] 2006,[6] 2016[7] and had a historic re-election in 2021[8] where an incumbent government was re-elected for the first time in 40 years.[9] LDF has won 6 out of 10 elections since the formation of the alliance in 1980. The alliance consists of CPI(M), CPI and various smaller parties.[10]
LDF has been in power in the State Legislature of Kerala under E. K. Nayanar (1980–81, 1987–91, 1996–2001),[11] V. S. Achuthanandan (2006-11),[12] Pinarayi Vijayan (2016–current).[13] E. K. Nayanar served as the Chief Minister of Kerala for 11 years and later became the longest serving Chief Minister of Kerala.[14]
The alliance led by Pinarayi Vijayan returned to power in 2016 Assembly Election winning 91 out of 140 seats and further increasing its tally to 99 seats in the 2021 Assembly Election. Pinarayi Vijayan became the first Chief minister of Kerala to be re-elected after completing a full term (five years) in office after a historic election in 2021 where an incumbent government was re-elected for the first time in 40 years.[15]
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History
[edit] See also: Communism in Kerala
Early years (1957–1979)
[edit]1st cabinet ministry of Kerala led by E. M. S. Namboodiripad (1957)
The political scenario in Kerala (1957–1980) was characterized by continually shifting alliances, party mergers and splits, factionalism within the coalitions and within political parties, and the formation of a numerous splinter groups.[16] 1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election was the first assembly election in the Indian state of Kerala. The Communist Party of India won the election with 60 seats. The election led to the formation of first democratically elected communist government in India. A Communist-led government under E. M. S. Namboodiripad resulted from the first elections for the new Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1957, making him the first communist leader in India to head a popularly elected government.[17][18] It was one of the first Communist governments to be democratically elected, after Communist successes in the 1945 elections in the Republic of San Marino, a microstate in Europe, and the 1946 Czechoslovak elections.[1][19][20] The coalition politics of Kerala began with second election held to the state legislative assembly in 1960.[16] The Communist Party of India (Marxist) first came into power in Kerala in 1967, under Seven party front, which was an alliance of CPI(M), CPI, IUML, and four other parties.[21] In 1970's, the major political parties in the state were unified under two major coalitions, one of them led by Indian National Congress and Communist Party of India and the other by CPI(M).
Formation of LDF (1979)
[edit]
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, two main pre-poll political alliances were formed: the Left Democratic Front (LDF), led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Communist Party of India and the United Democratic Front (UDF), led by the Indian National Congress.[16] These pre-poll political alliances of Kerala have stabilized strongly in such a manner that, with rare exceptions, most of the coalition partners stick their loyalty to the respective alliances (Left Democratic Front or United Democratic Front).
Left Democratic Front (1980–present)
[edit]2nd Nayanar Ministry (1987)
LDF first came into power in 1980 election under the leadership of E. K. Nayanar sworn in as the Chief Minister of Kerala on 26 March 1980[22] for the first time in 1980. He formed government with the support of Congress (A) under A. K. Antony and Kerala Congress under K. M. Mani, Nayanar later became the longest serving Chief Minister of Kerala, ever since 1980 election, the power has been clearly alternating between the two alliances till the 2016.[16] LDF has won 6 out of 10 elections since the formation of the alliance in 1980. Since 1980, none of alliances in Kerala has been re-elected till the 2016. The 1987, 1996 elections led E. K. Nayanar, and the 2006 elections led by V. S. Achuthanandan formed governments and completed their full terms but were not re-elected. In 2016, LDF won the 2016 election led by Pinarayi Vijayan and had a historic re-election in 2021 election where an incumbent government was re-elected for first time in 40 years. Pinarayi Vijayan is the first Chief minister of Kerala to be re-elected after completing a full term (five years) in office.[15]
List of LDF Conveners
[edit] Founders of the LDFE. M. S. NamboodiripadP. K. Vasudevan Nair E. K. NayanarLongest serving Chief minister of Kerala
The following are the associate member parties in LDF:[26][27]
National Secular Conference
Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)
JSS (Left)
Marxist-Leninist Party of India (Red Flag)
National League (leader – Abdul Wahab)[28]
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Chief ministers
[edit] Main article: List of chief ministers of Kerala
List of chief ministers from Left Democratic Front in Kerala (1980–present)
[edit]
No[a]
Portrait
Name[b]
Tenure
Total
Party[c]
Ministry
1
E. K. Nayanar(1919–2004)
25 January 1980
20 October 1981
1 year, 268 days
10 years, 353 days
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Nayanar I
26 March 1987
24 June 1991
4 years, 90 days
Nayanar II
20 May 1996
17 May 2001
4 years, 362 days
Nayanar III
2
V. S. Achuthanandan(1923–2025)
18 May 2006
18 May 2011
5 years, 0 days
5 years 0 days
Achuthanandan
3
Pinarayi Vijayan(b. 1945)
25 May 2016
19 May 2021
9 years, 200 days
9 years, 200 days
Pinarayi I
20 May 2021
Incumbent
Pinarayi II
List of chief ministers from parties of Left Democratic Front (1957-1980)
[edit]
No[d]
Portrait
Name[e]
Tenure
Total
Party[f]
Ministry
1
E. M. S. Namboodiripad(1909–1998)
5 April 1957
31 July 1959
2 years, 117 days
4 years 357 days
Communist Party of India
Namboodiripad I
6 March 1967
1 November 1969
2 years, 240 days
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Namboodiripad II
2
C. Achutha Menon(1913–1991)
1 November 1969
3 August 1970
275 days
7 years, 80 days
Communist Party of India
Achutha Menon I
4 October 1970
25 March 1977
6 years, 172 days
Achutha Menon II
3
P. K. Vasudevan Nair(1926–2005)
29 October 1978
12 October 1979
348 days
348 days
Vasudevan Nair
List of political alliances of Kerala in power (1980–present)
[edit]
No.
Political alliance
Total days in governance
Number of Chief ministers
1
LDF
9318 days
3
2
UDF
7,295 days
3
Electoral history
[edit]
Kerala Legislative Assembly elections
[edit]
Vote share in consecutive Kerala Assembly elections
1982
47.25%
1987
44.97%
1991
45.88%
1996
45.88%
2001
43.70%
2006
48.63%
2011
44.94%
2016
43.48%
2021
45.43%
Performance of Left Democratic Front, Kerala in Kerala Assembly elections
Election Year
Leader
Seats won
Change
Outcome
1980
E. K. Nayanar
93 / 140
New
Government, later Opposition
1982
63 / 140
30
Opposition
1987
78 / 140
15
Government
1991
48 / 140
42
Opposition
1996
80 / 140
32
Government
2001
V. S. Achuthanandan
40 / 140
40
Opposition
2006
98 / 140
58
Government
2011
68 / 140
30
Opposition
2016
Pinarayi Vijayan
91 / 140
23
Government
2021
99 / 140
8
Government
All time-LDF Kerala assembly seat count (For majority=70 seats)
Assembly election result by alliance
[edit]
Election
Seats won
RulingCoalition
Majority
LDF
UDF
Others
1980
93
46
1
LDF
47
1982
63
77
0
UDF
14
1987
78
61
1
LDF
17
1991
48
90
2
UDF
40
1996
80
59
1
LDF
21
2001
40
99
1
UDF
59
2006
98
42
0
LDF
56
2011
68
72
0
UDF
4
2016
91
47
2
LDF
44
2021
99
41
0
LDF
58
Indian General Elections (Lok Sabha)
[edit]
Performance of Left Democratic Front, Kerala in Lok Sabha elections
Election Year
Legislature
Seats won / contested
Change in seats
Total votes
Per. of votes
Change in vote %
Ref.
1980
7th Lok Sabha
12 / 20
12
N/A
N/A
N/A
[29]
1984
8th Lok Sabha
2 / 20
10
4,607,568
42.24%
N/A
[30][31]
1989
9th Lok Sabha
3 / 20
1
6,370,627
42.93%
0.70%
[32]
1991
10th Lok Sabha
4 / 20
1
6,446,253
44.28%
1.35%
[33][34]
1996
11th Lok Sabha
10 / 20
6
6,469,266
44.87%
0.59%
[35]
1998
12th Lok Sabha
9 / 20
1
6,628,189
44.55%
0.32%
[36]
1999
13th Lok Sabha
9 / 20
6,713,244
43.70%
0.85%
[37]
2004
14th Lok Sabha
18 / 20
9
6,962,151
46.15%
2.45%
[38]
2009
15th Lok Sabha
4 / 20
14
6,717,418
41.89%
4.26%
[39]
2014
16th Lok Sabha
8 / 20
4
7,211,257
40.12%
1.77%
[40]
2019
17th Lok Sabha
1 / 20
7
7,156,387
36.29%
3.83%
[41]
2024
18th Lok Sabha
1 / 20
6,590,526
33.34%
2.95%
In Kerala Municipal Corporations
[edit]
Corporation
Election Year
Seats won/Total seats
Sitting side
Thiruvananthapuram Corporation
2020
52 / 100
Government
Kozhikode Municipal Corporation
49 / 75
Government
Kochi Municipal Corporation
34 / 74
Government
Kollam Municipal Corporation
39 / 55
Government
Thrissur Municipal Corporation
24 / 55
Government
Kannur Municipal Corporation
19 / 55
Opposition
List of elected members
[edit]
Kerala Legislative Assembly
[edit]
The LDF is the ruling alliance in Kerala which has 99 seats out of the 140 in the Kerala Niyamasabha.
Map of Kerala showing 2021 State Legislative Assembly Election Results
No.
Party
Current No. of MLAs in Assembly
1
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
62
2
Communist Party of India
17
3
Kerala Congress (M)
5
4
Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)
2
5
Janata Dal (Secular)
2
6
Kerala Congress (B)
1
7
Rashtriya Janata Dal (Previously LJD)
1
8
Indian National League
1
9
Congress (Secular)
1
10
Janadhipathya Kerala Congress
1
11
National Secular Conference
1
12
LDF Supported Independents
4
Total Seats
98
The following list shows the MLAs belonging to LDF in the Niyamasabha.
Key
CPI(M) CPI KC(M) JD(S) LJD NCP
INL KC(B) Cong(S) RSP(L) NSC
Independent
Sl.no
Constituency
Name of theelected MLA
Partyaffiliation
Kasaragod district
1
Udma
C. H. Kunhambu
CPI(M)
2
Kanhangad
E. Chandrasekharan
CPI
3
Thrikaripur
M. Rajagopalan
CPI(M)
Kannur district
4
Payyanur
T. I. Madusoodhanan
CPI(M)
5
Kalliasseri
M.Vijin
CPI(M)
6
Taliparamba
M.V Govindan Master
CPI(M)
7
Kannur
Kadannappalli Ramachandran
Cong (S)
8
Dharmadom
Pinarayi Vijayan
CPI(M)
9
Thalassery
A. N. Shamseer
CPI(M)
10
Kuthuparamba
K.P Mohanan
RJD
11
Mattanur
K. K. Shailaja
CPI(M)
12
Azhikode
K.V Sumesh
CPI(M)
Wayanad district
13
Mananthavady
O. R. Kelu
CPI(M)
Kozhikode district
14
Nadapuram
E. K. Vijayan
CPI
15
Koyilandy
Kanathil Jameela
CPI(M)
16
Perambra
T. P. Ramakrishnan
CPI(M)
17
Balussery
K.M Sachin Dev
CPI(M)
18
Elathur
A. K. Saseendran
NCP
19
Kozhikode North
Thottathil Raveendran
CPI(M)
20
Beypore
P.A Muhammed Riyas
CPI(M)
21
Kunnamangalam
P. T. A. Rahim
NSC
22
Kozhikode
Ahamed Devarkovil
INL
23
Thiruvambady
Linto Joseph
CPI(M)
24
Kuttiyadi
K.P Kunhammad Kutty
CPI(M)
Malappuram district
25
Nilambur
vacant
26
Tanur
V. Abdurahiman
CPI(M)
27
Thavanur
K.T. Jaleel
Independent
28
Ponnani
P.Nandakumar
CPI(M)
Palakkad district
29
Pattambi
Muhammed Muhsin
CPI
30
Shornur
P Mammikutty
CPI(M)
31
Ottapalam
K.Premkumar
CPI(M)
32
Kongad
K.Shanthakumari
CPI(M)
33
Malampuzha
A Prabhakaran
CPI(M)
34
Tarur
P.P Sumod
CPI(M)
35
Chittur
K. Krishnankutty
JD(S)
36
Nenmara
K. Babu
CPI(M)
37
Alathur
K. D. Prasenan
CPI(M)
38
Thrithala
M.B Rajesh
CPI(M)
Thrissur district
39
Chelakkara
U R Pradeep
CPI(M)
40
Wadakkanchery
Xavier Chittilappilly
CPI(M)
41
Kunnamkulam
A. C. Moideen
CPI(M)
42
Guruvayur
N.K Akbar
CPI(M)
43
Manalur
Murali Perunelli
CPI(M)
44
Ollur
K. Rajan
CPI
45
Thrissur
P Balachandran
CPI
46
Nattika
C.C Mukundan
CPI
47
Kaipamangalam
E. T. Tyson
CPI
48
Irinjalakuda
R Bindhu
CPI(M)
49
Puthukkad
K.K Ramachandran
CPI(M)
51
Kodungallur
V. R. Sunil Kumar
CPI
Ernakulam district
52
Vypeen
K.N Unnikrishnan
CPI(M)
53
Kalamasseri
P.Rajeev
CPI(M)
54
Kochi
K. J. Maxi
CPI(M)
55
Kothamangalam
Antony John
CPI(M)
56
Kunnathunadu
P.V Sreenijan
CPI(M)
Idukki district
57
Devikulam
A Raja
CPI(M)
58
Udumbanchola
M. M. Mani
CPI(M)
59
Peerumade
E. S. Bijimol
CPI
60
Idukki
Roshy Augustine
KC(M)
Kottayam district
61
Vaikom
C. K. Asha
CPI
62
Ettumanoor
V.N Vasavan
CPI(M)
63
Changanassery
Adv Job Michael
KC(M)
64
Poonjar
Sebastian Kulathunkal
KC(M)
65
Kanjirappalli
Dr N Jayaraj
KC(M)
Alappuzha district
66
Cherthala
P.Prasad
CPI
67
Alappuzha
P. P. Chitharanjan
CPI(M)
68
Ambalappuzha
H.Salam
CPI(M)
69
Kayamkulam
Prathiba Hari
CPI(M)
70
Mavelikkara
M.S Arunkumar
CPI(M)
71
Chengannur
Saji Cherian
CPI(M)
72
Kuttanad
Thomas K. Thomas
NCP
73
Aroor
Dhaleema Jojo
CPI(M)
Pathanamthitta district
74
Thiruvalla
Mathew T. Thomas
JD(S)
75
Ranni
Pramod Narayanan
KC(M)
76
Aranmula
Veena George
CPI(M)
77
Konni
K. U. Jenish Kumar
CPI(M)
78
Adoor
Chittayam Gopakumar
CPI
Kollam district
79
Kunnathur
Kovoor Kunjumon
RSP (L)
80
Kottarakkara
K.N Balagopal
CPI(M)
81
Pathanapuram
K. B. Ganesh Kumar
KC(B)
82
Punalur
P. S. Supal
CPI
83
Chadayamangalam
J.Chinchu Rani
CPI
84
Kollam
M. Mukesh
CPI(M)
85
Eravipuram
M. Noushad
CPI(M)
86
Chathannoor
G.S. Jayalal
CPI
87
Chavara
Sujith Vijayan Pillai
CPI(M)
Thiruvananthapuram district
88
Varkala
V. Joy
CPI(M)
89
Aruvikkara
G.Stephen
CPI(M)
90
Nemam
V.Shivankutty
CPI(M)
91
Attingal
O.S Ambika
CPI(M)
92
Chirayinkeezhu
V. Sasi
CPI
93
Nedumangad
G.R Anil
CPI
94
Vamanapuram
D. K. Murali
CPI(M)
95
Kazhakoottam
Kadakampally Surendran
CPI(M)
96
Vattiyoorkavu
V. K. Prasanth
CPI(M)
97
Parassala
C. K. Hareendran
CPI(M)
98
Kattakkada
I. B. Sathish
CPI(M)
99
Neyyattinkara
K. A. Ansalan
CPI(M)
100
Thiruvananthapuram
Adv Antony Raju
JKC
Rajya Sabha
[edit] Main article: List of Rajya Sabha members from Kerala
Keys:
CPI(M) (3) CPI (2) KC(M) (1)
#
Name[42]
Party
Term start[43]
Term end[43]
1
A. A. Rahim
CPM
03-Apr-2022
03-Apr-2028
2
V. Sivadasan
CPM
24-Apr-2021
23-Apr-2027
3
John Brittas
CPM
24-Apr-2021
23-Apr-2027
4
P. Santhosh Kumar
CPI
03-Apr-2022
03-Apr-2028
5
P. P. Suneer
CPI
02-Jul-2024
01-Jul-2030
6
Jose K Mani
KC(M)
02-Jul-2024
01-Jul-2030
Lok Sabha
[edit] Main article: List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha
CPI(M) (1)
#
Constituency
Name
Party
1
Alathur (SC)
K. Radhakrishnan
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Kerala local body elections
[edit]
The Left Democratic Front (LDF), who also forms the state government, won in more than half of all gram panchayats and block panchayats, two-thirds of district panchayats and in five out of six municipal corporations.
2020 Kerala local elections
Local self-government body
Local Bodies in lead
Total
LDF
UDF
Others
Tie
Gram Panchayats
514
321
42
64
941
Block Panchayats
108
38
0
6
152
District Panchayats
11
3
0
0 [g]
14
Municipalities
43
41
2
0 [h]
86
Corporations
5
1
0
0
6
2015 Kerala local elections
Local self-government body
Local Bodies won
Total
LDF
UDF
NDA
Others
Gram Panchayats
549
365
14
13
941
Block Panchayats
90
61
0
1
152
District Panchayats
7
7
0
0
14
Municipalities
44
41
1
0
87
Corporations
4
2
0
0
6
Political activism
[edit] See also: Political activism in Kerala
On 7 December 2011, the LDF organized a 208 km human wall demanding the construction of a new dam in place of the present 115-year leaky dam at Mullapperiyar. The human wall was the second-longest of the kind in Kerala which stretched across two districts.[44]
LDF launched its website ahead of 2011 Kerala Assembly Election.[45]
See also
[edit]
Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala
Communism in Kerala
United Front (1967–1969, Kerala)
Left Front (West Bengal)
Politics of Kerala
United Democratic Front (Kerala)
Political parties in Kerala
List of communist parties in India
Notes
[edit]
^A number in parentheses indicates that the incumbent has previously held office
^Year in parentheses indicates life span
^This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.
^A number in parentheses indicates that the incumbent has previously held office
^Year in parentheses indicates life span
^This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.
^The ties were later resolved, LDF now control 11 and UDF controls 3 district panchayats. Refer Aftermath section
^The ties were later resolved and LDF now control 43 municipalities and UDF controls 41. Refer Aftermath section
References
[edit]
^"The Left returns in Kerala". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
^"Election history of Kerala". CEO Kerala. Chief Election Officer, Kerala. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
^"Victory of CPI-M-led LDF in Kerala elections manifests swing away from Congress(I)". India Today. 15 February 1980. Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
^"It was a vote for secularism, democracy and progress: E.K. Nayanar". India Today. 15 April 1987. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
^"Elections 1996: Marxists-led LDF dislodges Congress(I) and its allies". India Today. 31 May 1996. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
^"Return of the warrior V. S. Achuthanandan". India Today. 10 April 2016. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
^"Pinarayi Vijayan takes oath as Kerala Chief Minister Hailing from a poor toddy tapper's family, Vijayan, a first time Chief Minister, took the oath in Malayalam". The Indian Express. 26 May 2016. Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
^"Election results: Left creates history in Kerala". The Times of India. 2 May 2021. %1$s Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021. {{cite web}}: Check |archive-url= value (help)
^"How 'captain' Pinarayi Vijayan led LDF in Kerala, is set to break a decades-old record". The Print. 2 May 2021. Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
^"Alliance Wise and Party Wise Kerala Election Results 2021 LIVE". First Post. Archived from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
^"KERALA NIYAMASABHA E.K.NAYANAR". stateofkerala.in. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
^"Kerala Council of Ministers:2006–2011". keralaassembly.org. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
^"Chief Ministers of kerala". kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
^"E.K.Nayanar". niyamasabha.org. Archived from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
^ ab"LDF shatters Kerala's 40-year record, Pinarayi Vijayan now the Marxist Helmsman". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
^ abcd"India". Australia: Refugee Review Tribunal. 19 March 2007. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2019 – via archive.is.
^Olle Törnquist (1991). "Communists and democracy: Two Indian cases and one debate" (PDF). Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars. 23 (2). Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars: 63–76. doi:10.1080/14672715.1991.10413152. ISSN 0007-4810. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011. The first democratically elected communist-led government in India actually came to power in 1957 in the southwest-Indian state of Kerala. Two years later this government was undemocratically toppled-by the union government and the Congress-I party with Indira Gandhi in the forefront. But the communists were reelected and led several of the following state governments.
^Sarina Singh; Amy Karafin; Anirban Mahapatra (1 September 2009). South India. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74179-155-6. Archived from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
^K.G. Kumar (12 April 2007). "50 years of development". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
^Manali Desai (27 November 2006). State Formation and Radical Democracy in India. Taylor & Francis. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-203-96774-4. Archived from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
^Luke Koshi, Saritha S. Balan (19 June 2017). "Kerala chronicles: When a coalition of 7 political parties came together only to fall apart" Archived 19 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine. The News Minute. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
^"History of Kerala legislature – Government of Kerala, India". kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
^ ab"E P Jayarajan no longer LDF convener, Ramakrishnan will replace him: CPI(M)". The Indian Express. 31 August 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
^TNN (27 December 2018). "Kerala: Four new parties find berths in LDF". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
^"Kerala Congress (M) Jose K Mani faction joins LDF". The News Minute. 14 October 2020. Archived from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
^DC Correspondent, DC Correspondent. "NCP may choose Kovoor Kunjumon as Cabinet minister". DC. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^Govind, Biju (6 July 2021). "Kerala politics: Indian National League and National Secular Conference appear to part ways". The Hindu.
^"INL Wahab faction announces new party, assures support to LDF". 6 March 2024.
^"LS Statistical Report : 1980 Vol. 1" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 86. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
^"LS Statistical Report : 1984 Vol. 1" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 81. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
^"LS Statistical Report : 1985 Vol. 1" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 15. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
^"LS Statistical Report : 1989 Vol. 1" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 88. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
^"LS Statistical Report : 1991 Vol. 1" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 58. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
^"LS Statistical Report : 1992 Vol. 1" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 13. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
^"LS Statistical Report: 1996 Vol. 1" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 93. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
^"LS Statistical Report: 1998 Vol. 1" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 92. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
^"LS Statistical Report : 1999 Vol. 1" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 92. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
^"LS Statistical Report: 2004 Vol. 1" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 101. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
^"LS 2009: Performance of National Parties" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
^"LS 2014: List of successful candidates" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 93. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
^"LS 2019: List of successful candidates". Election Commission of India. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
^"Statewise List". 164.100.47.5. Archived from the original on 5 February 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
^ ab"Statewise Retirement". 164.100.47.5. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
^"208-km human chain formed for new Kerala dam". Hindustan Times. 8 December 2011. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
^Nair, N.J. (18 March 2011). "Assembly polls log on to cyberspace". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 22 March 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
Further reading
[edit]
Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala(PDF), Thiruvananthapuram: Secratriat of Kerala Legislature, 2018
External links
[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Left Democratic Front (Kerala).
Official website for election Results
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