-ling - Wiktionary

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "ling"

English

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /lɪŋ/
  • Audio (Southern England):(file)
  • Audio (Southern England):(file)

Etymology 1

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From Middle English -ling, from Old English -ling, from Proto-West Germanic *-ling, from Proto-Germanic *-lingaz, a nominal suffix, probably composed of Proto-Germanic *-ilaz (agent/instrumental/diminutive suffix) + Proto-Germanic *-ingaz (patronymic suffix).

Akin to Dutch -ling, German -ling, Icelandic -lingur, Gothic -𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (-liggs). More at -le, -ing.

Alternative forms

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  • -lyng (obsolete)
  • -lin (dialectal)

Suffix

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-ling

  1. small, immature, miniature Synonyms: (suffixes) -cule, -ee, -el, -et, -ette, -icle, -ie, -kin, -le, -let, -ole, -ule, -y, (prefixes) mini-, micro-, nano-
  2. follower or resident
Usage notes
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Words ending in -ing derived from a root or stem terminating in -l or -le, such as dazzling, have usually only an accidental resemblance, although sometimes there is a connection, as in sidling, which derives from Middle English in this form, and which is also a present participle form of the modern English verb to sidle, which in itself is a back-formation from sidling.

Derived terms
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(Diminutive):

  • buckling
  • castling
  • darling
  • daughterling
  • doeling
  • duckling
  • earthling
  • fatling
  • fingerling
  • fledgling
  • fondling
  • goatling
  • godling
  • gosling
  • lambling
  • lordling
  • pigling
  • princeling
  • puffling
  • spiderling
  • sportling
  • swanling
  • vetchling

(Quality):

  • cageling
  • changeling
  • darkling
  • earthling
  • endling
  • firstling
  • foundling
  • hatchling
  • hireling
  • kindling
  • nestling
  • overling
  • ridgeling
  • sapling
  • seedling
  • shaveling
  • starveling
  • stripling
  • suckling
  • underling
  • weakling
  • wildling
  • witling
  • wordling
  • worldling
  • yearling
  • youngling
Translations
[edit] Diminutive
  • Breton: -ig (br) f
  • Chinese: Mandarin: 小 (zh) (xiǎo-), 崽 (zh) (-zǎi), -子 (zh) (-zi)
  • Dutch: -je (nl), -pje (nl), -tje (nl), -ling (nl)
  • Estonian: -kene sg, -lane (et) sg
  • Finnish: -nen (fi), -lainen (fi)
  • French: -et (fr) m, -ette (fr) f, -in (fr) m, -ine (fr) f
  • Galician: -iño (gl) m, iña f
  • German: -chen (de), -lein (de), -erl (de) (south German)
  • Interlingua: -etto m or n, -etta f or n
  • Irish: -án m, -ín m, -óg f
  • Italian: -ino (it) m, -ina (it) f, -etto m, -etta f, -ello m, -ella f
  • Japanese: 子 (ja) (こ, ko-)
  • Kurdish: Northern Kurdish: -ik (ku), -k (ku), -ok (ku)
  • Middle English: -ling, -ing
  • Polish: -ę (pl) n
  • Portuguese: -inho (pt)
  • Romanian: -el (ro), -șor, -uț, -uș, -aș (ro)
  • Russian: -ёнок m (-jónok), -о́нок (ru) m (-ónok), -ок (ru) (-ok), -ёк (ru) (-jók)
  • Scottish Gaelic: -an m, -ag f
  • Sicilian: -eḍḍu m, -eḍḍa f, -uzzu m, -uzza f, -icchiu m, -icchia f, -ittu m, -itta f ((Italianized) also as -ettu m, -etta f), -inu m, -ina f
  • Spanish: -ito (es) m, -ita (es) f, -illo (es) m, -illa (es) f
  • Swedish: -is (sv)
  • Ukrainian: -еня́ (-enjá), -о́чок (-óčok), -е́нько (-énʹko)
  • Welsh: -ig m or f, -cyn m, -os m pl or f pl

Etymology 2

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From Middle English -ling, from Old English -ling, -linga, -lunga (adverbial suffix). Compare -long.

Alternative forms

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  • -lings
  • -lin (dialectal)

Suffix

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-ling

  1. (no longer productive) An adverbial suffix denoting manner, direction, or position.
Derived terms
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  • darkling
  • flatling
  • headling
  • sideling
  • sunderling

See also

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  • -en
  • -le
  • -ock
English terms suffixed with -ling afterling airling arseling ashling bantling bardling barling baseling bastardling batling beeling birdling bitchling bitling bitterling blindling bossling boundling brambling brandling bratling breastling broodling buckling budling cageling calfling carling castling changeling chefling chichling chiefling childling churchling clerkling cloudling clubling cockling codling comeling cootling countling courtling cringeling crossling crotchling cubling cuntling dandyling dapperling darling dastardling daughterling deadling drakeling driftling dumbling dumpling eightling endling faintling fairling fairyling fatling fieldling fiendling firstling fiveling flatling flatlings fledgling fleshling flockling flowerling fondling footling fopling fosterling foundling fremdling freshling friendling frogling fruitling fryling fuckling furzeling gadling gangling gawkling geekling germling giantling giftling gnatling goatling goddessling gooseling graftling grassling gravelling grayling Greekling greenling groundling grubling gruntling guckling gutling halfling hatchling headling heanling Hearstling heartling hideling hinderling hireling homeling houndling hushling impling kidling kingling knightling ladyling lapling lastling leafling leapling learnling liefling lizardling lordling lostling louseling loveling lowling luckling madling marsling masterling meanling monthling moonling morphling mortling moteling nameling needling nerdling nerdlinger nestling netherling newling newtling niceling niggerling nineling nursling nutling oakling oddling oldling oneling otherling outcomeling overling owling oxling oysterling plantling pledgeling poetling pointling poorling popeling porkling priestling princeling princessling proctorling professorling proudling punkling pupling queenling rapeling rashling ratling reckling reedling richling ridgeling riverling rockling rootling roseling rudeling

References

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  • “-ling” in Webster’s Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary: Based on Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, 7th edition, Springfield, Mass.: G[eorge] & C[harles] Merriam, 1963 (1967 printing), →OCLC.

Anagrams

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  • lign-

Danish

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Etymology

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A variant of -ing.

Suffix

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-ling c

  1. a diminutive (denotes a younger person who is considered small, cute, immature, etc.)
  2. a diminutive (denotes a person who is considered inferior, despicable, etc.)
  3. a diminutive (denotes each of a given number of siblings born at the same birth)

Declension

[edit] Declension of -ling
commongender singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative -ling -lingen -linger -lingerne
genitive -lings -lingens -lingers -lingernes
Danish terms suffixed with -ling mandsling ælling

References

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  • “-ling” in Den Danske Ordbog

Dutch

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Etymology

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From a rebracketing of nouns with an -ing suffix. See above (English).

Suffix

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-ling m

  1. a suffix that describes a person (or other creature) in terms of a place of origin or a quality, as defined by the root to which it is added

Derived terms

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  • -lings - adverbs
  • -linge f
Dutch terms suffixed with -ling aankomeling achtling afstammeling alternatieveling artistiekeling balling banneling beginneling bekeerling beschermeling bezetteling biechteling boeteling boorling boreling boudeling creatieveling dopeling dorpeling drenkeling drieling driesteling eenling eersteling eeuweling ellendeling enkeling excentriekeling geboreling goteling groenling gunsteling hemeling hoofdeling hoveling huurling inboorling inwijkeling jaarling jongeling kleurling kloosterling komiekeling krakeling kruimeling leerling lieveling loteling machtswellusteling mislukkeling naarling nakomeling negenling nesteling nieuweling noordeling noorderling onderling oosterling opstandeling ouderling politiekeling raarling schipbreukeling serpeling sibling slappeling stedeling sterveling stommeling takkeling tienling tweeling veldeling verstekeling vertrouweling vierling vijfling vluchteling volgeling vondeling vreemdeling vroegeling wellusteling westerling zaailing zendeling zesling zevenling zilverling zonderling zuiderling zuigeling zwakkeling

German

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Etymology

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From Middle High German -linc, from Old High German -ling, from Proto-West Germanic *-ling.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): [lɪŋ]
  • Audio:(file)

Suffix

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-ling m (genitive -linges or -lings, plural -linge)

  1. Indicates possession of or connection with a quality or property, such as Schwächling (“weakling”) from schwach (“weak”) or Frühling (“the season Spring [which comes early]”) from früh (“early”).
  2. A modifier of nouns, meaning a follower or resident of what is denoted by the stem form, such as Häftling from Haft.
  3. Suffix forming the names of many mushrooms.

Derived terms

[edit] German terms suffixed with -ling Ankömmling Ästling Bitterling Bläuling Blendling Bratling Bückling Däumling Eindringling Einling Emporkömmling Erdling Erstling Fäustling Feigling Fiesling Findling Fingerling Flüchtling Fremdling Gärling Geschichtling Grünling Günstling Häftling Hänfling Häuptling Herling Höfling Impfling Keimling Lehrling Liebling Mehrling Mietling Mischling Nachkömmling Naivling Nestling Neuling Perversling Pflegling Porling Rohling Röhrling Saftling Saibling Sämling Sanderling Säugling Schmetterling Schönling Schössling Schreiberling Schübling Schützling Schwächling Sendling Silberling Sonderling Steckling Sträfling Teigling Tintling Unterling Vierling Weißling Weissling Widerling Winterling Wüstling

Icelandic

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Suffix

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-ling

  1. indefinite accusative singular of -lingur

Middle English

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /-linɡ/

Etymology 1

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From Old English -ling (nominal suffix), from Proto-West Germanic *-ling, from Proto-Germanic *-ilingaz; equivalent to -el +‎ -yng.

Alternative forms

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  • -linge, -lingge, -lyng, -lynge

Suffix

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-ling

  1. suffix used in forming personal nouns
  2. suffix forming diminutives
Derived terms
[edit] Middle English terms suffixed with -ling chosling dokeling gadeling goslyng greylyng hirlyng horlynge kiteling lordlyng sapplyng scherling werpling
Descendants
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  • English: -ling
  • Scots: -ling, -lin
  • Yola: -leen
References
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  • “-ling, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Etymology 2

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From Old English -ling (adverbial suffix).

Suffix

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-ling

  1. An adverbial suffix denoting direction, state or position.
Descendants
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  • English: -ling, -long (as in headlong)
References
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  • “-ling(e, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Norwegian Bokmål

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Etymology

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From German -ling.

Suffix

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-ling

  1. denoting diminutive

Old English

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /linɡ/, [liŋɡ]

Etymology 1

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From alteration of suffixal use of Old English lang (“long”).

Suffix

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-ling

  1. adverbial suffix denoting direction, state or position hinderling ― backwards
Descendants
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  • Middle English: -ling
    • English: -ling, -long (as in headlong)

Etymology 2

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From Proto-West Germanic *-ling, from Proto-Germanic *-ilingaz.

Alternative forms

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  • -linc

Suffix

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-ling m

  1. suffix used in forming personal nouns dīerling ― favorite, darling rǣpling ― prisoner
  2. suffix forming diminutives stærling ― starling
  3. dynasty, lineage Icling ("dynasty of Icel" or "House of Icel"); Ætheling (House of Ethel)
Declension
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Strong a-stem:

singular plural
nominative -ling -lingas
accusative -ling -lingas
genitive -linges -linga
dative -linge -lingum
Derived terms
[edit] Old English terms suffixed with -ling byrdling cnæpling dierling earsling efenling feohtling fostorling geongling hæftling heafodling hinderling hyrling ierþling lytling ræpling sibling stærling underling wæstling wiþerling
Descendants
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  • Middle English: -ling
    • English: -ling

Swedish

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Suffix

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-ling

  1. (no longer productive) diminutive suffix

Derived terms

[edit] Swedish terms suffixed with -ling avkomling brottsling gässling killing källing lärling myling nykomling rymling skyddsling telning uppkomling vekling älling älskling änkling ättling

See also

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  • -ing

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