List Of Presidents Of The United States - Wikipedia

"Presidents of the United States" redirects here. For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation).

The president of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States,[1] indirectly elected to a four-year term via the Electoral College.[2] Under the U.S. Constitution, the officeholder leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.[3]

The first president, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College.[4] The incumbent president is Donald Trump, who assumed office on January 20, 2025.[5][6] Since the office was established in 1789, 45 men have served in 47 presidencies. The discrepancy is due to the nonconsecutive terms of Grover Cleveland (counted as the 22nd and 24th president) and Trump (counted as the 45th and 47th president).[7][8]

The presidency of William Henry Harrison, who died 31 days after taking office in 1841, was the shortest in American history.[9] Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over twelve years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. He is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms.[10] Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.[11]

Four presidents died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Warren G. Harding, and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy), and one resigned (Richard Nixon, facing impeachment and removal from office).[12] John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency during a presidential term, setting the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully functioning president with a new, distinct administration.[13]

Throughout most of its history, American politics has been dominated by political parties. The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, no organized parties existed. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, political factions began rallying around dominant Washington administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.[14] Concerned about the capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He remains the only U.S. president who never affiliated with a political party.[15]

Presidents

List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.

No.[a]	Portrait	Name(birth–death)	Term[16]	Party[b][17]		Election	Vice President[18]
1		George Washington(1732–1799)[19]	April 30, 1789–March 4, 1797	Unaffiliated	1788–89	John Adams[c]
					1792
2		John Adams(1735–1826)[21]	March 4, 1797–March 4, 1801	Federalist	1796	Thomas Jefferson[d]
3		Thomas Jefferson(1743–1826)[23]	March 4, 1801–March 4, 1809	Democratic-Republican	1800	Aaron Burr
					1804	George Clinton
4		James Madison(1751–1836)[24]	March 4, 1809–March 4, 1817	Democratic-Republican	1808	George Clinton[e]
						Vacant afterApril 20, 1812
					1812	Elbridge Gerry[e]
						Vacant afterNovember 23, 1814
5		James Monroe(1758–1831)[26]	March 4, 1817–March 4, 1825	Democratic-Republican	1816	Daniel D. Tompkins
					1820
6		John Quincy Adams(1767–1848)[27]	March 4, 1825–March 4, 1829	Democratic-Republican[f]	1824	John C. Calhoun[g]
				National Republican
7		Andrew Jackson(1767–1845)[30]	March 4, 1829–March 4, 1837	Democratic	1828	John C. Calhoun[h]
						Vacant afterDecember 28, 1832
					1832	Martin Van Buren
8		Martin Van Buren(1782–1862)[31]	March 4, 1837–March 4, 1841	Democratic	1836	Richard Mentor Johnson
9		William Henry Harrison(1773–1841)[32]	March 4, 1841–April 4, 1841[e]	Whig	1840	John Tyler
10		John Tyler(1790–1862)[33]	April 4, 1841[i]–March 4, 1845	Whig[j]	–	Vacant throughoutpresidency
				Unaffiliated
11		James K. Polk(1795–1849)[36]	March 4, 1845–March 4, 1849	Democratic	1844	George M. Dallas
12		Zachary Taylor(1784–1850)[37]	March 4, 1849–July 9, 1850[e]	Whig	1848	Millard Fillmore
13		Millard Fillmore(1800–1874)[38]	July 9, 1850[k]–March 4, 1853	Whig	–	Vacant throughoutpresidency
14		Franklin Pierce(1804–1869)[40]	March 4, 1853–March 4, 1857	Democratic	1852	William R. King[e]
						Vacant afterApril 18, 1853
15		James Buchanan(1791–1868)[41]	March 4, 1857–March 4, 1861	Democratic	1856	John C. Breckinridge
16		Abraham Lincoln(1809–1865)[42]	March 4, 1861–April 15, 1865[e]	Republican	1860	Hannibal Hamlin
				National Union[l]	1864	Andrew Johnson
17		Andrew Johnson(1808–1875)[44]	April 15, 1865[m]–March 4, 1869	National Union[n]	–	Vacant throughoutpresidency
				Democratic
18		Ulysses S. Grant(1822–1885)[45]	March 4, 1869–March 4, 1877	Republican	1868	Schuyler Colfax
					1872	Henry Wilson[e]
						Vacant afterNovember 22, 1875
19		Rutherford B. Hayes(1822–1893)[46]	March 4, 1877–March 4, 1881	Republican	1876	William A. Wheeler
20		James A. Garfield(1831–1881)[47]	March 4, 1881–September 19, 1881[e]	Republican	1880	Chester A. Arthur
21		Chester A. Arthur(1829–1886)[48]	September 19, 1881[o]–March 4, 1885	Republican	–	Vacant throughoutpresidency
22		Grover Cleveland(1837–1908)1st term[50]	March 4, 1885–March 4, 1889	Democratic	1884	Thomas A. Hendricks[e]
						Vacant afterNovember 25, 1885
23		Benjamin Harrison(1833–1901)[51]	March 4, 1889–March 4, 1893	Republican	1888	Levi P. Morton
24		Grover Cleveland(1837–1908)2nd term[50]	March 4, 1893–March 4, 1897	Democratic	1892	Adlai Stevenson I
25		William McKinley(1843–1901)[52]	March 4, 1897–September 14, 1901[e]	Republican	1896	Garret Hobart[e]
						Vacant afterNovember 21, 1899
					1900	Theodore Roosevelt
26		Theodore Roosevelt(1858–1919)[53]	September 14, 1901[p]–March 4, 1909	Republican	–	Vacant throughMarch 4, 1905
					1904	Charles W. Fairbanks
27		William Howard Taft(1857–1930)[55]	March 4, 1909–March 4, 1913	Republican	1908	James S. Sherman[e]
						Vacant afterOctober 30, 1912
28		Woodrow Wilson(1856–1924)[56]	March 4, 1913–March 4, 1921	Democratic	1912	Thomas R. Marshall
					1916
29		Warren G. Harding(1865–1923)[57]	March 4, 1921–August 2, 1923[e]	Republican	1920	Calvin Coolidge
30		Calvin Coolidge(1872–1933)[58]	August 2, 1923[q]–March 4, 1929	Republican	–	Vacant throughMarch 4, 1925
					1924	Charles G. Dawes
31		Herbert Hoover(1874–1964)[60]	March 4, 1929–March 4, 1933	Republican	1928	Charles Curtis
32		Franklin D. Roosevelt(1882–1945)[61]	March 4, 1933–April 12, 1945[e]	Democratic	1932	John Nance Garner
					1936
					1940	Henry A. Wallace
					1944	Harry S. Truman
33		Harry S. Truman(1884–1972)[62]	April 12, 1945[r]–January 20, 1953	Democratic	–	Vacant throughJanuary 20, 1949
					1948	Alben W. Barkley
34		Dwight D. Eisenhower(1890–1969)[64]	January 20, 1953–January 20, 1961	Republican	1952	Richard Nixon
					1956
35		John F. Kennedy(1917–1963)[65]	January 20, 1961–November 22, 1963[e]	Democratic	1960	Lyndon B. Johnson
36		Lyndon B. Johnson(1908–1973)[66]	November 22, 1963[s]–January 20, 1969	Democratic	–	Vacant throughJanuary 20, 1965
					1964	Hubert Humphrey
37		Richard Nixon(1913–1994)[68]	January 20, 1969–August 9, 1974[h]	Republican	1968	Spiro Agnew[h]
					1972
						Vacant:October 10 – December 6, 1973
						Gerald Ford[t]
38		Gerald Ford(1913–2006)[69]	August 9, 1974[u]–January 20, 1977	Republican	–	Vacant throughDecember 19, 1974
						Nelson Rockefeller[t]
39		Jimmy Carter(1924–2024)[70]	January 20, 1977–January 20, 1981	Democratic	1976	Walter Mondale
40		Ronald Reagan(1911–2004)[71]	January 20, 1981–January 20, 1989	Republican	1980	George H. W. Bush
					1984
41		George H. W. Bush(1924–2018)[72]	January 20, 1989–January 20, 1993	Republican	1988	Dan Quayle
42		Bill Clinton(b. 1946)[73]	January 20, 1993–January 20, 2001	Democratic	1992	Al Gore
					1996
43		George W. Bush(b. 1946)[74]	January 20, 2001–January 20, 2009	Republican	2000	Dick Cheney
					2004
44		Barack Obama(b. 1961)[75]	January 20, 2009–January 20, 2017	Democratic	2008	Joe Biden
					2012
45		Donald Trump(b. 1946)1st term[76]	January 20, 2017–January 20, 2021	Republican	2016	Mike Pence
46		Joe Biden(b. 1942)[77]	January 20, 2021–January 20, 2025	Democratic	2020	Kamala Harris
47		Donald Trump(b. 1946)2nd term[76]	January 20, 2025–Incumbent	Republican	2024	JD Vance

See also

• Acting President of the United States
• Founding Fathers of the United States
• Historical rankings of presidents of the United States
• List of vice presidents of the United States
• President of the Continental Congress

Notes

1. ^ Presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president, instead of the first and second, but Grover Cleveland and Donald Trump are counted twice because their two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.
2. ^ Reflects the president's political party at the start of their presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the vice president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.
3. ^ Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during Washington's first term, Adams joined the faction that became the Federalist Party. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States that were contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.[20]
4. ^ The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.[22]
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Died in office[25]
6. ^ Early during John Quincy Adams' term, the Democratic-Republican Party dissolved; his allies in Congress and at the state level were referred to as "Adams' Men" during the Adams presidency. When Andrew Jackson became president in 1829, this group became the "Anti-Jackson" opposition, and organized themselves as the National Republican Party.[28]
7. ^ John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.[29]
8. ^ a b c Resigned from office[25]
9. ^ John Tyler succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William Henry Harrison.[34]
10. ^ John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party five months after assuming office.[35]
11. ^ Millard Fillmore succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Zachary Taylor.[39]
12. ^ When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.[43]
13. ^ Andrew Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Abraham Lincoln.[44]
14. ^ While president, Andrew Johnson tried and failed to build a coalition of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson began reassociating with the Democratic Party.[44]
15. ^ Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency upon the death of James A. Garfield.[49]
16. ^ Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William McKinley.[54]
17. ^ Calvin Coolidge succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Warren G. Harding.[59]
18. ^ Harry S. Truman succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt.[63]
19. ^ Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of John F. Kennedy.[67]
20. ^ a b Appointed as vice president under terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, Section 2[25]
21. ^ Gerald Ford succeeded to the presidency upon the resignation of Richard Nixon. Even though Ford served out the remainder of Nixon's second term, he was never elected to the presidency or vice presidency.[69]

References

1. ^ Rossiter (1962), p. 86.
2. ^ Shugart (2004), pp. 633–636.
3. ^ Epstein (2005), p. 318.
4. ^ Matuz (2001), p. xxii.
5. ^ Hajela (2024).
6. ^ Freile (2024).
7. ^ AP (2024).
8. ^ Schaller & Williams (2003), p. 192.
9. ^ McHugh & Mackowiak (2014), pp. 990–995.
10. ^ Skau (1974), pp. 246–275.
11. ^ Peabody & Gant (1999), p. 565.
12. ^ Abbott (2005), pp. 627–644.
13. ^ Dinnerstein (1962), pp. 447–451.
14. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 197; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
15. ^ LOC (2); Jamison (2014).
16. ^ LOC; whitehouse.gov.
17. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.
18. ^ LOC.
19. ^ McDonald (2000).
20. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 197, 272; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
21. ^ Pencak (2000).
22. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 274.
23. ^ Peterson (2000).
24. ^ Banning (2000).
25. ^ a b c Neale (2004), p. 22.
26. ^ Ammon (2000).
27. ^ Hargreaves (2000).
28. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.
29. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280.
30. ^ Remini (2000).
31. ^ Cole (2000).
32. ^ Gutzman (2000).
33. ^ Shade (2000).
34. ^ Abbott (2013), p. 23.
35. ^ Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.
36. ^ Rawley (2000).
37. ^ Smith (2000).
38. ^ Anbinder (2000).
39. ^ Abbott (2005), p. 639.
40. ^ Gara (2000).
41. ^ Gienapp (2000).
42. ^ McPherson (b) (2000).
43. ^ McSeveney (1986), p. 139.
44. ^ a b c Trefousse (2000).
45. ^ McPherson (a) (2000).
46. ^ Hoogenboom (2000).
47. ^ Peskin (2000).
48. ^ Reeves (2000).
49. ^ Greenberger (2017), pp. 174–175.
50. ^ a b Campbell (2000).
51. ^ Spetter (2000).
52. ^ Gould (a) (2000).
53. ^ Harbaugh (2000).
54. ^ Abbott (2005), pp. 639–640.
55. ^ Gould (b) (2000).
56. ^ Ambrosius (2000).
57. ^ Hawley (2000).
58. ^ McCoy (2000).
59. ^ Senate.
60. ^ Hoff (a) (2000).
61. ^ Brinkley (2000).
62. ^ Hamby (2000).
63. ^ Abbott (2005), p. 636.
64. ^ Ambrose (2000).
65. ^ Parmet (2000).
66. ^ Gardner (2000).
67. ^ Abbott (2005), p. 633.
68. ^ Hoff (b) (2000).
69. ^ a b Greene (2013).
70. ^ whitehouse.gov (a).
71. ^ Schaller (2004).
72. ^ whitehouse.gov (b).
73. ^ whitehouse.gov (c).
74. ^ whitehouse.gov (d).
75. ^ whitehouse.gov (e).
76. ^ a b whitehouse.gov (f).
77. ^ whitehouse.gov (g).

Works cited

General

• Guide to U.S. Elections. SAGE Publications. 2010. ISBN 978-1-60426-536-1.
• "Chronological List of Presidents, First Ladies, and Vice Presidents of the United States". Library of Congress. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
• "Presidents". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.

Expert studies

• Abbott, Philip (2005). "Accidental Presidents: Death, Assassination, Resignation, and Democratic Succession". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 35 (4). Wiley: 627–645. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2005.00269.x. ISSN 0360-4918. JSTOR 27552721.
• Abbott, Philip (2013). "The First Bad President?: John Tyler". Bad Presidents. The Evolving American Presidency Series. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 23–42. doi:10.1057/9781137306593_2. ISBN 978-1-349-45513-3.
• Cash, Jordan T. (2018). "The Isolated Presidency: John Tyler and Unilateral Presidential Power". American Political Thought. 7: 26–56. doi:10.1086/695644. ISSN 2161-1580. S2CID 158133180 – via ResearchGate.
• Dinnerstein, Leonard (1962). "The Accession of John Tyler to the Presidency". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 70 (4). Virginia Historical Society: 447–458. JSTOR 4246893.
• Epstein, Richard A. (2005). "Executive Power, the Commander in Chief, and the Militia Clause". Hofstra Law Review. 34 (2). ISSN 0091-4029.
• Goldman, Ralph Morris (1951). Party Chairmen and Party Faction, 1789–1900: A Theory of Executive Responsibility and Conflict Resolution. University of Chicago Press. OCLC 1243718246.
• Houpt, David W. (2010). "Securing a Legacy". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 118, no. 1. Virginia Historical Society. ProQuest 195929787.
• Matuz, Roger (2001). Complete American Presidents Sourcebook. UXL. ISBN 978-0-7876-4842-8. LCCN 00056794. OL 24722725M.
• McHugh, Jane; Mackowiak, Philip A. (2014). "Death in the White House: President William Henry Harrison's Atypical Pneumonia". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 59 (7). Oxford University Press: 990–995. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu470. JSTOR 24032403. PMID 24962997.
• McSeveney, Samuel T. (1986). "Re-electing Lincoln: The Union Party Campaign and the Military Vote in Connecticut". Civil War History. 32 (2). Kent State University Press: 139–158. doi:10.1353/cwh.1986.0032. S2CID 144623179.
• Nardulli, Peter F., ed. (1992). The Constitution and American Political Development: An Institutional Perspective. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-01787-2.
• Neale, Thomas H. (2004). "Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession: Overview and Current Legislation" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved November 14, 2023.
• Peabody, Bruce G.; Gant, Scott E. (1999). "The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment". Minnesota Law Review. 83 (565). ISSN 0026-5535.
• Rossiter, Clinton (1962). "Powers of the United States President and Congress". Pakistan Horizon. 15 (2). Pakistan Institute of International Affairs: 85–92. JSTOR 41392704.
• Schaller, Thomas F.; Williams, Thomas W. (2003). "'The Contemporary Presidency': Postpresidential Influence in the Postmodern Era". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 33 (1). Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies: 188–200. JSTOR 27552468.
• Shugart, Matthew S. (2004). "Elections': The American Process of Selecting a President: A Comparative Perspective". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 34 (3). Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies: 632–655. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00216.x. JSTOR 27552617.
• Skau, George H. (1974). "Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Expansion of Presidential Power". Current History. 66 (394). University of California Press: 246–275. doi:10.1525/curh.1974.66.394.246. JSTOR 45313079. S2CID 248394036.

Presidential biographies

• Ambrose, Stephen E. (2000) [1999]. "Eisenhower, Dwight David". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700094. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• Ambrosius, Lloyd E. (2000) [1999]. "Wilson, Woodrow". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600726. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• Ammon, Harry (2000) [1999]. "Monroe, James". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300338. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• Anbinder, Tyler (2000) [1999]. "Fillmore, Millard". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400374. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• Banning, Lance (2000) [1999]. "Madison, James". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300303. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• Brinkley, Alan (2000) [1999]. "Roosevelt, Franklin Delano". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600567. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• Campbell, Ballard C. (2000) [1999]. "Cleveland, Grover". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500144. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• Cole, Donald B. (2000) [1999]. "Van Buren, Martin". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300507. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• Gara, Larry (2000) [1999]. "Pierce, Franklin". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400788. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• Gardner, Lloyd (2000) [1999]. "Johnson, Lyndon Baines". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700147. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• Gienapp, William E. (2000) [1999]. "Buchanan, James". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400170. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• Gould, Lewis L. (2000) [1999]. "McKinley, William". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500507. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• Gould, Lewis L. (2000) [1999]. "Taft, William Howard". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600642. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• Greenberger, Scott S. (2017). The Unexpected President: The Life and Times of Chester A. Arthur. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82390-9.
• Greene, John Robert (2013). "Ford, Gerald R., Jr". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1501345. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• Gutzman, K. R. Constantine (2000) [1999]. "Harrison, William Henry". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300211. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• Hamby, Alonzo L. (2000) [1999]. "Truman, Harry S." American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700307. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• Harbaugh, William H. (2000) [1999]. "Roosevelt, Theodore". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600569. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• Hargreaves, Mary W. M. (2000) [1999]. "Adams, John Quincy". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300002. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• Hawley, Ellis W. (2000) [1999]. "Harding, Warren Gamaliel". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600253. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• Hoff, Joan (2000) [1999]. "Hoover, Herbert Clark". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600287. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
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• Hoogenboom, Ari (2000) [1999]. "Hayes, Rutherford Birchard". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500331. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• McCoy, Donald R. (2000) [1999]. "Coolidge, Calvin". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600109. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
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• McPherson, James M. (2000) [1999]. "Lincoln, Abraham". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400631. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
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• Pencak, William (2000) [1999]. "Adams, John". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0100007. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
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• "William J. Clinton". whitehouse.gov (NARA Archive). Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• "George W. Bush". whitehouse.gov (NARA Archive). Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• "Barack Obama". whitehouse.gov (NARA Archive). Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• "Donald Trump". whitehouse.gov (NARA Archive). Retrieved May 14, 2022.
• "Joe Biden". whitehouse.gov (NARA Archive). Retrieved May 14, 2022.

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• Jamison, Dennis (December 31, 2014). "George Washington' Views on Political Parties in America". The Washington Times. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
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• "President's Swearing-in Ceremony". United States Senate. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
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• "Live election updates: Donald Trump wins US presidency". Associated Press. November 15, 2024. Retrieved November 30, 2024.

External links

• Media related to President of the United States at Wikimedia Commons
• Quotations related to List of presidents of the United States at Wikiquote

v t e Presidents of the United States
Presidents andpresidencies	George Washington (1789–1797) John Adams (1797–1801) Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809) James Madison (1809–1817) James Monroe (1817–1825) John Quincy Adams (1825–1829) Andrew Jackson (1829–1837) Martin Van Buren (1837–1841) William Henry Harrison (1841) John Tyler (1841–1845) James K. Polk (1845–1849) Zachary Taylor (1849–1850) Millard Fillmore (1850–1853) Franklin Pierce (1853–1857) James Buchanan (1857–1861) Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865–1869) Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877) Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881) James A. Garfield (1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885) Grover Cleveland (1885–1889) Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893) Grover Cleveland (1893–1897) William McKinley (1897–1901) Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) William Howard Taft (1909–1913) Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) Warren G. Harding (1921–1923) Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929) Herbert Hoover (1929–1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945–1953) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961) John F. Kennedy (1961–1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969) Richard Nixon (1969–1974) Gerald Ford (1974–1977) Jimmy Carter (1977–1981) Ronald Reagan (1981–1989) George H. W. Bush (1989–1993) Bill Clinton (1993–2001) George W. Bush (2001–2009) Barack Obama (2009–2017) Donald Trump (2017–2021) Joe Biden (2021–2025) Donald Trump (2025–present)
Presidencytimelines	Washington J. Adams McKinley T. Roosevelt Taft Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F. D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump Biden
Category List

v t e Lists related to presidents and vice presidents of the United States
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v t e Chief executives of the United States
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