Mallard | Audubon Field Guide

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Open Search Bird GuideDucks and GeeseMallard Listen 7 Mallard Mallard Anas platyrhynchos At a Glance Range & Identification Behavior Conservation Explore More Back to Top

At a Glance

Abundant over most of the northern hemisphere, the Mallard is the most familiar wild duck to many people, and the ancestor of most strains of domesticated ducks. In many places this species has managed to domesticate itself, relying on handouts in city parks. Although barnyard and feral ducks may be dumpy and ungainly creatures, the ancestral wild Mallard is a trim, elegant, wary, fast-flying bird. All bird guide text and rangemaps adapted from Lives of North American Birds by Kenn Kaufman© 1996, used by permission of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Category Duck-like Birds, Surface Feeding Ducks IUCN Status Least Concern Habitat Fields, Meadows, and Grasslands, Freshwater Wetlands, Lakes, Ponds, and Rivers, Saltwater Wetlands, Urban and Suburban Habitats Region Alaska and The North, California, Eastern Canada, Florida, Great Lakes, Mid Atlantic, New England, Northwest, Plains, Rocky Mountains, Southeast, Southwest, Texas, Western Canada Behavior Direct Flight, Swimming, Walking Population 19.000.000

Range & Identification

Migration & Range Maps

The Mallard is a partial migrant, migrating in mixed-species flocks. Fall migration extends over long period; migrates relatively early in the spring. Since pairs form in fall and winter, the male Mallard likely follows the female to breeding areas. Feral populations may be permanent residents, but all wild Mallards in North America are probably migratory.

Description

Sexes similar — Length: 20-26 in (50-65 cm); wingspan: 32-37.4 in (82-95 cm); weight: 35-46 oz (1000-1300 g). The male Mallard has a green head that contrasts with yellow bill, white neck ring, reddish chest, gray body. The female mottled brown, with black smudges on orange bill. Both sexes show patch (speculum) on trailing edge of wing, blue with white borders. Note, in the northeast, Mallard and American Black Duck often crossbreed, producing intermediates. Compare the female to Mottled Duck in Florida and along the Gulf Coast, and to Mexican Duck in the southwest. Size About the size of a Mallard or Herring Gull Color Blue, Brown, Gray, Green, Orange, Yellow Wing Shape Broad, Pointed, Tapered Tail Shape Rounded, Short, Square-tipped

Songs and Calls

The male Mallard utters soft, reedy notes; the female, a loud familiar quack. Call Pattern Flat, Simple Call Type Croak/Quack

Habitat

Marshes, wooded swamps, grain fields, ponds, rivers, lakes, bays, city parks. May occur in any kind of aquatic habitat, but favors fresh water at all seasons; only sparingly on coastal waters, mainly in winter on sheltered bays and estuaries. Most abundant in summer on prairie potholes and in semi-open country north of the prairies. Most abundant in winter on swamps and lakes in lower Mississippi Valley. Sign up for Audubon's newsletter to learn more about birds like the Mallard Email Zip Phone (optional) By submitting my mobile number I agree to receive text messages from Audubon at 42248 about how I can help birds, including donation requests. Up to 4 msgs/month. Message and data rates may apply. Text HELP for more information. Text STOP to stop receiving messages. Read our Privacy Policy and Terms & Conditions. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.

Behavior

Eggs

7-13. Whitish to olive buff. Incubation is by the female Mallard for 23-30 days.

Young

The female Mallard leads the young within a day after hatching. The young are tended by female but feed themselves. Age at first flight 52-60 days. 1 brood per year, perhaps rarely 2.

Feeding Behavior

The Mallard forages in water by dabbling, submerging head and neck, up-ending, rarely by diving; forages on land by grazing, plucking seeds, grubbing for roots.

Diet

The Mallard is omnivorous and an opportunistic generalist. Majority of diet is plant material, including seeds, stems, and roots of a vast variety of different plants, especially sedges, grasses, pondweeds, smartweeds, many others; also acorns and other tree seeds, various kinds of waste grain. Also eat insects, crustaceans, mollusks, tadpoles, frogs, earthworms, small fish. Young ducklings may eat mostly aquatic insects.

Nesting

Monogamous pairs form in fall and winter. Displays of the male Mallard include dipping bill in water and then rearing up, giving whistle and grunt calls as he settles back on water; raising head and tail while giving sharp call; plunging forepart of body deep in water and then flinging up water with bill. The female Mallard, accompanied by the male, seeks and chooses site for nest. Site may be more than 1 mile from water; usually on ground among concealing vegetation, but may be on stump, in tree hollow, in basket above water, various other possibilities. Nest is shallow bowl of plant material gathered at the site, lined with down.

Conservation

Conservation Status

Still one of the most abundant and widespread ducks in the world; of least concern. Numbers fluctuate considerably, and population of northern Great Plains is probably permanently reduced from historical levels. Status of wild birds is clouded by large number of feral populations. Change in Abundance Over Time Drawing on more than a century of community science from the Christmas Bird Count (CBC), this chart shows how this species’ relative abundance has shifted in recent decades. Explore more and get involved in the CBC.

Climate Map

Audubon’s scientists have used 140 million bird observations and sophisticated climate models to project how climate change will affect the range of the Mallard. Learn even more in Audubon’s Survival By Degrees project.

Climate Threats Facing the Mallard

Choose a temperature scenario below to see which threats will affect this species as warming increases. The same climate change-driven threats that put birds at risk will affect other wildlife and people, too.

Explore More

Murals, Art, and Culture

Artists throughout history and across the U.S. have captured this bird in murals, books, and museum hangings. See what they’ve done: ¡Atención!

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