Neuroanatomy, Nucleus Supraoptic - PubMed

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The hypothalamus is a structure of the human brain that governs a wide range of physiological processes, including circadian rhythm, homeostasis, and stress response, as well as growth and development. Regulation of these activities is achieved, in part, via the activities of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). The supraoptic nucleus is a collection of magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) located within the anterior hypothalamus that participate in the HPA axis. The primary function of these cells is to produce and secrete the peptide hormone vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. Vasopressin serves to maintain the body's osmotic balance and regulate the body's blood pressure by instigating aquaporin expression in the kidney's distal tubule and collecting duct to increase water absorption. Oxytocin is a neuropeptide that is well known for its importance in lactation and parturition.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure: Megan Yu declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Joe Das declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

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  • Introduction
  • Structure and Function
  • Embryology
  • Blood Supply and Lymphatics
  • Nerves
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  • Clinical Significance
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References

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    1. Brown CH. Magnocellular Neurons and Posterior Pituitary Function. Compr Physiol. 2016 Sep 15;6(4):1701-1741. - PubMed
    1. Wilkin LD, Mitchell LD, Ganten D, Johnson AK. The supraoptic nucleus: afferents from areas involved in control of body fluid homeostasis. Neuroscience. 1989;28(3):573-84. - PubMed
    1. Cuzzo B, Padala SA, Lappin SL. StatPearls [Internet] StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): 2023. Aug 14, Physiology, Vasopressin. - PubMed
    1. Lee HJ, Macbeth AH, Pagani JH, Young WS. Oxytocin: the great facilitator of life. Prog Neurobiol. 2009 Jun;88(2):127-51. - PMC - PubMed
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