Operators In Arduino Programming What Are They, What Are They ...

At the moment, Arduino is cataloged as the one of the most relevant elements of a name remarkable of projects developed by creators , designers and fans of the world of manufacturers, constituting an important part of the DIY culture. Since then he delivers the characteristics necessary for these projects to therefore offer high quality .

So, Arduino is characterized by the simplification of the working process with microcontrollers . In addition, its software is multiplatform, the different card models that it skips are extremely inexpensive and apart from that, his equipment is flexible, extensible and open source . So, without advanced knowledge and without much investment, people can work with the arduino.

For its part, one of the elements that stands out the most in the programming environment Arduino are the famous operators . However, there are a lot of users who don't know what this is for in hardware programming and that is why here we will detail about what it is, what types are there and what they are for each in Arduino .

What are operators in Arduino and what are they used for in hardware programming?

Although this is true, an operator Arduino is defined as a program item applied to one or more operands in a given statement or expression . In this way, it consists of a symbol that represents an operation and tells the compiler what to do in function of logical or mathematical manipulations .

In this regard, the operators are Arduino those used to perform operations of basis (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) , and others, Boolean operations (true and false), comparison operations, etc. . Therefore, operators are essential when one work with the Arduino software, since with them the possibility of perform code segments performing an arithmetic operation, counters, comparisons, etc. .

Therefore, in short, operators in Arduino are elements that facilitate data manipulation when you want to program any material in this environment and in addition, they allow you to set the conditions that will control the flow of the specific program . Typically in the IDE language the following operators are found: arithmetic, bitwise, comparison, compound, boolean, and pointers (or pointer access).

Types of operators in Arduino programming What is all that exists?

As we mentioned earlier, the Arduino IDE has several types of operators when it comes to programming board-based hardware arduino. Which, in more to distinguish them, deserves to be known in detail.

Accordingly, in this section of the article, we will define what each type of operator is in Arduino programming:

Arithmetic operators

It is these Arduino operators that offer the possibility of work with basic operations . In other words, the arithmetic operators that are added in the programming environment refer to the addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, modulus and assignment . Therefore, they have the option of returning the sum, difference, product, quotient, or remainder of two operands.

In this way, these operators are essential for perform math calculations in Arduino in order to develop a certain task . However, by default, when combining two operators of this type, it is possible to obtain another type of operator by as a new function . Is an accumulator, i.e. a counter (to accumulate a value in a variable on each lap of a loop or to perform a lap counter of a loop).

On the other hand, to perform any arithmetic operation, the data type that has been defined must be taken into account (float, int, double, etc). Otherwise, the operation will overflow as long as the result is larger than what can be stored in the data type.

Bitwise operators

In this case, they are operators who simplify the processing of one or more digits of a binary number . Therefore, the use of bitwise operators in Arduino is intended to manipulate each bit in order to process much more precise states. Taking into account that these operations involve performing calculations with binary numbers , as well as making comparisons or negations, performing movements to the right or to the left, etc.

These are therefore operators who show the ability to perform bitwise calculations of variables contained in the Arduino program . In this way, they help to solve a wide range of problems or frequent programming failures and, thanks to this, they are extremely efficient .

Comparison operators

As their name suggests, these operators are used to make comparisons between values . In other words, they are suitable for comparing two expressions and, therefore, they send back usually a boolean value that represents the relation of their values .

In this sense, there are operators allowing to compare numeric values , as well as compare strings and even objects . On the other hand, comparisons of a constant or a variable with another in Arduino, are frequently used. in conditional structures (like if, while, etc.) to be able to test whether a condition is true or false. In addition to that, they can have be used without any comparison structure specified .

Compound operators

In this case, the operators take care of combining or binding an arithmetic operation with a specific assigned variable. In this way, they have the power to perform a mathematical operation based on one variable or constant with another . Thanks to this, just by combining the arithmetic operators with each other, it is possible to establish new functionalities for variables .

Now, in general, compound operators are used in loops , in Arduino. So with these it will be possible to count the turns that a loop does with a for or even, of accumulate a value of a certain variable with each turn of the loop .

boolean operators

These are also called "Logical operators" and refer to those which make it possible to compare two variables with each other or, failing that, with constants. Therefore, they are usually a way to compare two specific expressions .

However, in general, these types of operators in Arduino are characterized by the return of a value "TRUE" ou "FALSE" , depending on the operator who is working. In addition to this, there are three Boolean operators which are almost always used in "if" statements . What are the following: AND (&&), OR (||) and NOT (!) .

Pointer access operators

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Dance Arduino, they are also called "Pointer operators" and, in most cases, they are used to work directly with a memory address. Thanks to this, the Arduino IDE and associated programs will show much more efficiency . Besides that, it will be more convenient for users.

In this way, this type of Arduino pointers is very useful for those users who are starting to program with Arduino and find a high level of complexity. Since then they offer remarkable simplicity and have free access to it at any time. However, if these are not used correctly, you will get an inconsistent schedule as a result .

List of all Arduino operators and what each is used for

Now, beyond knowing what types of Arduino operators exist and how each of them is defined, it's important to know what operators make up these types and what they are used for .

Therefore, below you will be able to know the operators that make up each classification named in the previous part:

Arithmetic operators

They are cataloged as the most basic of all in Arduino and refer to the following operators:

• + (sum) : It is one of the four main arithmetic operations and, in this case, it is an operator which influence two operands in order to produce the sum between them . Taking into account that, if these operands are of floating point or double type and the variable stored in the sum is an integer, then only the integral part will be saved (while the fractional part is lost).
• - (substraction) : Another of the most common arithmetic operations which, unlike addition, operates on two digits in order to generate the difference between the second and the first . Whereas, by default, the subtraction operation can overflow if the result is less than what can be stored in the data type.
• * (multiplication) : In this case, the main operator is the asterisk (*) and this, focuses on the operation of two operands to give as result the product or multiplication of the two . This can cause the multiply operation to overflow if the result is greater than what can be stored in the data type.
• / (divide) : Of course, this is the fourth main arithmetic operation. Where, the operator influences two operations to be able to generate division accordingly . In such a case, if one of the numbers is of type float or double, floating point calculations will be used for the calculation.
• = (assignment operator) : By default, in Arduino, the assignment operator is responsible for telling the microcontroller to evaluate or verify any expression found to the right of the equal sign and, likewise, orders it to store it in the variable to the left of the equal sign. To do this, the variable to the left of the "=" must contain the value stored in it and if it is not large enough for this, the value stored in the variable will be inconsistent.
• % (rest) : although this is true, it is not the same arithmetic operator as subtraction. Well, this concerns the calculating the remainder whenever a whole number is divided by another . Taking into account that in order to perform the remaining operation it is necessary to use the percent symbol (%). Thus, it is estimated as a useful function to converse a variable within a certain range.

Bitwise operators

On the other hand, multiple bitwise operators also stand out in Arduino .

Like all, it is essential to know what they are in detail and here we specify each:

• & (Bitwise AND) : it is an operator that works independently on each bit position of the surrounding expressions and to do this it is based on a specific rule that says "If both input bits are 1, the resulting output will be 1 and if not, the output will be 0" . Thus, one of its most common uses is to choose one or more particular bits of an integer value (called "Masking" ).
• >> (bit shift to the right) : This allows the bits of the left operand to be be shifted to the right , depending on the number of positions specified by the right operand. Now the syntax it uses is "X >> y" , so the behavior depends on the exact data type of x (the highest bit of x can be 1).
• << (bit shift to the left) : Unlike the previous one, the operator "<<" allows de move the bits of the left operand to the left , depending on the number of positions specified by the right operand. In this case, when changing an X value to Y bits (x << y), the leftmost y bits of x will be automatically lost.
• ^ (Bitwise XOR) : it consists of an operator specified with the caret symbol (^) and returns a "0" when the input bits are equal. So if these bits are different, this function returns a 1 . Typically, this operator is used when toggling certain bits of an entire expression. In other words, when going from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1.
• ~ (NOT bitwise) : In this case, it is characterized by the fact that it is about an operator applied to a single operand to its right . In addition, it sometimes changes each bit to its opposite (for example, 1 becomes 0 and 0 becomes 1). Apart from that, it provides positive and negative number encodings (which is called "Two's complement" ).
• | (Bitwise OR) : In general, each bit of its two surrounding integer expressions works independently. In this way, it results in a 1 if one or both input bits are 1, and otherwise 0. This is used with the pipe symbol.

Comparison operators

Now it's time to detail what are the main comparison operators managed in arduino.

Here is a detailed list of those items:

• > (greater than) : it focuses on comparing the variable on the left with the value to the right of the operator. If the left operand is greater than the right operand, the function will return TRUE . For this, the operator is based on the fact that positive numbers are mostly greater than negative numbers. When comparing variables of different data types, the results will be unpredictable.
• > = (greater than or equal to) : In this case, it returns TRUE as long as the left operand is greater than or equal to the right operand . Thus, it is also advisable to compare variables which correspond to the same type of data.
• <(less than) : It is efficient to compare a variable on the left with the value on the right of the operator. Once this comparison is done, it will return TRUE if the left operand is smaller (or smaller) than the operand on the right . For this, we assume that the negative numbers are less than the positive numbers.
• <= (less than or equal to) : It is simply an operator which allows to compare the left value with the right one of the operand , in order to know if this is less than or equal to the operand on the right and in such case, it will return TRUE accordingly.
• == (equal to) : This is another comparison operator that basically defines whether the variable on the left is equal to the value to the right of the operator . In order to obtain effective results, it is essential to compare two variables that are of the same type of data. Well, even if it does admit the possibility of comparing different variables, this could lead to inconsistent results .
• ! = (different from) : Like all comparison operators, this one also deals with comparing the variable to the left with the value or variable to the right of the operator. If you feel like you want to take the two are not the same , automatically, the function in question will display TRUE accordingly.

Compound operators

Since they are operators that deal with the combination or binding of an arithmetic operation with a specific variable, they have have several functions based on mathematical operations .

To find out what they are, we invite you to read the following list:

• + = (composite sum) : In general, it is an operator in Arduino that allows you to add a variable with another variable or constant. To do this, it uses the syntax "X + = y;" in which X and Y allow entering the same data types (int, float, double, byte, short and long) .
• ++ (increment) : As its name suggests, it is a function that has the ability to increase or increase the value of a variable by 1 and to do this, it only allows certain types of data (int and long). So, as a result, it returns the original value or the recently increased value of the used variable.
• - = (compound subtraction) : It is considered to be power practice subtract a constant or variable from a specified variable . Therefore, since its correct structure is "X - = y" , it admits the introduction of two data which can be of different types (int, float, double, byte, short and long).
• - (decrement) : This refers to an operator that performs the inverse of the increment (++), because it reduces the value of a variable by 1 . Therefore, it returns the original or recently decremented value of the variable.
• * = (compound multiplication) : It is defined as a suitable shortcut to multiply between a variable with another variable or constant. To be able to use it, it must use the structure "x * = y;" .
• / = (compound division) : It is used to be able to divide a variable with another constant or variable, in an efficient way. Regarding its structure, we specify that it is "x / = y;" , so in the case of Y, it should be a variable or constant other than zero .
• % = (compound remainder) : More precisely, it is an operator which uses the structure "X% = divisor;" and below, i