(PDF) The Reign And Death Of King Josiah | Luke Dockery

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Abstract

AI

An examination of the contrasting accounts of King Josiah's reforms and death in the biblical texts of Kings and Chronicles underscores the complexity of interpreting historical narratives within religious scriptures. Scholars often debate the historical reliability of these accounts, with some asserting contradictions that may stem from biases against the Chronicles account. Through a detailed analysis, the paper argues for the theological emphasis rather than straightforward historical chronology in both accounts, suggesting that the narratives serve different purposes without necessarily contradicting each other, thereby highlighting the importance of considering biblical testimony as a serious historical source.

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Key takeaways

AI

1. The text argues for the reliability of biblical narratives regarding King Josiah's reign and death.
2. Josiah's reforms, while consistent in theme, differ in chronological portrayal between 2 Kings and 2 Chronicles.
3. Josiah's death illustrates differing interpretations based on preconceived biases about the Chronicles account.
4. The geopolitical context of Assyria, Egypt, and Babylon influenced Josiah's decisions and eventual demise.
5. The paper aims to reconcile perceived contradictions in Josiah's accounts, underscoring their thematic consistency.

Related papers

Reading and Rereading Josiah: The Chronicler's Representation of Josiah for the Postexilic CommunityKen Ristau

Community Identity in Judean Historiography: Biblical and Comparative Perspectives, 2009

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightKing Josiah Between Eclipse and Rebirth: Judah of the 7th Century BCE in History and LiteratureFilip Čapek

The Last Century in the History of the Kingdom of Judah - The 7th Century BCE in Archaeological, Historical and Biblical Perspective , 2019

Chapter analyses figure of Judaean king Joshiah as it is documented in biblical texts. Simultaneously, it deals with archaeological record from the 7th century BCE when this ruler was active and tries to bring both of these sources into critical dialogue.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightThe death of Josiah and the continuing development of the Deuteronomic Historyhugh williamson

Vetus Testamentum, 1982

... xxxv 23; 1 Kgs xxii 34), which occurs only in these passages, and the description of the dying king being brought from the battle in his chariot. Third, the death of Josiah back in Jerusalem (v. 24) as opposed to the statement of 2 Kgs xxiii 29 that Neco "slew him at Megiddo" may ...

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightReading and Re-Reading Josiah: A Critical Study of Josiah in ChroniclesKen RistaudownloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightThe Death of Josiah according to 1 EsdrasArie van der Kooij

Textus, 1998

Wetensch. publicati

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightHezekiah and Josiah: Comparisons and ContrastsJohn Mayne

Hezekiah and Josiah were the joint authors of unparalleled and unprecedented religious reforms that found their purpose in Yahweh, and their presence in Jerusalem. Through dissecting their methods and motivations, we can begin to uncover the full extent to which their reforming stratagem converged, diverged, or existed in parallel. Factoring in the contribution of the Historian and Chronicler, the geopolitical situation, personal devotion to Yahweh, monarchical relationships with the prophetic conscience and each king’s lasting historical legacy, we can begin to also shed light on what role their transformative measures carried out on the macro scale of Israelite history.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightBenZvi 2006 Observations on Josiah's Account in ChroniclesEhud Benzvi

Yairah Amit, Ehud Ben Zvi, Israel Finkelstein and Oded Lipschits (eds.) Essays on Ancient Israel in Its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Na'aman (Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2006), 2006

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightThe Sins of Josiah and Hezekiah: A Synchronic Reading of the Final Chapters of KingsDavid Janzen

Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, 2013

The double redaction theory of the Deuteronomistic History has its roots in the claim that there are logical discontinuities in the narrative from Manasseh to the end of 2 Kings. This article argues, however, that it is possible to see a coherent narrative in a synchronic reading of the final chapters of Kings once we recognize them as presenting a series of lessons to the Davidide in exile. Among the important lessons in 2 Kings 18–25 for Jehoiachin to learn is that, although he has received a negative evaluation from the narrative, the past sins on the parts of Josiah (for initially continuing Manasseh's sin) and Hezekiah (for initially failing to trust Yhwh to deliver Jerusalem) are ignored by Yhwh once they act rightly, and so are erased from their evaluations. It is still possible for Jehoiachin to earn an impeccable evaluation himself if he trusts Yhwh to deliver as Hezekiah eventually learned to do, and leads the nation in repentance as Josiah eventually did.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightIdentity Coherence in the Chronicler' s Narrative: King Josiah as a Second David and a Second SaulBrendan Youngberg

JHS, 2017

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightThe Manasseh and Josiah Redactions of 2 Kings 21-25Russell Gmirkin

Journal of Higher Criticism, 2022

This article outlines evidence for the existence of two major redactions of Kings that replaces the dual redaction theory of the Cross school. The oldest literary stratum, the Manasseh Redaction (DtrM), dated no earlier than the fall of Jerusalem in 585 BCE, schematically portrayed all the last kings from Manasseh to the fall of Jerusalem as uniformly wicked. The book of Jeremiah, which knew nothing of a righteous Josiah or of Deuteronomistic reforms, provides key external literary evidence for the existence of the Manasseh Redaction. The account of the last kings of Judah in 2 Kgs 21-25 in DtrM reads smoothly as a consistent negative account of the approaching divine punishment of Jerusalem for the sins of Manasseh. The Josiah Redaction (DtrJ), of even later date, inserted a new and entirely fictional portrait of Josiah as a righteous king and a Deuteronomistic reformer. The DtrJ additions contain systematic literary dependence on the older DtrM materials, while the reverse is never the case, showing the relative sequence of these contradictory traditions. • An immediate consequence is that DtrJ does not bear contemporary historical witness to events in the time of Josiah as commonly supposed. • A second consequence is to definitively remove the traditional argument that dates the introduction of the Deuteronomic law code to the time of Josiah. • A third consequence is to allow the possibility that all the materials in the Hebrew Bible attributed to the so-called Deuteronomistic School may be near-contemporary rather than a product of centuries of literary activity as commonly proposed.

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References (55)

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2. The Apocrypha and Psedueprigrapha of the Old Testament in English. Edited by R. H. Charles. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913.
3. Avioz, Michael. "Josiah's Death in the Book of Kings: A New Solution to an Old Theological Conundrum." Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 83, no. 4 (December 2007): 359-66.
4. Begg, Christopher T. "The Death of Josiah in Chronicles: Another View." Vetus Testamentum 37, no. 1 (January 1987): 1-8.
5. ------. "The Death of Josiah: Josephus and the Bible." Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 64, no. 1 (January 1988): 157-63.
6. Ben Zvi, Ehud. "Observations on Josiah's Account in Chronicles and Implications for Reconstructing the Worldview of the Chronicler." In Essays on Ancient Isael in its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Na'aman, edited by Yairah Amit, Ehud Ben Zvi, Israel Finkelstein, and Oded Lipschits, 89-106. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2006.
7. Birch, Bruce C., Walter Brueggemann, Terence E. Fretheim, David L. Petersen. A Theological Introduction to the Old Testament. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2005.
8. Brueggemann, Walter. 1 & 2 Kings. CD-ROM. Macon, GA: Smith & Helwys, 2000.
9. Campbell, Antony F. Joshua to Chronicles: An Introduction. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2004.
10. Castelli, Sylvia. "Kings in Josephus." In The Book of Kings: Sources, Composition, Historiography, and Reception, edited by André Lemaire, Baruch Halpern, and Matthew J. Adams, 541-60. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2010.
11. Cooper, Peter. "What Was Josiah Thinking?" Bible Review 16, no. 3 (June 2000): 28-29.
12. Cross, Frank Moore, and David Noel Freedman. "Josiah's Revolt Against Assyria." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 12, no. 1 (January 1953): 56-58.
13. Delamarter, Steve. "The Death of Josiah in Scripture and Tradition: Wrestling with the Problem of Evil?" Vetus Testamentum 54, no. 1 (January 2004): 29-60.
14. Frost, Stanley Brice. "The Death of Josiah: A Conspiracy of Silence." Journal of Biblical Literature 87, no. 4 (December 1968): 369-82.
15. Evans, Carl D. "Judah's Foreign Policy from Hezekiah to Josiah." In Scripture in Context: Essays on the Comparative Method, edited by Carl D. Evans, William W. Hallo, and John B. White, 157-78. Pittsburgh: The Pickwick Press, 1980.
16. Glatt-Gilad, David A. "The Role of Huldah's Prophecy in the Chronicler's Portrayal of Josiah's Reform." Biblica 77, no. 1 (January 1996): 16-31.
17. Grabbe, Lester L. "The Kingdom of Judah from Sennacherib's Invasion to the Fall of Jersualem: If We had Only the Bible..." In Good Kings and Bad Kings, edited by Lester L. Grabbe, 78-122. London: T & T Clark International, 2005.
18. Gray, John. "I & II Kings." In The Old Testmament Library, 713-48. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1964.
19. Guillaume, Philippe. Waiting for Josiah: The Judges. London: T & T Clark International, 2004.
20. Handy, Lowell K. "The Good, Bad, Insignificant, Indispensable King Josiah: A Brief Historical Survey of Josiah Studies in the Church." In Restoring the First-century Church in the Twenty-first Century: Essays on the Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement, edited by Warren Lewis and Hans Rollmann, 41-56. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2005.
21. ------. "Josiah Through Mesopotamian Eyes: Introduction." Biblical Research 51 (January 2006): 5-8.
22. The Holy Bible: English Standard Version. Wheaton, IL: Good News Publishers, 2001.
23. Hoppe, L. J. "The Death of Josiah and the Meaning of Deuteronomy." Liber Annuus 48 (January 1998): 31-47.
24. Hutton, Rodney R. Fortress Introduction to the Prophets. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004.
25. Japhet, Sara. "I & II Chronicles: A Commentary." In The Old Testament Library, 1017-59. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1993.
26. ------. The Ideology of the Book of Chronicles and Its Place in Biblical Thought. New York: Verlag Peter Lang, 1989.
27. Job, John Brian. Jeremiah's Kings: A Study of the Monarchy in Jeremiah. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2006.
28. Jones, Gwilym H. "1 and 2 Kings: Based on the Revised Standard Version." In New Century Bible Commentary, 602-30. Grand Rapids: W. B. Eerdmans, 1984.
29. Kim, Uriah Yong-Hwan. "The Realpolitik of Liminality in Josiah's Kingdom and Asian America." In Ways of Being, Ways of Reading: Asian American Biblical Interpretation, edited by Mary F. Foskett and Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, 84-98. St. Louis: Chalice Press, 2006.
30. Laato, Antti. "Beloved and Lovely! Despised and Rejected: Some Reflections on the Death of Josiah." In Houses Full of All Good Things: Essays in Memory of Timo Veijola, edited by Juha Pakkala and Martti Nissinen, 115-28. Helsinki: Finnish Exegetical Society, 2008.
31. ------. Josiah and David Redivivus: The Historical Josiah and the Messianic Expectations of Exilic and Postexilic Times. Stockholm, Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1992.
32. Long, Jesse C. "1 & 2 Kings." In The College Press NIV Commentary, 501-23. Joplin, MO: College Press Publishing Company, 2002.
33. Malamat, Abraham. "Josiah's Bid for Armageddon: The Background of the Judean-Egyptian Encounter in 609 B.C." Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society 5 (1973): 267-79.
34. Mitchell, Christine. "The Ironic Death of Josiah in 2 Chronicles." Catholic Biblical Quarterly 68, no. 3 (July 2006): 421-35.
35. Myers, Jacob M. I and II Esdras. The Anchor Bible (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1974).
36. Na'aman, Nadav. "The Kingdom of Judah Under Josiah." In Ancient Israel and Its Neighbors: Interaction and Counteraction, Collected Essays Volume 1, 329-98.
37. Nelson, Richard D. "The Historical Books." In Interpreting Biblical Texts, edited by Gene B. Tucker. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1998.
38. ------. "Realpolitik in Judah (687-609 B.C.E.)." In Scripture in Context II: More Essays on the Comparative Method, edited by William W. Hallo, James C. Moyer, and Leo G. Perdue, 177-89. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1983.
39. Phillips, Edgar Wayne. "The Death of Josiah." Master's thesis, Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1970. Microfilm.
40. Provan, Iain W. "1 and 2 Kings" In New International Biblical Commentary, 270-76. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1995.
41. Provan, Iain, V. Philips Long, and Tremper Longman III. A Biblical History of Israel. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2003.
42. Ristau, Kenneth A. "Reading and Rereading Josiah: The Chronicler's Representation of Josiah for the Postexilic Community." In Community Identity in Judean Historiography: Biblical and Comparative Perspectives, edited by Gary N. Knoppers and Kenneth A. Ristau, 219-47. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2009.
43. Rowton, Michael B. "Jeremiah and the Death of Josiah." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 10, no. 2 (April 1951): 128-30.
44. Sandgren, Leo Duprée. Vines Intertwined: A History of Jews and Christians from the Babylonina Exile to the Advent of Islam. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2010.
45. Schniedewind, William M. The Word of God in Transition: From Prophet to Exegete in the Second Temple Period. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 197. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995.
46. Scurlock, JoAnn. "Josiah: the View from Mesopotamia." Biblical Research 51, (January 2006): 9-24.
47. Sweeney, Marvin A. King Josiah of Judah: The Lost Messiah of Israel. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
48. ------. "The Question of Theodicy in the Historical Books: Jeroboam, Manasseh, and Josiah." In Reading the Hebrew Bible after the Shoah: Engaging Holocaust Theology, 64-83. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2008.
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50. ------. "The Three Deaths of Josiah and the Strata of Biblical Historiography (2 Kings xxiii 29-30; 2 Chronicles xxxv 20-5; 1 Esdras i 23-31)." Vetus Testamentum 46, no. 2 (April 1996): 213-36.
51. Washburn, David L. "Perspective and Purpose: Understanding the Josiah Story." Trinity Journal 12, no. 1 (March 1991): 59-78.
52. Weeks, Michael. "Josiah: The King who Turned Neither to the Right Nor to the Left." The Fifth Annual Greater Murfreesboro Area Lectureship (2002): 475-91.
53. Williamson, H. G. M. "1 and 2 Chronicles: Based on the Revised Standard Version." In New Century Bible Commentary, 396-411. Grand Rapids: W. B. Eerdmans, 1982.
54. ------. "The Death of Josiah and the Continuing Development of the Deuteronomic History." Vetus Testamentum 32, no. 2 (April 1982): 242-48.
55. ------. "Reliving the Death of Josiah: A Reply to C. T. Begg." Vetus Testamentum 37, no. 1 (January 1987): 9-15.

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FAQs

AI

What key reforms did Josiah implement during his reign?add

Josiah is noted for extensive reforms that included purging idolatry, repairing the Temple, and re-instituting the Passover Feast, significantly focused on returning the nation to worship as commanded in the Book of the Law.

How do the accounts of Josiah's death differ between Kings and Chronicles?add

The Kings account succinctly states that Josiah was killed by Pharaoh Neco, while Chronicles describes a more elaborate battle scenario, highlighting Josiah's resistance to Neco's warnings.

What implications can be drawn from Josiah's death regarding divine judgment?add

Despite Josiah's righteousness and reforms, prophecy indicated Judah's ultimate downfall; his death marked the beginning of this judgment, as divine punishment was said to be imminent following his reign.

How might the different narrative emphases in Kings and Chronicles be explained?add

David Washburn argues that the differing details reflect the authors' respective thematic concerns rather than contradictions, highlighting different achievements, such as Josiah's covenant renewal in Kings versus the Passover celebration in Chronicles.

What was the geopolitical context surrounding Josiah's reign?add

Josiah ruled during a turbulent period marked by Assyrian decline post-Ashurbanipal's death around 630 BC, creating a power vacuum that shifted regional dominance towards Babylon, influencing Judah's political maneuvers.

Related papers

Josiah's Death in the Book of Kings: A New Solution to an Old Theological ConundrumMichael Avioz

Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses, 2007

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightThe portrayal of Josiah in 2 Chron 34-35Steve Johnstone

The narratives of the Old Testament are rich with characters full and complex. This is one of the geniuses of the authors of Scripture, that though they relate historical events, places and people, they still take time to colour in the rich complexity of the characters involved. Indeed, only in Scripture will you meet people as vastly deep and complex as Abraham, Moses, Samson, Esther, David, Solomon, Ahab, Manasseh, Herod, Pilate, Peter, Paul, and a host of others. And yet the depth and complexity of the characters of Scripture are never shared simply for the sake of literary excellence. These are historical people being described to us. Human as we are. And the literarily shaped narratives in which they are found are given to us by God for our salvation and edification. This paper will cover the portrayal of just such a character – Josiah, king of Judah from 640-609BC. It will be asked, what is the author trying to convey through his portrayal of Josiah in the narrative of 2 Chronicles 34-35.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightJosiah's Reforms in Correlation with Israelite History: a Summary Based on Biblical and Historical AnalysisLeah M WilsondownloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightThe Death of Josiah in Scripture and Tradition: Wrestling with the Problem of Evil?Steve Delamarter

Vetus Testamentum, 2004

This study in comparative midrash traces the accounts of the death of Josiah through more than a dozen texts and translations. These include the two Biblical texts, as well as texts from Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha, Septuagint, Vulgate and early rabbinic writings. The evidence suggests that the later tradents may have been wrestling with the problem of evil that lies at the core of the Biblical accounts of the death of Josiah. As such, the study represents a fascinating look into the ongoing relationship between canon and the communities that looked to it for identity and ethos.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightThomas Römer, “The Rise and Fall of Josiah,” in: Rethinking Israel. Studies in the History and Archaeology of Ancient Israel in Honor of Israel Finkelstein, ed. Oded Lipschits, Yuval Gadot and Matthew J. Adams, (Winona Lake, In; Eisenbrauns, 2017), 329-340Thomas RömerdownloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightCommon Source Theory and Composition of the Story of the Divided Monarchy in Kings with Special Emphasis on the Account of Josiah's ReformLydie Kucova

Edinburgh University, 2005

This thesis seeks to contribute to a dynamic scholarly debate regarding the relationship of the biblical books of Samuel-Kings and Chronicles. The wider frame of reference, in which this study is set, is on the one hand, the prevailing view since de Wette that the main source of Chronicles is Samuel-Kings by and large in its existing form, and on the other, the recently revived older theory of a common source behind both Samuel-Kings and Chronicles. The present investigation looks at the merits of the latter, particularly the challenge it poses to the view of Chronicles being dependent on Samuel-Kings, as the portions of Kings and Chronicles dealing with divided monarchy in general and the reform of Josiah in particular are considered. After preliminary matters in the introduction, the regnal framework and the royal cultic reforms as presented in Kings and Chronicles are examined in chapters one and two. One of the major conclusions drawn from text and literary critical studies of the regnal formulae of these two historiographical works is that the framework of Israelite rulers in Kings may be a later (=postchronistic) development in that book, since close links are observed between the parts of regnal formulae of Judean monarchs in Kings that are absent from Chronicles and the framework of the rulers of Israel included only in Kings. The cultic reform accounts in Kings display a set of common characteristics often considered 'deuteronomistic'. Since these language characteristics are also shared by the reform narratives in Chronicles, it is argued that, in this sense, Chronicles in its reform accounts is no less 'deuteronomistic' than Kings. Of the only two cultic reform narratives that are found in Kings but not in Chronicles, the one relating to Jehu includes a subtle link to the Elijah/Elisha cycle that occurs again only in Kings, thus implying that both Jehu's reform account and the Elijah-Elisha cycle with which it is closely connected were originally absent from the main source of Chronicles. A major investigation is launched in chapter three into the parallel texts of one of the more prominent shared cultic reform accounts, that of king Josiah (2Kgs 23:4-20 + 24 and 2Chr 33:4-7 + 33). The study culminates with a tentative proposal of a primary form of Josiah's reform report that lies behind the two parallel texts. The next chapter investigates how that earlier reform account was expanded in Kings, as well as the many connections with other texts both within and outside the book of Kings in the process of its evolution. With the findings of the study of the texts of Josiah's reform in Kings and Chronicles in the major part of the thesis endorsing the main tenets of common source theory, the final chapter then hints at similar processes for other parts of Kings relating to the story of the divided monarchy, where the texts may have developed from the shorter material identifiable also as the main source for Chronicles.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightReliving the Death of Josiah: A Reply to C. T. Begghugh williamson

Vetus Testamentum 37, 9-15, 1987

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_right"Revisiting the Date of King Josiah's Death", in: A. F. Botta (ed.), In the Shadow of Bezalel. Aramaic, Biblical, and Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Bezalel Porten, (Leiden: Brill, 2013) 255 - 264. Dan'el Kahn

The purpose of this article is to reconsider the date of King Josiah's death. I divided it into three sections: I. A short survey of the history of research. II. The relevance of Demotic Papyrus Berlin 13588 for the date of Psammetichus I's death and Necho's accession. III. Its significance for determining Egyptian-Judean Political Relations.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightBenZvi 2008 Imagining Josiah's Book and the Implications of Imagining it in early Persian YehudEhud Benzvi

Berührungspunkte. Studien zur Sozial- und Religionsgeschichte Israels und seiner Umwelt. Festschrift für Rainer Albertz zu seinem 65. Geburtstag (Alter Orient und Altes Testament, 250; Münster: Ugarit Verlag, 2008), 2008

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightImagining Josiah's Book and the Implications of Imagining it in early Persian YehudEhud Benzvi

… : Studien zur Sozial-und Religionsgeschichte Israels …, 2008

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