Pepper Spray: Effects, Treatment, And Complications

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Medical News TodaySubscribeWhat is pepper spray, and is it dangerous?

Medically reviewed by Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI — Written by Jamie Smith — Updated on June 3, 2025

What is it?
Physical effects
Complications
Treatment
Uses
Summary

Pepper spray causes burning, pain, and tears when it comes into contact with a person’s eyes. Symptoms usually resolve in 30 minutes, but some people may experience more severe effects.

Pepper sprays are available commercially for personal protection against assailants. Law enforcement agencies in the United States use pepper spray during policing, crowd control, and to suppress protests and demonstrations. The use of pepper spray remains controversial.

This article examines pepper spray’s ingredients, its danger, and possible ways to treat exposure.

What is pepper spray?

Image of a person holding a canister of pepper spray — Evgen_Prozhyrko/Getty Images.

Pepper spray is a lacrimator, meaning it stimulates the eyes to produce tears. It typically comes in an aerosol or spray bottle.

The main component of pepper spray is an oil known as oleoresin capsicum. This oil comes from plants in the genus Capsicum, which includes chili peppers.

The active ingredient in pepper spray is capsaicin, the same chemical that gives chili peppers their characteristic heat. Pepper spray contains much higher concentrations of capsaicin than chili peppers.

Capsicum oil also forms the basis of bear spray, an aerosol designed to protect humans who encounter a bear.

Pepper spray has a very high score on the Scoville heat units (SHU) scale, which measures the “heat” of peppers. On the Scoville scale:

a bell pepper measures 0 SHU
a jalapeño pepper scores around 2,500–5,000 SHU
pepper spray that law enforcement officers use measures up to 5.3 million SHU

Pepper spray use is controversial, particularly when members of law enforcement units use it against civilian protestors.

The Chemical Weapons Convention bans the use of riot control measures such as pepper spray and tear gas in warfare. However, law enforcement officers use pepper spray and tear gas to disperse crowds and suppress protests.

Civilians can buy pepper spray over the counter for self-defense, though some U.S. states restrict its sales.

Physical effects of pepper spray

When pepper spray comes into contact with a person’s eyes, it causes immediate eye closure, acute eye pain, and temporary blindness. Some people describe a bubbling or boiling sensation and severe discomfort.

Pepper spray can also have the following effects:

a dry cough or wheezing
shortness of breath or an inability to breathe properly
throat burning
chest pain
gagging
a runny nose
gasping for air
panic
an inability to speak
dizziness
loss of consciousness
rashes, blisters, or burns on contact with the skin

People report scratches to the eyeball, or corneal abrasions. Such scratches are temporary and may result from a person rubbing their eyes.

While painful, the symptoms are usually self-limiting. They tend to resolve on their own within 30 minutes and do not usually require medical treatment.

A cough or shortness of breath can persist, especially in people with lung issues. People with conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may experience more severe breathing effects.

In rare cases, pepper spray can cause cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the skin that indicates a lack of blood flow and oxygen.

Complications of pepper spray use

If a person is exposed to a large amount of pepper spray, particularly indoors, they may experience complications that affect the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, such as:

glaucoma—an eye condition that can lead to blindness
cataracts
eye scarring
asthma
respiratory failure, which can be fatal
immediate death due to chemical burns to the lungs and throat

If symptoms improve soon after exposure, a person is unlikely to experience complications.

What to do after exposure to pepper spray

Following pepper spray exposure, people can follow these steps to reduce the duration and intensity of the symptoms:

Move into an area with fresh air, if possible.
Flush the affected area with lots of water to wash away the contaminants.
Avoid using soap around the eyes as it is an irritant.
Remove clothing that may have come into contact with the spray to decontaminate and prevent re-contamination. Cutting off clothing rather than pulling it over the head helps avoid further irritation to the eyes and skin.
Avoid touching the affected area, as it is easy to spread the oil-based solution to other areas of the body by doing so.
Blink the eyes rapidly to help flush out the chemical.

Popular strategies for removing pepper spray include baby shampoo, milk, antacids, and lidocaine. However, an older 2008 study comparing these strategies found no evidence that they were more effective than water.

A 2018 randomized controlled trial also reported no difference between baby shampoo and water alone in relieving the effects of tear gas and pepper spray.

Emergency responders may use wipes and saline solutions to help relieve symptoms of pepper spray exposure.

Emergency responders may use wipes, saline solution, or Diphoterine to help relieve symptoms of pepper spray exposure. Diphoterine is a specialized emergency wash solution that can wash off chemicals that come in contact with the eyes or skin.

In most cases, pepper spray symptoms resolve within 10 to 30 minutes and do not require medical care.

How is pepper spray used?

Since the early 1980s, law enforcement agents in the U.S. have used pepper spray in policing and crowd control.

When pepper spray hits a person’s face, it temporarily blinds them and causes severe pain and discomfort. This allows police to subdue and arrest people, disperse protestors, and suppress demonstrations.

Police use of pepper spray remains controversial. During the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests, Amnesty International raised serious concerns that law enforcement had violated protestors’ human rights through unnecessary and sometimes excessive force, including the use of pepper spray.

These concerns center around the use of pepper spray, tear gas, and other tactics as “a first resort tactic against peaceful protestors rather than as a response to any sort of actual threat or violence.”

Amnesty International’s report documented 21 instances of unlawful police use of pepper spray across 15 states and in the District of Columbia between May and June, along with 89 uses of tear gas.

In addition, a study by Harvard University researchers found that police in the U.S. are more likely to use pepper spray on Black people than white people. This is just one of the serious concerns about systemic racism and racial discrimination within law enforcement.

Research has examined the relative benefits and risks of using pepper spray for crowd control. A 2017 review examined the health effects of using chemical irritants in this context in 31 studies across 11 countries.

The researchers concluded that, while pepper spray can have limited use in crowd control, there is a “significant potential for misuse, leading to unnecessary morbidity and mortality.”

Summary

Pepper spray is a chemical that law enforcement and civilians are legally allowed to use for defense. It can be dangerous, and its use is controversial, especially when agents use it against civilian protesters.

If people are exposed to large amounts of pepper spray, it can cause severe complications involving the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. However, most people recover within 30 minutes of exposure.

Public Health
Respiratory
Eye Health / Blindness
First Aid
Health Equity

How we reviewed this article:

SourcesMedical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy.

Barry JD, et al. (2008). A randomized controlled trial comparing treatment regimens for acute pain for topical oleoresin capsaicin (pepper spray) exposure in adult volunteers.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10903120802290786
Chemical Weapon Convention: Convention on the prohibition of the development, production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons and on their destruction. (n.d.).https://www.opcw.org/sites/default/files/documents/CWC/CWC_en.pdf
Fryer RG Jr. (2018). An empirical analysis of racial differences in police use of force.http://www.nber.org/papers/w22399.pdf
Haar RJ, et al. (2017). Health impacts of chemical irritants used for crowd control: A systematic review of the injuries and deaths caused by tear gas and pepper spray.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5649076/
How dangerous is pepper spray?https://www.poison.org/articles/how-dangerous-is-pepper-spray-201
Riot control agents. (2024).https://www.cdc.gov/chemical-emergencies/chemical-fact-sheets/riot-control-agents.html
Some like it hot! (n.d.).https://cornellbotanicgardens.org/sites/default/files/2025-04/heat.index_.poster.pdf
Stopyra JP, et al. (2018). Baby shampoo to relieve the discomfort of tear gas and pepper spray exposure: A randomized controlled trial.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29560057/
Tidwell RD, et al. (2023). Tear gas (pepper spray) toxicity.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544263/
USA: Law enforcement violated Black Lives Matter protestors’ human rights, documents acts of police violence and excessive force. (2020).https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/08/usa-law-enforcement-violated-black-lives-matter-protesters-human-rights/

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Medically reviewed by Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI — Written by Jamie Smith — Updated on June 3, 2025

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Pepper Spray: Effects, Treatment, And Complications

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