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Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) has been worldwide major communicable disease leads mortality and morbidity in the world. TB ranks as the second leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide, after Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). TB is an infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It typically affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can affect other sites as well. This disease is spread by airborne when the people who are sick with pulmonary TB expel the bacteria (e.g. coughing). In 2013, it is estimated there was 9 million people developed TB, 1.5 million died and 360,000 of who were HIV-positive. More than half (56%), the incidence of TB happened in South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions meanwhile one fourth came from African region. India and China alone accounted 24% and 11% respectively (WHO, 2014a). In Indonesia, the incidence of TB is also quite great. Data in 2013 showed the prevalence of TB in Indonesia was 680,000 cases and mortality rate was 67,900 each year (MoH RI, 2011; WHO, 2014c). It is a big problem faced the worldwide because of high incidence and burden mortality. However, given that most deaths, TB is preventable and manageable with appropriate approach in accordance with infection control and prevention. If the prevention and management of TB are not appropriate, it could increase the incidence rate, get worst leads other complication and develop being multi-drug resistant, MDR-the most challenging situation of TB eradication.

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Key takeaways

AI

1. Tuberculosis (TB) is the second leading cause of infectious disease mortality worldwide, following HIV.
2. In 2013, 9 million people developed TB, resulting in 1.5 million deaths globally.
3. N95 respirators are essential for health care workers during high-risk procedures and when caring for MDR-TB patients.
4. Proper application of personal protective equipment (PPE) is critical for reducing TB transmission among health care workers.
5. Inconsistent adherence to PPE guidelines significantly increases the risk of TB exposure in health care settings.

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Tuberculosis (TB) still remain a major challenging global health problem. India is one the high TB burden country, adding to 26 per cent of the worldwide TB burden. During the 20th century, TB became treatable and the therapeutic success of short-course chemotherapy was a break through. In the early 1980s, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic resulted in a resurgence of TB globally with more complications and challenges like occurrence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB (M/XDR-TB). Atypical clinical presentation still poses a challenge. While treatment of TB and HIV-TB co-infection has become simpler, efforts are on to shorten the treatment duration. However, drug toxicities, adverse drug reactions and drug-drug interactions still possess a significant challenge. Hurdles like the lack of adequate coverage, low economy and weak health services limit access to high-quality tuberculosis care in some of the countries. Further, many public and private health-care providers remain delinked from national tuberculosis control efforts. In addition, tuberculosis is a disease of the poor and the absence of universal health coverage aggravates the economic burden of TB on the poor. Even though the advancements in tuberculosis control over the past two decades are strong, relatively high effort is needed to wipe out the pandemic. A pursuit for novel biomarkers for predicting a durable cure, relapse, discovery/repurposing of newer anti-TB drugs, development of newer vaccines continues to attain the goal of eliminating TB altogether by 2050. The present review focuses on the global and Indian tuberculosis situation. It emphasizes the epidemiological situation in India and the burden of disease in the nation over time.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightHousehold Contact Of Pulmonary Tuberculosis In Wonogiri District, Central Java Province, Indonesialintang saraswati

Pulmonary tuberculosis (pulmonary TB) is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis which remains high (74.52%) in Central Java, Indonesia. Smear-positive pulmonary TB cases in Wonogiri district in 2012 have increased (48.4%). Prevention activities to break the chain of transmission are by knowing the factors, especially in the sphere nearest the patient's family. The purpose of this study is to analyze the history of household contact with pulmonary TB incidence in Wonogiri district. It is observational analytic study with case-control study design. Sample cases were all patients with smear-positive pulmonary TB who had a history of contact in Wonogiri district. Control samples were all people with smear-negative pulmonary TB who had a history of contact in Wonogiri. The total samples were 136 respondents. Statistical analysis showed that the variables associated with the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis were prolonged contact (OR=3.975, 95%CI=1.887-8.375), working outside the home (OR=2.496, 95%CI=1.243-5.001), history of sharing a room (OR=8.816, 95%CI=3.767- 20.681), the closeness of the family relationship status (OR=2.908,95% CI=1.173-7.212), preventive behavior (OR=26.5,95%CI=10.412-67.449). It is important to perform case detection rate from household contacts every month. For patients who have a history of TB contact need to improve health behaviors for the prevention of pulmonary TB.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightTuberculosis Risk in Health Care WorkersD J Christopher

The Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences

Risk to health care workers (HCW) is of paramount importance in the global fight against tuberculosis (TB). There is mounting evidence that they are at increased risk of contracting TB infection as well as developing the disease. This occupational risk is at alarming proportions in the low-and middle-income countries (LMIC), because of increased exposure and lack of preventive measures. Although tuberculin skin test has been used for a long time to detect latent TB infection (LTBI), it has significant drawbacks. Interferon-gamma release assays arrived with a lot of promise, but the expected benefit of more specific diagnosis has not yet been proved. The treatment of LTBI is an area, which is not well studied in LMIC. Effective environmental and personal protective measures along with education to the patients and the HCW needs to be carried out expeditiously, to reduce the occupational risk of TB.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightAn Overview on Tuberculosis and Worldwide Steps to Combat TB Including Awareness Programme in IndiaPRAMOD INGLE

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Objectives of current review is to collate history of Tuberculosis (TB), overview of the current literature on epidemiology, world health organisations (WHO) recent strategic plan to overcome and eliminate TB from the root, and to determine current knowledge gaps for control of TB. This study is a review, a descriptive approach of state-of-science for better treatment strategies for TB. The article finds that to reach to end TB goal, WHO, we have to follow the guideline of who about TB control, along with that the Indian government also maintained awareness program. Current findings on TB suggest that with the development of science and technology, researches being conducted to minimise the drug resistance tuberculosis, as well as WHO sets new strategy to fight against TB, which could potentially change the casual outlook of the people towards their health habits, health issues, and will help them in future to tackle from this deadly killer disease.

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Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 2014

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downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightRevised national tuberculosis control program in India: the need to strengthenPardeep Khanna

International journal of preventive medicine, 2013

Author information ► Article notes ► Copyright and License information ► Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is spread through the air from people suffering from TB. A single patient can infect ten or more people in one year. TB remains a major public health problem in India, with the country accounting for 26% of all TB cases reported globally.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightTuberculosis: the current status in IndiaVikas Deep Mishra, IP Innovative Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Innovative Publication, 2016

Pulmonary tuberculosis is endemic globally and is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. India is classified among the 22 high burden countries by WHO. According to WHO global TB report 2015 incidence of TB in India in 2014 was 2.2 million (including patients with HIV/TB) while, prevalence was 2.5 million (includes patients with HIV/TB). Mortality (excluding patients wit HIV/TB) was 0.2 million and case detection for all forms of TB was approximately 74%. With the emerging threat of Drug-Resistant TB, We need to improve our surveillance and treatment facility to eliminate TB by 2050.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightLatent tuberculosis infection among healthcare workers in chest disease hospitals, BangladeshSaiful Islam

Bangladesh has the sixth highest burden of tuberculosis (TB) in the world. Chest disease hospitals in Bangladesh primarily admit TB patients, and healthcare workers at these hospitals are at risk of TB infection from their daily exposure to TB patients. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of latent TB infection among healthcare workers at chest disease hospitals in Bangladesh. We invited 501 healthcare workers from four chest disease hospitals to undergo a two-step tuberculin skin test (TST) to identify latent TB infection. We considered induration diameter of ≥10mm as positive for latent TB infection after two-step TST testing among those without evidence of active TB. We compared prevalence of latent TB infection between occupational groups of healthcare workers and by hospital using the chi-square test. Among 501 healthcare workers, 90% (449) completed testing. The overall prevalence of latent TB infection among healthcare workers was 54%; the highest was among laboratory staff (65%). The prevalence of latent TB among healthcare workers at the Chittagong Chest Disease Hospital was significantly higher (67%) than it was among workers at the other three chest disease hospitals (p value=0.01). The prevalence of latent TB infection in this study is similar to the prevalence of latent TB infection among healthcare workers in other countries with high TB burden. Research to explore different TB infection control interventions could identify potential strategies to reduce healthcare associated TB infection.

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Medical Journal of Indonesia, 2002

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downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightGlobal Burden and Epidemiology of TuberculosisPhilippe Glaziou

Clinics in Chest Medicine, 2009

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References (11)

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FAQs

AI

What is the impact of proper PPE on TB transmission among healthcare workers?add

The study reveals that healthcare workers using N95 respirators significantly reduce tuberculosis transmission risks compared to those using surgical masks, enhancing safety during high-risk procedures.

How does adherence to PPE recommendations vary across healthcare facilities in Indonesia?add

The research indicates inconsistent adherence to WHO recommendations, with some facilities using only surgical masks due to limited resources and lack of monitoring systems.

What key factors influence the effectiveness of respiratory protection programs for HCWs?add

The effectiveness requires strong adherence to written standard procedures, periodic training, and fit-testing for respirators, leading to improved safety in high-risk environments.

What specific recommendations are made for healthcare workers dealing with MDR and XDR-TB patients?add

Health workers are advised to wear N95 respirators during patient care for MDR-TB and XDR-TB to mitigate infection risks, alongside proper hygiene practices.

How has the approach to PPE evolved since the CDC's 1994 recommendations?add

Since 1994, the CDC has emphasized N95 respirator use for airborne infections, reflecting an evolving understanding of their efficacy over traditional surgical masks in high-risk scenarios.

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The Internet Journal of Healthcare Administration, 2010

Tuberculosis has emerged as the greatest danger to India threatening the health of millions. Since TB is ubiquitous and contagious, hospital staff and others in close contact with tuberculosis patients run the highest risk of infection. This risk is largely preventable by use of simple inexpensive measures to avoid the contagion to spread via droplets. Even though health care workers are well aware of the mode of spread of tuberculosis , they do not take precautionary measures while dealing with TB patients. Patients too are non compliant with doctors' advise of wearing masks for protection of people in the vicinity. Thus, extensive use of masks enforced by the administration will greatly reduce the transmission of tuberculosis. This may be achieved if disposable masks are made available free of cost from dispensers along with condoms under a national programme thus helping us tackle the two leading diseases of the country.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightTuberculosis: Epidemiology and Controlalberto matteelli

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern worldwide: despite a regular, although slow, decline in incidence over the last decade, as many as 8.6 million new cases and 1.3 million deaths were estimated to have occurred in 2012. TB is by all means a poverty-related disease, mainly affecting the most vulnerable populations in the poorest countries. The presence of multidrug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis in most countries, with somewhere prevalence is high, is among the major challenges for TB control, which may hinder recent achievements especially in some settings. Early TB case detection especially in resource-constrained settings and in marginalized groups remains a challenge, and about 3 million people are estimated to remain undiagnosed or not notified and untreated. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently launched a new global TB strategy for the "post-2015 era" aimed at "ending the global TB epidemic" by 2035. This strategy is based on the three pillars that emphasize patient-centred TB care and prevention, bold policies and supportive systems, and intensified research and innovation. This paper aims to provide an overview of the global TB epidemiology as well as of the main challenges that must be faced to eliminate the disease as a public health problem everywhere.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightRisk Factors of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Countermeasures: A Literature ReviewYenni Tarigan

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is still the primary infectious disease in the world due to HIV/AIDS. In the 2015-2019 strategic plan of the Ministry of Health, infectious diseases are one of the main priorities that must create a Healthy Indonesia. The prevalence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Indonesia is 539,000 new cases each year, with the number of deaths around 101,000 per year. Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) (+) incidence rate is around 110/ 100,000 population. AIM: This study aimed to identify the influencing factors and efforts to overcome pulmonary tuberculosis disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research method was carried out by tracing the research reports/articles related to pulmonary tuberculosis incidence as many as 38 selected articles. RESULT: Factors that influence tuberculosis infection incidence include age, income level (socioeconomic), housing conditions, the behavior of opening windows every morning, smoking, and a history of contact with tuberculosis patients. T...

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightTUBERCULOSIS CONTROLAvani SinghdownloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightAvcı E, Devran Muharremoğlu Z, Namlı Bozkurt EN, Kaygusuz S. Changing Epidemiology of Tuberculosis and Actions Taken in the World and Türkiye. J Clin Pract Res 2024;46(5):421–430.Emine Avcı, Journal of Clinical Practice and Research

Journal of Clinical Practice and Research, 2024

Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne, contagious illness caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can affect all tissues and organs, primarily the lungs. Tuberculosis remains a significant public health problem worldwide, with 10 million people contracting the disease and 1.5 million deaths annually. It is the second most common cause of death from communicable diseases globally, following Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). To combat tuberculosis globally, the Global Tuberculosis Program is carried out by the World Health Organization (WHO).

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightThe Growing Burden of TuberculosisBrian Williams

Archives of Internal Medicine, 2003

Background: The increasing global burden of tuberculosis (TB) is linked to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Methods: We reviewed data from notifications of TB cases, cohort treatment outcomes, surveys of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and HIV prevalence in patients with TB and other subgroups. Information was collated from published literature and databases held by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (UNAIDS), the US Census Bureau, and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Results: There were an estimated 8.3 million (5th-95th centiles, 7.3-9.2 million) new TB cases in 2000 (137/ 100000 population; range, 121/100000-151/100000). Tuberculosis incidence rates were highest in the WHO African Region (290/100000 per year; range, 265/100000-331/100000), as was the annual rate of increase in the number of cases (6%). Nine percent (7%-12%) of all new TB cases in adults (aged 15-49 years) were attributable to HIV infection, but the proportion was much greater in the WHO African Region (31%) and some industrialized countries, notably the United States (26%). There were an estimated 1.8 million (5th-95th centiles, 1.6-2.2 million) deaths from TB, of which 12% (226000) were attributable to HIV. Tuberculosis was the cause of 11% of all adult AIDS deaths. The prevalence of M tuberculosis-HIV coinfection in adults was 0.36% (11 million people). Coinfection prevalence rates equaled or exceeded 5% in 8 African countries. In South Africa alone there were 2 million coinfected adults. Conclusions: The HIV pandemic presents a massive challenge to global TB control. The prevention of HIV and TB, the extension of WHO DOTS programs, and a focused effort to control HIV-related TB in areas of high HIV prevalence are matters of great urgency.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightAssessment, Monitoring, and Awareness of Garment Workers Regarding the Prevalence of Tuberculosis in Savar, DhakaRopak roy

The research was conducted to assess the awareness regarding Tuberculosis (TB) in the middle of the export oriented garment workers in Savar, Dhaka. Data were collected by face to face interview using a semistructured questionnaire. A total of 110 garment workers were interviewed, in the middle of them, 51.8% were male and rests of 48.2% were female. Maximum 30.9% respondent's age was between 20-22 years and 28.2% respondent's ages were more than 28 years. 58.2% of respondents had secondary education, 22.7% of respondents had primary education and 14.5% respondents had HSC and above education. Out of 110 respondents, 60.0% were lived in a nuclear family, 39.1% were lived in a joint family, and 34.5 % were at own house, 3.6 % were at slum and 57.3% were at the colony. The majority had heard about TB (72.7%) by listening to Television, Radio, Newspaper, and 27.3% were family member, office, doctors or hospitals. only 25.5% perceived it to be an infectious disease, (30.0%) were did not perceive and highest number 44.5 % were didn't know. The correct mode of transmission i.e. airborne (coughing/sneezing) was known to 66.7% study subjects. The majority (62.4%) knew cough as a symptom. Maximum (71.8%) respondents thought TB to be a preventable disease, in the middle of them majority (52.0 %) were of the opinion to prevent the TB by a cover on the mouth at coughing, 8.1% were said BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccination and 35.8 % was no smoking. Most of the respondent's (96.4%) said TB is a treatable disease, in the middle of them, 75.5% said by Anti TB antibiotics. 62.7% of respondents knew TB is a completely curable disease. This study shows (74.5%) garments workers have poor awareness and (25.5%) have good awareness.

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