Pulmonary Infiltrates (Concept Id: C0235896) - NCBI

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Create FileAdd to ClipboardAdd to Collections Pulmonary infiltratesMedGen UID: 116009 •Concept ID: C0235896 •Finding; Finding

Synonym:	Lung infiltrates
HPO:	HP:0002113

Definition A finding indicating the presence of an inflammatory or neoplastic cellular infiltrate in the lung parenchyma. [from NCI] Term Hierarchy

• GTR
• MeSH

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  

• CROGVPulmonary infiltrates

• Phenotypic abnormality
  • Abnormality of the respiratory system
    • Abnormal respiratory system morphology
      • Abnormal pulmonary thoracic imaging finding
        • Pulmonary infiltrates
          • Diffuse reticular or finely nodular infiltrations
          • Transient pulmonary infiltrates

Conditions with this feature Letterer-Siwe diseaseMedGen UID: 7311 •Concept ID: C0023381 •Disease or Syndrome A multifocal, multisystem form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis. There is involvement of multiple organ systems including the bones, skin, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Patients are usually infants presenting with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, bone and skin lesions, and pancytopenia. See: Condition Record Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndromeMedGen UID: 61525 •Concept ID: C0206141 •Disease or Syndrome Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a myeloproliferative disorder in which persistent eosinophilia leads to tissue damage, caused by direct infiltration by eosinophils and cytokine release, which leads to progressive organ dysfunction that may be fatal (summary by Griffin et al., 2003). See: Condition Record Familial eosinophiliaMedGen UID: 78796 •Concept ID: C0272192 •Disease or Syndrome Familial eosinophilia is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by peripheral hypereosinophilia (greater than 500 eosinophils/micro liter of blood) with or without other oragn involvement (summary by Rioux et al., 1998). See: Condition Record Lipochrome histiocytosis - familialMedGen UID: 90743 •Concept ID: C0334125 •Disease or Syndrome See: Condition Record Anti-glomerular basement membrane diseaseMedGen UID: 140788 •Concept ID: C0403529 •Disease or Syndrome Goodpasture syndrome, also known as anti-GBM disease, is a rare autoimmune disease consisting of alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis secondary to circulating antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibodies. Anti-GBM antibodies are directed against an antigen intrinsic to the alpha-3 chain of type IV collagen (COL4A3; 120070) that is expressed in the GBMs of the glomerular capillary loops and the basal membrane of the pulmonary alveoli. Goodpasture syndrome is suspected in patients with hemoptysis and hematuria and is confirmed by the presence of anti-GBM antibodies in renal biopsy specimens and serum. Patients with human leukocyte antigen HLA-DR15 and HLA-DR4 are susceptible to the development of Goodpasture syndrome. Reported cases of familial Goodpasture syndrome are extremely rare (summary by Angioi et al., 2017). See: Condition Record Immunodeficiency due to CD25 deficiencyMedGen UID: 377894 •Concept ID: C1853392 •Disease or Syndrome Immunodeficiency-41 (IMD41) is an autosomal recessive complex disorder of immune dysregulation. Affected individuals present in infancy with recurrent viral, fungal, and bacterial infections, lymphadenopathy, and variable autoimmune features, such as autoimmune enteropathy and eczematous skin lesions. Immunologic studies show a defect in T-cell regulation (summary by Goudy et al., 2013). See: Condition Record Gaucher disease type IMedGen UID: 409531 •Concept ID: C1961835 •Disease or Syndrome Gaucher disease (GD) encompasses a continuum of clinical findings from a perinatal-lethal disorder to an asymptomatic type. The characterization of three major clinical types (1, 2, and 3) and two clinical forms (perinatal-lethal and cardiovascular) is useful in determining prognosis and management. Cardiopulmonary complications have been described with all the clinical phenotypes, although varying in frequency and severity. Type 1 GD is characterized by the presence of clinical or radiographic evidence of bone disease (osteopenia, focal lytic or sclerotic lesions, and osteonecrosis), hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, lung disease, and the absence of primary central nervous system disease. Type 2 GD is characterized by primary central nervous system disease with onset before age two years, limited psychomotor development, and a rapidly progressive course with death by age two to four years. Type 3 GD is characterized by primary central nervous system disease with childhood onset, a more slowly progressive course, and survival into the third or fourth decade. The perinatal-lethal form is associated with ichthyosiform or collodion skin abnormalities or with nonimmune hydrops fetalis. The cardiovascular form is characterized by calcification of the aortic and mitral valves, mild splenomegaly, corneal opacities, and supranuclear ophthalmoplegia. See: Condition Record Brain-lung-thyroid syndromeMedGen UID: 369694 •Concept ID: C1970269 •Disease or Syndrome NKX2-1-related disorders range from benign hereditary chorea (BHC) to choreoathetosis, congenital hypothyroidism, and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (also known as brain-lung-thyroid syndrome). Childhood-onset chorea, the hallmark feature of NKX2-1-related disorders, may or may not be associated with pulmonary disease or congenital hypothyroidism. Age of onset of chorea varies from early infancy (most commonly) to late childhood or adolescence and may progress into the second decade, after which it remains static or (rarely) remits. Pulmonary disease, the second most common manifestation, can include respiratory distress syndrome in neonates, interstitial lung disease in young children, and pulmonary fibrosis in older individuals. The risk for pulmonary carcinoma is increased in young adults with NKX2-1-related disorders. Thyroid dysfunction, occurring as a result of thyroid dysgenesis, can present as congenital or compensated hypothyroidism. In one review, 50% of affected individuals had the full brain-lung-thyroid syndrome, 30% had brain and thyroid involvement only, and 13% had chorea only. See: Condition Record Sarcoidosis, susceptibility to, 2MedGen UID: 436694 •Concept ID: C2676468 •Finding Any sarcoidosis in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the BTNL2 gene. See: Condition Record Sarcoidosis, susceptibility to, 1MedGen UID: 394568 •Concept ID: C2697310 •Finding Any sarcoidosis in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the HLA-DRB1 gene. See: Condition Record Granulomatosis with polyangiitisMedGen UID: 811223 •Concept ID: C3495801 •Disease or Syndrome Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, formerly termed Wegener granulomatosis, is a systemic disease with a complex genetic background. It is characterized by necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tract, glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, and the presence of antineutrophil cytoplasmatic autoantibodies (ANCAs) in patient sera. These ANCAs are antibodies to a defined target antigen, proteinase-3 (PR3, PRTN3; 177020), which is present within primary azurophil granules of neutrophils (PMNs) and lysozymes of monocytes. On cytokine priming of PMNs, PR3 translocates to the cell surface, where PR3-ANCAs can interact with their antigens and activate PMNs. PMNs from patients with active GPA express PR3 on their surface, produce respiratory burst, and release proteolytic enzymes after activation with PR3-ANCAs. The consequence is a self-sustaining inflammatory process (Jagiello et al., 2004). See: Condition Record Immunodeficiency 27AMedGen UID: 860386 •Concept ID: C4011949 •Disease or Syndrome Immunodeficiency-27A (IMD27A) results from autosomal recessive (AR) IFNGR1 deficiency. Patients with complete IFNGR1 deficiency have a severe clinical phenotype characterized by early and often fatal mycobacterial infections. The disorder can thus be categorized as a form of mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD). Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and environmental mycobacteria are the most frequent pathogens, and infection typically begins before the age of 3 years. Plasma from patients with complete AR IFNGR1 deficiency usually contains large amounts of IFNG (147570), and their cells do not respond to IFNG in vitro. In contrast, cells from patients with partial AR IFNGR1 deficiency, which is caused by a specific mutation in IFNGR1, retain residual responses to high IFNG concentrations. Patients with partial AR IFNGR1 deficiency are susceptible to BCG and environmental mycobacteria, but they have a milder clinical disease and better prognosis than patients with complete AR IFNGR1 deficiency. The clinical features of children with complete AR IFNGR1 deficiency are usually more severe than those in individuals with AD IFNGR1 deficiency (IMD27B), and mycobacterial infection often occurs earlier (mean age of 1.3 years vs 13.4 years), with patients having shorter mean disease-free survival. Salmonellosis is present in about 5% of patients with AR or AD IFNGR1 deficiency, and other infections have been reported in single patients (review by Al-Muhsen and Casanova, 2008). See: Condition Record DOCK2 deficiencyMedGen UID: 901370 •Concept ID: C4225328 •Disease or Syndrome Immunodeficiency-40 (IMD40) is an autosomal recessive primary form of combined immunodeficiency mainly affecting T-cell number and function, with other more variable defects in B-cell and NK-cell function. Patients have onset of severe invasive bacterial and viral infections in early childhood and may die without bone marrow transplantation (summary by Dobbs et al., 2015). See: Condition Record Immunodeficiency 60MedGen UID: 1681890 •Concept ID: C5193072 •Disease or Syndrome Immunodeficiency-60 and autoimmunity (IMD60) is an autosomal dominant primary immunologic disorder characterized by inflammatory bowel disease and recurrent sinopulmonary infections. The age at symptom onset is highly variable, ranging from infancy to mid-adulthood. Laboratory studies show dysregulation of both B and T cells, with variably decreased immunoglobulin production, decreased T-regulatory cells, and overall impaired lymphocyte maturation (summary by Afzali et al., 2017). See: Condition Record VEXAS syndromeMedGen UID: 1765785 •Concept ID: C5435753 •Disease or Syndrome VEXAS syndrome is an autoinflammatory syndrome caused by a somatic UBA1 (i.e., mosaic or postzygotic) pathogenic variant in hematopoietic stem cells. Because UBA1 is an X-linked gene, VEXAS syndrome mostly affects males; however, females account for about 4% of affected individuals. VEXAS syndrome, characterized by inflammatory and hematologic findings, typically affects males older than age 50 years. The most common inflammatory findings include recurrent fever, skin lesions, pulmonary infiltrates, recurrent chondritis, arthritis, pan ocular inflammation, and unprovoked venous thrombosis. Hematologic involvement includes macrocytic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), thrombocytopenia, monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance, and vacuoles in myeloid and erythroid precursor cells. See: Condition Record Nephronophthisis-like nephropathy 2MedGen UID: 1794163 •Concept ID: C5561953 •Disease or Syndrome Nephronophthisis-like nephropathy-2 (NPHPL2) is an autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease characterized by onset of progressive renal insufficiency in the first decades of life. Renal imaging and biopsy show corticomedullary cysts, tubular ectasia, tubular basement membrane disruption, and tubulointerstitial infiltrations. Patients eventually progress to end-stage renal failure, necessitating kidney transplantation or dialysis (summary by Hurd et al., 2013). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of nephronophthisis, see NPHP1 (256100). See: Condition Record Primordial dwarfism-immunodeficiency-lipodystrophy syndromeMedGen UID: 1823971 •Concept ID: C5774198 •Disease or Syndrome Primordial dwarfism-immunodeficiency-lipodystrophy syndrome (PDIL) is characterized by pre- and postnatal growth restriction, with extreme microcephaly, short stature, and absence of subcutaneous fat. There is also significant hematologic/immune dysfunction, with hypo- or agammaglobulinemia, as well as lymphopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia, and most affected individuals succumb to infection in early childhood (Parry et al., 2020). See: Condition Record Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease Brain-lung-thyroid syndrome DOCK2 deficiency Familial eosinophilia Gaucher disease type I Granulomatosis with polyangiitis Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome Immunodeficiency 27A Immunodeficiency 60 Immunodeficiency due to CD25 deficiency Letterer-Siwe disease Lipochrome histiocytosis - familial Nephronophthisis-like nephropathy 2 Primordial dwarfism-immunodeficiency-lipodystrophy syndrome Sarcoidosis, susceptibility to, 1 Sarcoidosis, susceptibility to, 2 VEXAS syndrome Professional guidelines

PubMed

Clinical Manifestation and Treatment of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis. Agarwal R, Muthu V, Sehgal IS Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2024 Feb;45(1):114-127. Epub 2023 Dec 28 doi: 10.1055/s-0043-1776912. PMID: 38154470 Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia. Causes, Diagnosis, and Management. De Giacomi F, Vassallo R, Yi ES, Ryu JH Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018 Mar 15;197(6):728-736. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201710-1967CI. PMID: 29206477 Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: review of literature and proposal of new diagnostic and classification criteria. Agarwal R, Chakrabarti A, Shah A, Gupta D, Meis JF, Guleria R, Moss R, Denning DW; ABPA complicating asthma ISHAM working group Clin Exp Allergy 2013 Aug;43(8):850-73. doi: 10.1111/cea.12141. PMID: 23889240 See all (101) These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the FAQ for details.These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the FAQ for details. Recent clinical studiesAdditional literature that covers other topics related to this disease may be found in PubMed

Etiology

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Aspiration Pneumonia. Almirall J, Boixeda R, de la Torre MC, Torres A Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2024 Dec;45(6):621-625. Epub 2024 Nov 29 doi: 10.1055/s-0044-1793907. PMID: 39612934 Clinical Manifestation and Treatment of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis. Agarwal R, Muthu V, Sehgal IS Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2024 Feb;45(1):114-127. Epub 2023 Dec 28 doi: 10.1055/s-0043-1776912. PMID: 38154470 Silica-related diseases in the modern world. Hoy RF, Chambers DC Allergy 2020 Nov;75(11):2805-2817. Epub 2020 Feb 15 doi: 10.1111/all.14202. PMID: 31989662 Pulmonary eosinophilia. Campos LE, Pereira LF J Bras Pneumol 2009 Jun;35(6):561-73. doi: 10.1590/s1806-37132009000600010. PMID: 19618037 Methotrexate pulmonary toxicity. Lateef O, Shakoor N, Balk RA Expert Opin Drug Saf 2005 Jul;4(4):723-30. doi: 10.1517/14740338.4.4.723. PMID: 16011450 See all (850)

Diagnosis

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Patel G, Greenberger PA Allergy Asthma Proc 2019 Nov 1;40(6):421-424. doi: 10.2500/aap.2019.40.4262. PMID: 31690385 Pulmonary strongyloidiasis. Jayaprakash B, Sandhya S, Anithakumari K J Assoc Physicians India 2009 Jul;57:535-6. PMID: 20329418 Radiographic pulmonary infiltrates. Blumenthal NP, Miller WT Jr, Kotloff RM AACN Clin Issues 1997 Aug;8(3):411-24. doi: 10.1097/00044067-199708000-00010. PMID: 9313377 Bronchoalveolar lavage. Martin WR, Padrid PA, Cross CE Clin Rev Allergy 1990 Summer-Fall;8(2-3):305-32. doi: 10.1007/BF02914451. PMID: 2292101Free PMC Article Thoracoscopy in children. Rodgers BM, Moazam F, Talbert JL Ann Surg 1979 Feb;189(2):176-80. doi: 10.1097/00000658-197902000-00008. PMID: 311621Free PMC Article See all (1618)

Therapy

Effect of Remdesivir vs Standard Care on Clinical Status at 11 Days in Patients With Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Spinner CD, Gottlieb RL, Criner GJ, Arribas López JR, Cattelan AM, Soriano Viladomiu A, Ogbuagu O, Malhotra P, Mullane KM, Castagna A, Chai LYA, Roestenberg M, Tsang OTY, Bernasconi E, Le Turnier P, Chang SC, SenGupta D, Hyland RH, Osinusi AO, Cao H, Blair C, Wang H, Gaggar A, Brainard DM, McPhail MJ, Bhagani S, Ahn MY, Sanyal AJ, Huhn G, Marty FM; GS-US-540-5774 Investigators JAMA 2020 Sep 15;324(11):1048-1057. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.16349. PMID: 32821939Free PMC Article Effect of Intraoperative High Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) With Recruitment Maneuvers vs Low PEEP on Postoperative Pulmonary Complications in Obese Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Writing Committee for the PROBESE Collaborative Group of the PROtective VEntilation Network (PROVEnet) for the Clinical Trial Network of the European Society of Anaesthesiology, Bluth T, Serpa Neto A, Schultz MJ, Pelosi P, Gama de Abreu M; PROBESE Collaborative Group, Bluth T, Bobek I, Canet JC, Cinnella G, de Baerdemaeker L, Gama de Abreu M, Gregoretti C, Hedenstierna G, Hemmes SNT, Hiesmayr M, Hollmann MW, Jaber S, Laffey J, Licker MJ, Markstaller K, Matot I, Mills GH, Mulier JP, Pelosi P, Putensen C, Rossaint R, Schmitt J, Schultz MJ, Senturk M, Serpa Neto A, Severgnini P, Sprung J, Vidal Melo MF, Wrigge H JAMA 2019 Jun 18;321(23):2292-2305. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.7505. PMID: 31157366Free PMC Article Pulmonary strongyloidiasis. Jayaprakash B, Sandhya S, Anithakumari K J Assoc Physicians India 2009 Jul;57:535-6. PMID: 20329418 Cytokine storm in a phase 1 trial of the anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody TGN1412. Suntharalingam G, Perry MR, Ward S, Brett SJ, Castello-Cortes A, Brunner MD, Panoskaltsis N N Engl J Med 2006 Sep 7;355(10):1018-28. Epub 2006 Aug 14 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa063842. PMID: 16908486 Abacillary pulmonary tuberculosis. Nørregaard J, Heckscher T, Viskum K Tubercle 1990 Mar;71(1):35-8. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(90)90058-g. PMID: 2115215 See all (1202)

Prognosis

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Aspiration Pneumonia. Almirall J, Boixeda R, de la Torre MC, Torres A Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2024 Dec;45(6):621-625. Epub 2024 Nov 29 doi: 10.1055/s-0044-1793907. PMID: 39612934 Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Patel G, Greenberger PA Allergy Asthma Proc 2019 Nov 1;40(6):421-424. doi: 10.2500/aap.2019.40.4262. PMID: 31690385 Invasive aspergillosis in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe influenza: a retrospective cohort study. Schauwvlieghe AFAD, Rijnders BJA, Philips N, Verwijs R, Vanderbeke L, Van Tienen C, Lagrou K, Verweij PE, Van de Veerdonk FL, Gommers D, Spronk P, Bergmans DCJJ, Hoedemaekers A, Andrinopoulou ER, van den Berg CHSB, Juffermans NP, Hodiamont CJ, Vonk AG, Depuydt P, Boelens J, Wauters J; Dutch-Belgian Mycosis study group Lancet Respir Med 2018 Oct;6(10):782-792. Epub 2018 Jul 31 doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30274-1. PMID: 30076119 Idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. Marchand E, Cordier JF Orphanet J Rare Dis 2006 Apr 6;1:11. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-1-11. PMID: 16722612Free PMC Article Sarcoidosis. Wu JJ, Schiff KR Am Fam Physician 2004 Jul 15;70(2):312-22. PMID: 15291090 See all (747)

Clinical prediction guides

Residual pulmonary infiltrates, symptoms and diffusion impairment at 1-year after severe COVID-19 infection have different associated factors. Menéndez R, Méndez R, Latorre A, González-Jiménez P, Peces-Barba G, Molina M, España PP, García E, Consuegra-Vanegas A, Pando-Sandoval A, Panadero C, Figueira-Gonçalves JM, De la Rosa D, Sibila O, Martínez-Pitarch MD, Toledo N, Cejudo P, Almonte-Batista W, Macías-Paredes A, Badenes D, Pérez-Rodas EN, Lázaro J, Quirós S, Cordovilla R, Cano-Pumarega I, Torres A; RECOVID J Intern Med 2023 Jul;294(1):69-82. Epub 2023 Apr 17 doi: 10.1111/joim.13642. PMID: 37038609 Pulmonary Illness Related to E-Cigarette Use in Illinois and Wisconsin - Final Report. Layden JE, Ghinai I, Pray I, Kimball A, Layer M, Tenforde MW, Navon L, Hoots B, Salvatore PP, Elderbrook M, Haupt T, Kanne J, Patel MT, Saathoff-Huber L, King BA, Schier JG, Mikosz CA, Meiman J N Engl J Med 2020 Mar 5;382(10):903-916. Epub 2019 Sep 6 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1911614. PMID: 31491072 Effect of Intraoperative High Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) With Recruitment Maneuvers vs Low PEEP on Postoperative Pulmonary Complications in Obese Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Writing Committee for the PROBESE Collaborative Group of the PROtective VEntilation Network (PROVEnet) for the Clinical Trial Network of the European Society of Anaesthesiology, Bluth T, Serpa Neto A, Schultz MJ, Pelosi P, Gama de Abreu M; PROBESE Collaborative Group, Bluth T, Bobek I, Canet JC, Cinnella G, de Baerdemaeker L, Gama de Abreu M, Gregoretti C, Hedenstierna G, Hemmes SNT, Hiesmayr M, Hollmann MW, Jaber S, Laffey J, Licker MJ, Markstaller K, Matot I, Mills GH, Mulier JP, Pelosi P, Putensen C, Rossaint R, Schmitt J, Schultz MJ, Senturk M, Serpa Neto A, Severgnini P, Sprung J, Vidal Melo MF, Wrigge H JAMA 2019 Jun 18;321(23):2292-2305. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.7505. PMID: 31157366Free PMC Article Invasive aspergillosis in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe influenza: a retrospective cohort study. Schauwvlieghe AFAD, Rijnders BJA, Philips N, Verwijs R, Vanderbeke L, Van Tienen C, Lagrou K, Verweij PE, Van de Veerdonk FL, Gommers D, Spronk P, Bergmans DCJJ, Hoedemaekers A, Andrinopoulou ER, van den Berg CHSB, Juffermans NP, Hodiamont CJ, Vonk AG, Depuydt P, Boelens J, Wauters J; Dutch-Belgian Mycosis study group Lancet Respir Med 2018 Oct;6(10):782-792. Epub 2018 Jul 31 doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30274-1. PMID: 30076119 Silo-filler's disease. Douglas WW, Hepper NG, Colby TV Mayo Clin Proc 1989 Mar;64(3):291-304. doi: 10.1016/s0025-6196(12)65249-5. PMID: 2704252 See all (474) Recent systematic reviews Pulmonary manifestations, treatments and outcomes of IgG4-related disease-a systematic literature review. Dragos C, Joseph C, Elwell H, Dey M, Kouranloo K Rheumatol Int 2024 Oct;44(10):1875-1886. Epub 2024 May 20 doi: 10.1007/s00296-024-05611-7. PMID: 38769126Free PMC Article Pulmonary manifestations in VEXAS (vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic) syndrome: a systematic review. Kouranloo K, Ashley A, Zhao SS, Dey M Rheumatol Int 2023 Jun;43(6):1023-1032. Epub 2023 Jan 8 doi: 10.1007/s00296-022-05266-2. PMID: 36617363Free PMC Article Oxygen therapy for pneumonia in adults. Zhang Y, Fang C, Dong BR, Wu T, Deng JL Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012 Mar 14;2012(3):CD006607. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006607.pub4. PMID: 22419316Free PMC Article Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Sharma S BMJ Clin Evid 2010 Nov 30;2010 PMID: 21406126Free PMC Article A systematic review of the adjunctive use of systemic corticosteroids for pulmonary tuberculosis. Smego RA, Ahmed N Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2003 Mar;7(3):208-13. PMID: 12661833 See all (21)

Supplemental Content

Table of contents Genetic Testing Registry

• Deletion/duplication analysis (7)
• Sequence analysis of the entire coding region (7)
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