Qadr Night - Wikipedia

Night in the Islamic calendar For the Spider Robinson novel, see Night of Power (novel).

Night of Power (Laylat al-Qadr in Arabic: ليلة القدر)
Reading the Quran is a key observance of Laylat al-Qadr
Official name	Arabic: ليلة القدر
Also called	Night of the unprecedented, Precious Night, Night Of Decree or Night of Determination[1]
Observed by	Muslims
Type	Angels descend to the earth and the annual decree is revealed to them
Observances	Tahajjud night prayers, reading the Quran, making dua, doing dhikr, observing iʿtikāf, giving sadaqah, seeking forgiveness
Date	Last 10 days of Ramadan, especially the odd nights (some add the 19th)
Frequency	Annual

In Islamic belief, Laylat al-Qadr[a] (in Arabic: لیلة القدر) or Laylatul Qadr, Night of Power[4], is an Islamic festival[5] in memory of the night when Muslims believe the Quran was first sent down from heaven to the world, the first revelation the Islamic prophet Muhammad received from the angel Gabriel.[6] The Night of Power belongs to one of the five Kandil Nights.

In the Quran, it is said this night is better than 1,000 months (approximately 83.3 years).[7] According to various hadiths, the exact date of the night is uncertain, though it is believed to fall on one of the odd-numbered nights during the last ten days of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. Since that time, Muslims have regarded the last ten nights of Ramadan as being especially blessed. Muslims believe the Night comes again every year, with blessings and mercy of God in abundance.[8] The surah al-Qadr is named after this Night, and the chapter’s purpose is to describe the greatness of the occasion.[9][10]

Etymology

[edit]

Qadr (قدر) in Arabic, means the measure and limit or value of something or destiny.[11] Some reasons have been offered for its naming:

• It is said that it was called “al-Qadr” because the annual destiny of every person is determined by God.[12]
• Some say if one stays awake on this night in prayer, reading the Quran, or repenting, one will reach a higher state.[13]
• Some have said that it was called “al-Qadr” because it is a grand and highly valued night.[14]

Laylat al-Qadr ("Night of Power"[15]) is also spelled Laylatul Qadr[16][17][18]. Other names include Laylat al-'Azama (Arabic: ليلة العظمة, “Night of the Greatness”) and Laylat ash-Sharaf (Arabic: ليلة الشرف; lit. 'Night of the Honour').[19]

Revelation to Prophet Muhammad

[edit]

Some Islamic experts believe that the Quran was revealed to Muhammad twice:

• The “immediate revelation”, at the Cave of Hira on the first Laylat al-Qadr in 610 CE;
• The “gradual revelation” of Meccan and Medinan surat over the succeeding 23 years.

The Quran uses the word anzal (انزل) which justifies “immediate revelation”, according to Allamah Tabatabai.[20] Some others believe that the revelation of Quran occurred in two different phases, with the first being its entire revelation on Laylat al-Qadr to the angel Gabriel (Jibril in Arabic) in the lowest heaven, and then the subsequent verse-by-verse revelation to Muhammad from Gabriel.[2] The first surah revealed were the first five āyat (verses) of Sūrat al-ʿAlaq ( العلق).[21][22]

Muhammad would usually practice spiritual retreat (Iʿtikāf) during the last ten days of Ramadan, awaiting the Night of Power, fasting and praying throughout the night, and abstaining from sexual relations. He urged his followers to do the same as one hadith notes: "Whoever stands [in prayer] during the Night of Power out of belief and seeking reward, his previous sins are forgiven." (Sahih al-Bukhari 1901)[23][8]

Date

[edit]

The specific date of Laylat al-Qadr is not mentioned in the Quran.[24][25] Muhammad said God told him the exact date in a dream, but as he went to tell his companions about it, he saw two people fighting and God made him forget the date.[26]

According to the Islamic calendar, an Islamic day begins at Maghrib prayer (sunset). The Night of Power thus spans Maghrib to Fajr prayer the following dawn.[27]

Sunni Islam

[edit]

Sunni Muslims believe Laylat al-Qadr is most likely one of the odd-numbered nights among the last ten of Ramadan (i.e., the 21st, 23rd, 25th, 27th, or 29th). Some scholars opine the odd-numbered night falling on a Friday is the year’s Laylat al-Qadr.[28][29]

Last five odd nights	Gregorian date[30]
1441	15, 17, 19, 21 or 23 May 2020
1442	4, 6, 8, 10 or 12 May 2021
1443	22, 24, 26, 28 or 30 April 2022
1444	11, 13, 15, 17 or 19 April 2023
1445	31 March, 2, 4, 6 or 8 April 2024
1446	20, 22, 24, 26 or 28 March 2025
1447	10, 12, 14, 16 or 18 March 2026

Shi’a Islam

[edit] See also: Assassination of Ali

Shi’a Muslims similarly believe Laylat al-Qadr to be one of the last ten odd-numbered nights in Ramadan, with the 19th, 21st, and especially the 23rd being most important.[31] The date of 19 Ramadan is the anniversary of Imam ʿAlī’s assassination while praying in the mihrab of the Great Mosque of Kufa, leading to his death on 21 Ramadan.[32]

Shi’a’s say ʿAlī (who is also the fourth Rashidun Caliph to Sunnis) had special insight and intimacy with God on this night. Imam Sadiq is quoted as saying in Tafsir "al-Burhan" (vol. 4, p. 487):

Once Imam Ali was reciting Surat al-Qadr and his sons, Imam Hasan (a) and Imam Husayn (a) were near him. Imam Husayn (a) asked his father: "Father, how come we feel a different sensation when you recite this surah?" Imam Ali(a) replied, "O son of the Prophet and my son! I know things from this chapter that you are not aware of now. When this surah was sent down to the Prophet he asked me to go to him. When I went to him he recited this surah, then he put his hand on my right shoulder and said: O my brother and my successor! O the leader of my nation after me! O tireless fighter with my enemies! This surah is yours after me, and is for your two sons after you. Gabriel who is my brother among the angels informs me of the events of one year of my nation at the night of Qadr. And after me he will give this information to you. This surah will always have a shining light in your heart and in the heart of your successors until the rising of the dawn of the day of reappearance of Qa'im [the one who rises, a title for the Islamic Messiah, Mahdi]."[33]

Ibn Abbas was meanwhile aware of both the date and day of the week.[34][35] Hence, Shi’as have generally concluded it falls on the 23 Ramadan.[2]

According to other hadiths, destinies are written on the night of 19 Ramadan, finalized the night of 21 Ramadan, and ultimately confirmed the night of 23 Ramadan.[36]

One other possible dates for Laylat-al-Qadr is 27 Ramadan.[37]

23rd of Ramadan	Gregorian date
1440	28 May 2019[38][39]
1441	16 May 2020[40]
1442	5 May 2021[41]
1443	24 April 2022[42]
1444	14 April 2023[43]
1445	3 April 2024[44]
1446	24 March 2025[45]
1447	12 March 2026

Religious importance

[edit]

The Night of Power is believed by Muslims to be of incomparable importance.[31] Blessings received through acts of worship and charity during this night are said to multiply and thus receive special importance. It is stated that the reward of acts of worship done in this one night is more than the reward of a thousand months of worship.[46]

Surah Al-Qadr of the Quran is about Laylat al-Qadr:[2][31]

1. We have indeed revealed this (Message) in the Night of Decree:
2. And what will explain to thee what the Night of Decree is?
3. The Night of Decree is better than a thousand months.
4. Therein come down the angels and the Spirit by Allah's permission, on every errand:
5. Peace!... This until the rise of dawn!

— Surah Al-Qadr 97:1-5

Devout Muslims practice spiritual retreat (Iʿtikāf) during the last ten days of Ramadan by staying at a mosque throughout the ten days, awaiting the Night of Power, fasting and praying throughout the night, and abstaining from sexual relations.[47]

To celebrate the Night of Power, Muslim societies lit candles in mosques, offer public charity, and celebrate fast-breaking in communities.[48] A special form of practise is that to pray 100 rakats. It is further said that whoever practises the Night of Power consciously, will be granted a wish by God.[49]

Special prayers (Shi'a)

[edit]

Shi'as practice the special prayers (Amaal) of the Night of Qadr every year in mosques, tekyehs, shrines of Imams or children of Imams, Husayniyyas or their own houses. They stay vigilant the whole night until dawn and worship God. The most important practices of the Night of Qadr include congregational prayers, recitation of the Iftitah Supplication, Abu Hamza al-Thumali Supplication, and al-Jawshan al-Kabir, and collective supplications while they keep volumes of the Quran on top of their heads. Other rituals of the night include donations of dawn food, payment of their nadhr for the dead, feeding the poor, and emancipation of financial prisoners.

Since the assassination of Ali occurred in the last ten days of the Ramadan month, Shi'as mourn in these nights.[50]

See also

[edit]

• Dehwa d-Šišlam Rabba, The Night of Power takes place during this festival in Mandaeism
• Ehya night
• Glossary of Islam
• Islamic calendar
• Islamic holidays
• Predestination in Islam (Qadar)

Notes

[edit]

1. ^ lit. 'A night that has a special significance and dignity.' It is also known as the Shab-e Qadr (in Persian: شب قدر), the Night of Destiny,[2] the Night of Decree,[3] the Night of Determination, or the Precious Night.

References

[edit]

1. ^ Britannica Guide to the Islamic World. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 2009. ISBN 9781593398491. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
2. ^ a b c d A. Beverley, James (2011). "Laylat al-Qadr". In Melton, J. Gordon (ed.). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. Volume two L-Z. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 517. ISBN 9781598842067. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
3. ^ Halim, Fachrizal A. (2014). Legal Authority in Premodern Islam: Yahya B Sharaf Al-Nawawi in the Shafi'i School of Law. Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 9781317749189. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
4. ^ Daneshgar, Majid; Saleh, Walid A (2017). Islamic Studies Today: Essays in Honor of Andrew Rippin. Leiden. p. 93. ISBN 9789004337121. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
5. ^ "Laylat al-Qadr | Night of Power, Meaning, & Significance | Britannica".
6. ^ "نزول قرآن در شب قدر" [The revelation of the Quran on the Night of Power] (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2025.
7. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari. "Book of Revelation - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". As-Sunnah Foundation of America. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
8. ^ a b Seyyed Hossein Nasr (2015), The Study Quran, HarperCollins, p.1539
9. ^ 97:1-5
10. ^ "শবে কদর কি?". Islampidia.
11. ^ Qarashī, Qāmūs al-Qurʾān, vol. 5, p. 246–247.
12. ^ Tabatabai, Tafsir Al-Mizan, 1363, vol. 20, p. 561.
13. ^ Ghadmiari, "Night of Destiny in Hafez's lyric poems", p. 180.
14. ^ Makarem Shirazi, Tafsir Nomoneh, 1996, vol. 27, p. 188.
15. ^ "Laylat al-Qadr". Britannica.
16. ^ "Lips of Angels". jstor.org. 2025. p. 5.
17. ^ Omar, Suleiman (11 March 2026). "How to Build Your Laylatul Qadr Du'a List | LATEST Khutbah by Dr. Omar Suleiman". Youtube.
18. ^ Yusuf, Hamza (11 March 2026). "Last 10 Nights of Ramadan: The Signs & Mystery of Laylatul Qadr – Hamza Yusuf". Youtube.
19. ^ Majidi Khameneh. Nights of Glory in Iran. p. 1.
20. ^ Staff. "Qadr night from the view point of Allamah Tabtabaei". Allamah Tabtabaei University. Archived from the original on 3 July 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
21. ^ al-Mubarakpuri, Safi-ur-Rahman (2002). The Sealed Nectar. Riyadh: Dar-us-Salam. p. 68. ISBN 978-1591440710.
22. ^ Roslan Abdul-Rahim (December 2017). "Demythologizing the Qur'an Rethinking Revelation Through Naskh al-Qur'an" (PDF). Global Journal Al-Thaqafah. 7 (2): 62–3. doi:10.7187/GJAT122017-2. ISSN 2232-0474. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
23. ^ "Sahih al-Bukhari 1901 - Fasting - كتاب الصوم - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 3 April 2025.
24. ^ Islam and state in Sumatra: a study of seventeenth-century Aceh. p. 128.
25. ^ Marjo Buitelaar. Fasting and feasting in Morocco: women's participation in ramzan. p. 64.
26. ^ Sahih Bukhari. "Chapter: 2, Belief. Hadith No. 47". Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
27. ^ "The Night of Power - Laylatul Qadr 2023". Islamic Relief UK. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
28. ^ Mohammad Younes, Arefi. "The importance of Qadr night and the secret behind it's being hidden". The Message of Woman (in Persian). Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
29. ^ Parsa, Farvardin. "Laylat al-Qadr from the viewpoint of Sunni Muslims". Andisheh Club. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
30. ^ "The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
31. ^ a b c Ysuf, Imtiyaz. "Laylat al-Qadr". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
32. ^ Syed Muhammad Askari Jafari. "A biographical profile of Imam Ali". Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
33. ^ "Imam Mahdi (a) in Chapter al-Qadr". Al-Islam.org. 10 August 2016. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
34. ^ Sahih Bukhari. "Chapter: 32, Night prayer in Ramadan (Taraweeh). Hadith No: 239". Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020. Ibn Abbas added "Search for it on the twenty-fourth (of Ramadan)"
35. ^ Bombay Tract and Book Society (1856). Life of Mohammad. Bombay. p. 30. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) In Islam night precedes day, so that, for example, "the night of the 23rd" is not the night between the 23rd and the 24th but the night between the 22nd and the 23rd.
36. ^ Klini, Sufficient Principles, 1996, vol. 2, p. 772.
37. ^ Kashani, Manhaj Al-Sadiqin, 1344, vol. 4, p. 274, quoting Eftekhari, \"Prayer and the Night of Power from the perspective of Musa Sadr\", p17.
38. ^ "Ramadan Calendar 2026". Islamicfinder. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
39. ^ "Calendar center of Geophysics institute of Tehran University, 1398 Calendar" (in Persian)" (PDF). calendar.ut.ac. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
40. ^ "Calendar center of Geophysics institute of Tehran University, 1399 Calendar" (in Persian)" (PDF). calendar.ut.ac. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
41. ^ "Calendar center of Geophysics institute of Tehran University, 1400 Calendar" (in Persian)" (PDF). calendar.ut.ac. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
42. ^ "Calendar center of Geophysics institute of Tehran University, 1401 Calendar" (in Persian)" (PDF). calendar.ut.ac. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
43. ^ "Calendar center of Geophysics institute of Tehran University, 1402 Calendar" (in Persian)". calendar.ut.ac.ir.
44. ^ "Calendar center of Geophysics institute of Tehran University, 1403 Calendar" (in Persian)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2024.
45. ^ "Calendar center of Geophysics institute of Tehran University, 1403 Calendar" (in Persian)". calendar.ut.ac.ir.
46. ^ Halim, Fachrizal A. (20 November 2014). Legal Authority in Premodern Islam: Yahya B Sharaf Al-Nawawi in the Shafi'i School of Law. Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 9781317749189. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
47. ^ Habib Rauf (2016), Itikaf: An Introduction. Glasgow Central Mosque.
48. ^ "Ramadan".
49. ^ Aziz, M. A. (2011). Religion and Mysticism in Early Islam: Theology and Sufism in Yemen. Vereinigtes Königreich: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 45
50. ^ Majidi Khamenei, "Nights of Glory in Iran".

External links

[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laylat al-Qadr.

• Lailatul Qadr: Night of Power
• Laylatul Qadr: The Night of Power in Islam
• Surah Qadr

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The two Eids	Eid al-Fitr Eid al-Adha
Other holidays and observances	Day of Arafah Day of Ashura Islamic New Year Arbaʽeen1 Mawlid Laylat al-Raghaib Isra' and Mi'raj Mid-Sha'ban Ramadan Laylat al-Qadr Al-'Ashr al-Awakher Saviours' Day2 Eid al-Ghadir1 Mubahala1 Promised Messiah Day3 Promised Reformer Day3 Caliphate Day3
1 Shia Muslim only 2 Nation of Islam only 3 Ahmadi Muslim only

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Varies (year round)	Hijri New Year's Day (Muharram 1) Ashura (Muharram 10) Ashura in Algeria Mawlid (Rabi' al-Awwal 12) Mawlid in Algeria Ramadan (Ramadan 1) Laylat al-Qadr (Ramadan 27) Eid al-Fitr (Shawwal 1) Day of Arafah (Dhu al-Hijjah 9) Eid al-Adha (Dhu al-Hijjah 10)
Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria, which often represent the major celebrations of the month. See also: Lists of holidays.

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Prayers and observances	Tarawih Iʿtikāf Al-'Ashr al-Awakher Jumu'atul-Wida Laylat al-Jaiza Eid al-Fitr Qadr Night
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Hārūn (Aaron) Hūd (Eber?) Idrīs (Enoch?) Ilyās (Elijah) ʿImrān (Joachim the father of Maryam) Isḥāq (Isaac) Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) Dhabih Ullah Lūṭ (Lot) Ṣāliḥ Shuʿayb (Jethro, Reuel or Hobab?) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd (Solomon son of David) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā (John the Baptist the son of Zechariah) Yaʿqūb (Jacob) Isrāʾīl (Israel) Yūnus (Jonah) Dhūn-Nūn ('He of the Fish (or Whale)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)') Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ('Companion of the Whale') Yūsuf ibn Ya‘qūb (Joseph son of Jacob) Zakariyyā (Zechariah) Ulul-ʿAzm('Those of the Perseverance and Strong Will') Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā (Jesus) Al-Masīḥ (The Messiah) Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary) Mūsā Kalīmullāh (Moses He who spoke to God) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh (Abraham Friend of God) Nūḥ (Noah) Debatable ones ʿUzair (Ezra?) Dhūl-Qarnain Luqmān Maryam (Mary) Ṭālūt (Saul or Gideon?) Implied Irmiyā (Jeremiah) Ṣamūʾīl (Samuel) Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses) People of Prophets Good ones Adam's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya-Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman's son People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael's mother Isaac's mother People of Jesus Disciples (including Peter) Mary's mother Zechariah's wife People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd (Muhammad's adopted son) People of Joseph Brothers (including Binyāmin (Benjamin) and Simeon) Egyptians ʿAzīz (Potiphar, Qatafir or Qittin) Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd)) Wife of ʿAzīz (Zulaykhah) Mother People of Aaron and Moses Egyptians Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura) Imraʾat Firʿawn (Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim the Wife of Pharaoh, who adopted Moses) Magicians of the Pharaoh Wise, pious man Moses' wife Moses' sister-in-law Mother Sister Evil ones Āzar (possibly Terah) Firʿawn (Pharaoh of Moses' time) Hāmān Jālūt (Goliath) Qārūn (Korah, cousin of Moses) As-Sāmirī Abū Lahab Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr) Implied ornot specified Abraha Abu Bakr Bal'am/Balaam Barṣīṣā Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Groups Mentioned Aṣḥāb al-Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as-Sabt (Companions of the Sabbath) Jesus' apostles Ḥawāriyyūn (Disciples of Jesus) Companions of Noah's Ark Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm (Companions of the Cave and Al-Raqaim? Companions of the Elephant People of al-Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ (People of Sodom and Gomorrah) Nation of Noah Tribes, ethnicitiesor families ‘Ajam Ar-Rūm (literally 'The Romans') Banī Isrāʾīl (Children of Israel) Muʾtafikāt (Sodom and Gomorrah) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan) Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ('Companions of the Wood') Qawm Yūnus (People of Jonah) Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad (Companions of Muhammad) Anṣār (literally 'Helpers') Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina) People of Mecca Wife of Abu Lahab Children of Ayyub Sons of Adam Wife of Nuh Wife of Lut Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj (Gog and Magog) Son of Nuh Aʿrāb (Arabs or Bedouins) ʿĀd (people of Hud) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubbaʿ (People of Tubba) People of Sabaʾ or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd (people of Ṣāliḥ) Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ('Companions of the Stoneland') Ahl al-Bayt ('People of the Household') Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Lot's daughters Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Muhammad's wives Household of Salih Implicitlymentioned Amalek Ahl as-Suffa (People of the Verandah) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus and Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al-Dhimmah Kāfirūn disbelievers Majūs Zoroastrians Munāfiqūn (Hypocrites) Muslims Believers Ahl al-Kitāb (People of the Book) Naṣārā (Christian(s) or People of the Injil) Ruhban (Christian monks) Qissis (Christian priest) Yahūd (Jews) Ahbār (Jewish scholars) Rabbani/Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot
Locations Mentioned Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah ('The Holy Land') 'Blessed' Land' Al-Jannah (Paradise, literally 'The Garden') Jahannam (Hell) Door of Hittah Madyan (Midian) Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn Miṣr (Mainland Egypt) Salsabīl (A river in Paradise) In the Arabian Peninsula (excluding Madyan) Al-Aḥqāf ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') Iram dhāt al-ʿImād (Iram of the Pillars) Al-Madīnah (formerly Yathrib) ʿArafāt and Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām (Muzdalifah) Al-Ḥijr (Hegra) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah (Mecca) Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure') Kaʿbah (Kaaba) Maqām Ibrāhīm (Station of Abraham) Safa and Marwa Sabaʾ (Sheba) ʿArim Sabaʾ (Dam of Sheba) Rass Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al-Wād Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy Valley of Tuwa) Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai) Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah ('The Blessed Place') Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor In Mesopotamia Al-Jūdiyy Munzalanm-Mubārakan ('Place-of-Landing Blessed') Bābil (Babylon) Qaryat Yūnus ('Township of Jonah,' that is Nineveh) Religious locations Bayʿa (Church) Miḥrāb Monastery Masjid (Mosque, literally 'Place of Prostration') Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām ('The Sacred Grove') Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā (Al-Aqsa, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration') Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca) Masjid al-Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: Masjid Qubāʾ (Quba Mosque) The Prophet's Mosque Salat (Synagogue) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Al-Ḥijāz (literally 'The Barrier') Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad (Black Stone) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira Ghār ath-Thawr (Cave of the Bull) Hudaybiyyah Ta'if Ayla Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn Bayt al-Muqaddas & 'Ariha Bilād ar-Rāfidayn (Mesopotamia) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an-Nadwa Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad
Events, incidents, occasions or times Incident of Ifk Laylat al-Qadr (Night of Decree) Event of Mubahala Sayl al-ʿArim (Flood of the Great Dam of Ma'rib in Sheba) The Farewell Pilgrimage Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Battles ormilitary expeditions Battle of al-Aḥzāb ('the Confederates') Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Uhud Expedition of Tabuk Conquest of Mecca Days Al-Jumuʿah (The Friday) As-Sabt (The Sabbath or Saturday) Days of battles Days of Hajj Doomsday Months of theIslamic calendar 12 months Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred or Forbidden Months: Dhu al-Qadah Dhu al-Hijjah Muharram Rajab) Ramadan Pilgrimages Al-Ḥajj (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage) Al-ʿUmrah (The Lesser Pilgrimage) Times for prayeror remembrance Times for Duʿāʾ ('Invocation'), Ṣalāh and Dhikr ('Remembrance', including Taḥmīd ('Praising'), Takbīr and Tasbīḥ): Al-ʿAshiyy (The Afternoon or the Night) Al-Ghuduww ('The Mornings') Al-Bukrah ('The Morning') Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ ('The Morning') Al-Layl ('The Night') Al-ʿIshāʾ ('The Late-Night') Aẓ-Ẓuhr ('The Noon') Dulūk ash-Shams ('Decline of the Sun') Al-Masāʾ ('The Evening') Qabl al-Ghurūb ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') Al-Aṣīl ('The Afternoon') Al-ʿAṣr ('The Afternoon') Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams ('Before the rising of the Sun') Al-Fajr ('The Dawn') Implied Ghadir Khumm Laylat al-Mabit First Pilgrimage
Other Holy books Al-Injīl (The Gospel of Jesus) Al-Qurʾān (The Book of Muhammad) Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm (Scroll(s) of Abraham) At-Tawrāt (The Torah) Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā (Scroll(s) of Moses) Tablets of Stone Az-Zabūr (The Psalms of David) Umm al-Kitāb ('Mother of the Book(s)') Objects of peopleor beings Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles Noah's Ark Staff of Musa Tābūt as-Sakīnah (Casket of Shekhinah) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols(cult images) 'Ansāb Jibt and Ṭāghūt (False god) Of Israelites Baʿal The ʿijl (golden calf statue) of Israelites Of Noah's people Nasr Suwāʿ Wadd Yaghūth Yaʿūq Of Quraysh Al-Lāt Al-ʿUzzā Manāt Celestial bodies Maṣābīḥ (literally 'lamps'): Al-Qamar (The Moon) Kawākib (Planets) Al-Arḍ (The Earth) Nujūm (Stars) Ash-Shams (The Sun) Plant matter Baṣal (Onion) Fūm (Garlic or wheat) Shaṭʾ (Shoot) Sūq (Plant stem) Zarʿ (Seed) Fruits ʿAdas (Lentil) Baql (Herb) Qith-thāʾ (Cucumber) Rummān (Pomegranate) Tīn (Fig) Zaytūn (Olive) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes, treesor plants Plants of Sheba Athl (Tamarisk) Sidr (Lote-tree) Līnah (Tender Palm tree) Nakhl (Date palm) Sidrat al-Muntahā Zaqqūm Liquids Māʾ (Water or fluid) Nahr (River) Yamm (River or sea) Sharāb (Drink)
Note: Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)

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