Rachel Levine - Wikipedia

American public health official (born 1957)
Rachel Levine
Official portrait, 2021
17th Assistant Secretary for Health
In officeMarch 26, 2021 – January 20, 2025
PresidentJoe Biden
SecretaryXavier Becerra
Preceded byBrett Giroir
Succeeded byBrian Christine
Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Health
In officeJuly 2017 – January 23, 2021
GovernorTom Wolf
Preceded byKaren Murphy
Succeeded byAlison Beam (acting)
Personal details
Born (1957-10-28) October 28, 1957 (age 68)Wakefield, Massachusetts, U.S.
Spouse Martha Peaslee ​ ​(m. 1988; div. 2013)​
Children2
EducationHarvard University (BS)Tulane University (MD)
Uniformed service
BranchPublic Health Service Commissioned Corps
Service years2021–2025
RankAdmiral

Rachel Leland Levine (/ləˈvn/ lə-VEEN; born October 28, 1957)[1] is an American pediatrician who served as the United States assistant secretary for health, the admiral in charge of the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, from 2021 until 2025.[2]

Levine is a professor of pediatrics and psychiatry at the Penn State College of Medicine, and previously served as the Pennsylvania physician general from 2015 to 2017 and as secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Health from 2017 to 2021.[3] Levine is one of only a few openly transgender government officials in the United States,[4] and is the first to hold an office that requires Senate confirmation.[5][6] On October 19, 2021, Levine became the first openly transgender four-star officer in the nation's eight uniformed services.[7]

Levine was named as one of USA Today's women of the year in 2022, which recognizes women who have made a significant impact on society.[8]

Early life and education

Born on October 28, 1957, Levine is originally from Wakefield, Massachusetts.[1][9] Her parents, Melvin and Lillian Levine, were both lawyers.[10] Her sister, Bonnie Levine, is four years older.[10] Levine is Jewish and grew up attending Hebrew school.[11] Levine earned a high school diploma from Belmont Hill School in Belmont, Massachusetts.[12]

Levine graduated from Harvard College and the Tulane University School of Medicine, completing a residency in pediatrics and a postdoctoral fellowship in adolescent medicine at the Mount Sinai Medical Center in Manhattan, New York.[13]

Career

After completing her training in pediatrics and psychiatry at New York City's Mount Sinai Hospital, Levine moved from Manhattan to central Pennsylvania in 1993 where she joined the faculty of the Penn State College of Medicine and the staff at Penn State Hershey Medical Center.[14] During her tenure, she created Penn State Hershey Medical Center's Division of Adolescent Medicine and the Penn State Hershey Eating Disorders Program. She was in charge of the latter when she was nominated for the position of Pennsylvania physician general in 2015.[14]

Pennsylvania Department of Health

In 2015, Levine was nominated by Pennsylvania governor-elect Tom Wolf to serve as Pennsylvania's physician general. In one of her most lauded actions as physician general, Levine signed an order allowing law enforcement officers to carry naloxone.[15]

A 2016 statewide audit of Pennsylvania nursing homes found "outdated regulations, dangerously low staffing requirements for nurses, and overarching issues with weak and inconsistent inspections."[16] Three years later the Pennsylvania auditor general found little had changed.[16] Responding to the audit and allegations that her department had failed to remedy the shortcomings, Levine said "new regulations were imminent and would fix the problems."[16] However, more than a year later, reporters with the investigative partnership Spotlight PA found: "Not only do problems remain, but the coronavirus has likely exploited the shortcomings, fueling deadly outbreaks across the state."[16]

In July 2017, Governor Wolf appointed Levine as Secretary of Health, and she was unanimously confirmed by the Pennsylvania State Senate.[17]

COVID-19 response

Levine briefing COVID-19 measures with Gov. Tom Wolf at the Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center in June 2020

During 2020 and until January 23, 2021, Levine led the public health response on COVID-19 in Pennsylvania as the state secretary of health.[18] She worked closely on a daily basis with the FEMA director and led a daily press briefing.[19] Levine also came in for criticism over her handling of the pandemic, particularly in regard to nursing home patients.[20][21]

On March 18, 2020, Levine directed nursing homes to admit new patients, including "stable patients who have had the COVID-19 virus” despite the warnings of nursing home trade groups that such policies "could unnecessarily cost more lives."[22] Although the stated purpose of this decision was to alleviate overcrowding in "acute care settings”, according to a team of reporters from the USA Today Network and Bucks County Courier Times, hospitals in most Pennsylvania counties were not experiencing overcrowding at the time.[22] Spotlight PA, also noted that, under Levine, Pennsylvania had a "robust and aggressive" plan to protect nursing home residents but it "was never fully implemented".[23] Spotlight PA also repeatedly reported on erroneous reporting of COVID deaths and other data by state officials.[24][25][26][27]

On May 12, 2020, WHTM reported that following the change in nursing home admissions policies, Levine had moved her own mother out of a nursing home.[28] Levine defended the move: " 'My mother requested, and my sister and I as her children complied to move her to another location during the Covid-19 outbreak,' Levine said. 'My mother is 95 years old. She is very intelligent and more than competent to make her own decisions.' "[28] By the summer of 2020, around 70% of COVID deaths in Pennsylvania were in nursing homes, leading to renewed criticism that state officials were "letting infected patients back into nursing homes" and also that the state had stopped health inspections nursing homes.[29][30]

The issue of Levine's mother and the high COVID death toll in Pennsylvania nursing homes would momentarily be highlighted nationally after President Biden nominated Levine for the post of US Assistant Secretary for Health.[31][32] As Newsweek reported, "The criticism ... has come from a few Republican leaders ..."[31] Newsweek also fact-checked the claim that Levine put COVID-19 patients into nursing homes, concluding the claim was false and "There is no evidence to support [Representative Marjorie Taylor] Greene's claim that Levine placed coronavirus-positive patients in nursing home facilities, thus likely contributing 'to the thousands of elderly deaths in Pennsylvania.' "[31] Questions about missing nursing home COVID death and case data would also come up again during Levine's confirmation hearings.[26][27]

In 2021, Pennsylvania nursing home trade groups indicated they were unaware of any nursing home in the state that was forced to involuntarily accept a COVID-positive patient or that Levine's March 18, 2020, order had led to any deaths or disease outbreaks.[33] In July 2021 the US Department of Justice (DoJ) announced it would not be investigating "whether Pennsylvania violated federal law by ordering nursing homes to accept residents who had been treated for COVID-19 in a hospital."[33] Eleven months earlier, the DoJ had informed the governors of Pennsylvania and three other states it was seeking information to determine whether such orders "may have resulted in the deaths of thousands of elderly nursing home residents."[33]

Biden administration

Levine with U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Xavier Becerra after being sworn in as assistant secretary for health, 27 March 2021

On 13 February 2021, President Joe Biden formally nominated Levine to serve as Assistant Secretary for Health.[34] Her confirmation hearing with the Senate HELP Committee took place on 25 February. On 17 March, the committee voted 13–9 to advance her nomination for a full Senate vote.[35] On 24 March, the Senate voted 52–48, with all Democrats and two Republicans — Susan Collins from Maine and Lisa Murkowski from Alaska — joining all members of the Senate Democratic Caucus to confirm her nomination.[36] Levine is the first openly transgender person to hold an office that requires Senate confirmation.[37]

On 19 October 2021, Levine was commissioned as a four-star admiral in the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, becoming the first openly transgender four-star officer in any of the United States uniformed services as well as the first female four-star admiral in the Commissioned Corps.[38]

LGBTQ health disparities

Shortly after her confirmation, Levine told NBC News that LGBTQ youth are topmost in her mind when it comes to addressing health disparities in the United States.[39] She cited bullying, suicide, discriminatory policies, and isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic as pressing issues among LGBTQ youth. Levine has also expressed concerns about vaccine hesitancy among LGBTQ youth who are more likely to experience medical distrust and less likely to seek medical care.[40]

During an April 2022 speech at Texas Christian University, Levine criticized "disturbing – and frankly discriminatory – laws and actions" that many states have implemented that affect the lives of LGBTQ youth.[41] In an interview with NPR, she cited a range of policies, including Florida's "Don't Say Gay" bill and Texas' push to investigate parents who provide gender-affirming care to their transgender children.[42] Arguing that such policies are based on politics rather than public health, Levine encouraged people to contact the Office for Civil Rights when they feel discriminated against and vowed to provide support to those who contact her office.[41]

Personal life

Levine and White House Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre hold a pride flag in 2022

Levine is a transgender woman and uses she/her pronouns.[43] She has two children[44] with Martha Peaslee Levine, whom she married while at Tulane University. They divorced in 2013.[45]

Levine began exploring her gender identity in her 40s, and transitioned in 2011.[46] She has served as a board member of Equality Pennsylvania, an LGBTQ rights organization.[46]

Honors

Levine was named as one of USA Today's Women of the Year in 2022.[8]

Awards and decorations

Public Health Service Meritorious Service Medal Public Health Service Presidential Unit Citation
Public Health Service COVID-19 Pandemic Campaign Medal Public Health Service Regular Corps Ribbon Commissioned Corps Training Ribbon
Assistant Secretary for Health Badge Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services Badge

[47]

Publications

  • Fassbender, Laura; Zander, Gwendolyn B.; Levine, Rachel L. (July 2019). "Beyond rescue, treatment, and prevention: understanding the broader impact of the opioid epidemic at the state level". The American Journal of Managed Care. 25 (13 Suppl): S239–S240. PMID 31361432.
  • Ashburn, Michael A.; Levine, Rachel L. (October 1, 2017). "Pennsylvania State Core Competencies for Education on Opioids and Addiction". Pain Medicine. 18 (10): 1890–1894. doi:10.1093/pm/pnw348. PMID 28339890. S2CID 205292295.
  • Mahr, Fauzia; Farahmand, Pantea; Bixler, Edward O.; Domen, Ronald E; Moser, Eileen M.; Nadeem, Tania; Levine, Rachel L.; Halmi, Katherine A. (May 2015). "A national survey of eating disorder training: National Survey of Eating Disorder Training". International Journal of Eating Disorders. 48 (4): 443–445. doi:10.1002/eat.22335. PMID 25047025.
  • McFillin, R. K.; Cahn, S. C.; Burks, V. S.; Levine, M. P.; Loney, S. L.; Levine, R. L. (2012). "Social Information-Processing and Coping in Adolescent Females Diagnosed With an Eating Disorder: Toward a Greater Understanding of Control". Eating Disorders. 20 (1): 42–59. doi:10.1080/10640266.2012.635565. PMID 22188059. S2CID 205730298. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  • Levine, M. M. P.; Levine, R. L. (2010). "Psychiatric Medication". In Maine, M.; McGilley, B. H.; Bunnell, D. W. (eds.). Treatment of Eating Disorders; Bridging the Research – Practice Gap. Academic Press. pp. 111–126. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-375668-8.10007-5. ISBN 978-0-12-375668-8.
  • Levine, M. P.; Gershenson, B.; Falkinburg, K.; Levine, R. (April 30 – May 2, 2009). Eating disorders in anabaptist patients: Offering insights into the etiology of eating disorders (PDF). International Conference on Eating Disorders 2009. Cancun, Mexico: Academy for Eating Disorders. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  • Levine, M. P.; Levine, R. L. (March 4, 2008). "The Medical Minute: Eating disorder awareness". Penn State News. Hershey, PA. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  • Peters, T. E.; Parvin, M.; Petersen, C.; Faircloth, V. C.; Levine, R. L. (2007). "A case report of Wernicke's encephalopathy in a pediatric patient with anorexia nervosa – restricting type". Journal of Adolescent Health. 40 (4): 376–383. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.11.140. PMID 17367738. Retrieved May 22, 2021.[permanent dead link]
  • Levine, R. L. (2002). "Endocrine aspects of eating disorders in adolescents". Adolescent Medicine. 13 (1): 129–144. PMID 11841960. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  • Ostrov, B. E.; Levine, R. L. (1998). "16. Interactions of puberty with rheumatic diseases, contraception and gynaecological issues". In Isenberg, D. K.; Miller, J. J. III (eds.). Adolescent Rheumatology. Taylor & Francis. pp. 301–324. ISBN 978-1-853-17553-4.
  • Henderson, C. J.; Ostrov, B. E.; Levine, R. L.; Lovell, D. J. (1998). "17. Nutrition and the adolescent with rheumatic disease". In Isenberg, D. K.; Miller, J. J. III (eds.). Adolescent Rheumatology. Taylor & Francis. pp. 325–340. ISBN 978-1-853-17553-4.

See also

  • List of transgender political office-holders
  • List of transgender public officeholders in the United States

References

  1. ^ a b "LGBT History Month – October 22: Rachel Levine". Q-Notes. October 22, 2018. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  2. ^ Assistant Secretary for Health (ASH) (March 26, 2021). "Rachel L. Levine, M.D." HHS.gov. Archived from the original on April 4, 2021. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
  3. ^ "Gov. Wolf to Nominate Alison Beam as Secretary of Health, Names Dr. Wendy Braund as Interim Acting Physician General". Governor's Office. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. January 22, 2021. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  4. ^ Zezima, Katie (June 1, 2016). "Meet Rachel Levine, one of the very few transgender public officials in America". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  5. ^ Sullivan, Eileen (January 19, 2021). "Biden's pick for Health and Human Services role would be first transgender federal official confirmed by the Senate". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  6. ^ Weissert, Will (January 19, 2021). "Biden picks transgender woman as assistant health secretary". AP News. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  7. ^ Diamond, Dan (October 19, 2021). "Rachel Levine, openly transgender health official, to be sworn in as four-star admiral in Public Health Service". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  8. ^ a b Hackney, Suzette (March 13, 2022). "'Be true to yourself': A message from the nation's highest-ranking openly transgender official". USA Today. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
  9. ^ Goodin-Smith, Oona (January 19, 2021). "What to know about Rachel Levine, the history-making Pa. health official tapped for Biden administration". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  10. ^ a b Loveland, Barry (February 6, 2017). "LGBT Oral History: Rachel Levine" (PDF). LGBT Center of Central PA History Project Dickinson College Archives & Special Collections. Carlisle, PA, USA. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  11. ^ "Jewish woman welcomed as transgender, state's new physician general". Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle. June 24, 2015. Archived from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  12. ^ "Dr. Rachel Levine '75 Offers Timely Message for Students". Belmont Hill School. October 24, 2016. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
  13. ^ Choi-Schagrin, Winston (March 20, 2020). "A 2018 Q&A with Dr. Rachel Levine, now leading state's coronavirus response [from The Caucus archives]". LancasterOnline. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  14. ^ a b Health (ASH), Assistant Secretary for (March 26, 2021). "Admiral Rachel L. Levine, MD". HHS.gov. Archived from the original on April 4, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
  15. ^ Zezima, Katie (June 1, 2016). "Meet Rachel Levine, one of the very few transgender public officials in America". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  16. ^ a b c d Moss, Rebecca (June 13, 2020). "The coronavirus exploited failure of Pa. health officials to improve long-standing problems with nursing home oversight". Spotlight PA. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
  17. ^ "Rachel Levine about to become the First Elected Official to be confirmed by the Senate News". sites.psu.edu. January 27, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
  18. ^ "Meet the Transgender Doctor Leading Pennsylvania's COVID-19 Response". www.advocate.com. March 31, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
  19. ^ DeJesus, Ivey (March 19, 2020). "Who is Rachel Levine? Pa. health secretary offers calm, reassurance amid pandemic". WITF. PennLive.
  20. ^ "Pennsylvania state senator calls for resignation of Health Secretary Dr. Rachel Levine". The Patriot-News. Harrisburg, PA. May 11, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
  21. ^ "Pa. health secretary departs with mixed record on COVID-19". Spotlight PA. January 21, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  22. ^ a b Robinson, David; Barchenger, Stacey; Powers, Kelly; Ciavaglia, Jo (May 1, 2020). "States ordered nursing homes to take COVID-19 residents. Thousands died. How it happened". Bucks County Courier Times. Levittown, PA. Archived from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  23. ^ Pattani, Aneri; Moss, Rebecca (May 9, 2020). "Pa. had early plan to protect nursing homes from the coronavirus, but never fully implemented it". Spotlight PA. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  24. ^ Pattani, Aneri (May 21, 2020). "Pa. health officials quietly alter erroneous nursing home case, death counts as providers cry foul". Spotlight PA. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
  25. ^ Simon, Sarah (June 17, 2020). "Health officials failed to safeguard trust in Pa.'s coronavirus data, sowing confusion". Spotlight PA. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
  26. ^ a b Martines, Jamie (February 25, 2021). "Levine questioned on missing Pa. nursing home data in federal confirmation hearing". Spotlight PA. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
  27. ^ a b Martines, Jamie (March 18, 2021). "Levine pressed for answers on Pa.'s missing nursing home data as confirmation advances". Spotlight PA. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
  28. ^ a b "Pennsylvania Health Secretary offers guidance for nursing homes, governor insists on gradual reopening". WHTM. Harrisburg, PA. May 12, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
  29. ^ Prose, J.D.; Woodall, Candy (August 11, 2020). "Costly COVID-19 mistakes: Pennsylvania nursing homes in midst of second wave of COVID-19". The Beaver County Times. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  30. ^ "Dr. Rachel Levine Defends Response To Coronavirus Outbreak Inside Nursing Homes". KDKA-TV. Harrisburg, PA. Associated Press. June 27, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2021. Pennsylvania's health secretary on Friday defended her agency's handling of the COVID-19 outbreak inside the nursing homes and personal care facilities that account for almost 70% of the state's nearly 6,600 fatalities.
  31. ^ a b c Marnin, Julia (January 19, 2021). "Fact Check: Did Biden's Health Pick Put COVID-19 Patients Into Nursing Homes?". Newsweek. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
  32. ^ "Rachel Levine: Transgender official sworn in as four-star admiral". BBC News. October 20, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  33. ^ a b c "DOJ Won't Investigate How Pennsylvania Handled Nursing Homes". KYW-TV. Philadelphia, PA. Associated Press. July 22, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
  34. ^ House, The White (February 13, 2021). "Nominations Sent to the Senate". The White House. Archived from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
  35. ^ "PN121 - Nomination of Rachel Leland Levine for Department of Health and Human Services, 117th Congress (2021-2022)". www.congress.gov. March 24, 2021. Archived from the original on May 29, 2015. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
  36. ^ "U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 117th Congress - 1st Session". www.senate.gov. Archived from the original on September 5, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
  37. ^ "Rachel Levine, historic transgender nominee, confirmed as assistant health secretary". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on February 5, 2022. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
  38. ^ Health (OASH), Office of the Assistant Secretary for (October 19, 2021). "Statements by Officials of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Commemorating the First Openly Transgender Four-Star Officer and First Female Four-Star Admiral of the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps on October 19, 2021". HHS.gov. Archived from the original on September 5, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
  39. ^ "Transgender federal official Rachel Levine tells LGBTQ youths: 'I have your back'". NBC News. June 2021. Archived from the original on July 11, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  40. ^ Teixeira da Silva, Daniel; Biello, Katie; Lin, Willey Y.; Valente, Pablo K.; Mayer, Kenneth H.; Hightow-Weidman, Lisa; Bauermeister, José A. (March 2021). "COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among an Online Sample of Sexual and Gender Minority Men and Transgender Women". Vaccines. 9 (3): 204. doi:10.3390/vaccines9030204. ISSN 2076-393X. PMC 7999863. PMID 33804530.
  41. ^ a b "Rachel Levine calls state anti-LGBTQ bills disturbing and dangerous to trans youth". NPR.org. Archived from the original on September 5, 2024. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  42. ^ "A judge blocks Texas from investigating families of trans youth". NPR. Associated Press. June 10, 2022. Archived from the original on July 11, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  43. ^ Srikanth, Anagha (January 19, 2021). "Rachel Levine could be the first transgender official confirmed by Congress. Who is she?". The Hill. Archived from the original on October 23, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  44. ^ "Inside Tulane Med". tmaaarchive.tulane.edu. Archived from the original on August 22, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
  45. ^ "Biography: Rachel Levine". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved December 7, 2025.
  46. ^ a b "Biography: Rachel Levine".
  47. ^ Dr. Rachel Levine [@HHS_ASH] (October 19, 2021). "Swearing-in of Dr. Rachel Levine to the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, officially becoming the first openly transgender four-star officer in the uniformed services and first female four-star admiral of @USPHS" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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Preceded byKaren Murphy Secretary of thePennsylvania Department of Health 2017–2021 Succeeded byAlison Beam(Acting)
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