Reform Movement | Sociology - Encyclopedia Britannica

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comparison to revolution
- In social movement: Types of social movements
  …a distinction implies that a reform movement advocates a change that will preserve the existing values but will provide improved means of implementing them. The revolutionary movement, on the other hand, is regarded as advocating replacement of existing values. Almost invariably, however, the members of a so-called revolutionary movement insist…
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development of trade unions
- In organized labour: Origins of craft unionism
  …1830s, a series of labour-reform movements fought a running battle for “equal rights.” In the 1860s, this was the task of the National Labor Union and, after its decline, of the Knights of Labor. On their face, these reform movements seemed to cut athwart trade unionism, insofar as they…
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place in

China
- In China: Economic policy changes
  The reforms in the urban economy had more-mixed results, largely because the economic system in the cities was so much more complex. Those reforms sought to provide material incentives for greater efficiency and to increase the use of market forces in allocating resources. Problems arose because…
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18-century Latin America
- In history of Latin America: The Bourbon reforms
  Most reforms came in a bundle in the late 18th century, the creation in 1739 of the Viceroyalty of New Granada based in Santa Fé (Bogotá) being an exception.
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- In history of Latin America: The independence of Latin America
  The reforms imposed by the Spanish Bourbons in the 18th century provoked great instability in the relations between the rulers and their colonial subjects in the Americas. Many Creoles (those of Spanish parentage but who were born in America) felt Bourbon policy to be an unfair…
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German Confederation
- In Germany: Reform and reaction
  Yet the reform movement that had begun under the impact of the French hegemony did not end with the downfall of Napoleon. It continued to exert influence over affairs of state for another few years, before the forces of authoritarianism and particularism crushed it. That influence was…
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Habsburg Empire
- In Hungary: Francis I: the reform generation
  A great reform movement was set in motion by István, Count Széchenyi, the primary advocate of Hungary’s social, economic, and political modernization, who boldly proclaimed that the ancient privileges of the nobility were no bastion but a prison. He argued that the servile state of the peasants…
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Hungary
- In Hungary: Political reforms
  By the late 1980s, growing numbers of Hungarians had concluded that years of misgovernment could not be erased by economic reforms alone. The process of de-Stalinization reinforced the desire to reexamine the political premises of Grósz’s program, which seemed to imply that to keep…
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United Kingdom
- In United Kingdom: The political situation
  …Whig-led government prepared its promised reform bill.
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United States
- In United States: An age of reform
  …is the amazing variety of reform movements that flourished simultaneously in the North—women’s rights, pacifism, temperance, prison reform, abolition of imprisonment for debt, an end to capital punishment, improving the conditions of the working classes, a system of universal education, the organization of communities that discarded private property, improving the…
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U.S.S.R.
- In Russia: Government and society
  (“openness”), and demokratizatsiya (“democratization”) reform policies—fundamental changes took place in the political system and government structures of the Soviet Union that altered both the nature of the Soviet federal state and the status and powers of the individual republics. In 1988 the Soviet Congress of People’s Deputies was created,…
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