Romani Americans - Wikipedia

Not to be confused with Romanian Americans. Ethnic group Romani people in the United States

Romane manusha ande Amerika (Romani)
An encampment of Roma people on the outskirts of Portland, Oregon, 1905
Total population
est. 1,000,000[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York City, Chicago, Boston, Atlanta, Dallas, Houston, Seattle and Portland as well as in rural areas in Texas and Arkansas[3]
Languages
American English, Spanish, Romani, Angloromani, Caló
Religion
Christianity, Islam, Romani folklore

It is estimated that there are one million Romani people in the United States. Though the Romani population in the United States has largely assimilated into American society, the largest concentrations are in Southern California, the Pacific Northwest, Southwestern United States, Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Florida and the Northeast as well as in cities such as Chicago, Cleveland, and St. Louis.[2][4]

The Romani, or Roma, are a nomadic ethnic group, often pejoratively referred to as Gypsies, who have been in the Americas since the first Romani people reportedly arrived on Christopher Columbus' third voyage in 1498.[5][6] The largest wave of Romani immigrants came from the Balkans, Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia region in the late 19th century following the abolition of slavery in Romania in 1864.[7][8] Romani immigration to the United States has continued at a steady rate ever since, with an increase of Romani immigration occurring in the late 20th century following the Porajmos in Nazi Germany and its occupied European territories and then the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe.[2]

The size of the Romani American population and the absence of a historical and cultural presence, such as the Romani have in Europe, make Americans largely unaware of the existence of the Romani as a people.[2] The term's lack of significance within the United States prevents many Romani from using the term around non-Romani: identifying themselves by nationality rather than heritage.[9] It seems that the United States lacks the structures and stories for Romani people to own as their heritage, something that would make their identity more visible as an individual group.[10] There has been an increased consciousness of the existence of the Roma as an American people after the Cold War, but there remains a sense of mythology around the group.[6]

Most Romani Americans live in the United States's biggest cities, where the greatest economic opportunities exist. Romani Americans practice many different religions, usually based on the version of Christianity common in their country of origin, but fundamentalist Christian denominations have been growing in popularity among them.[11]

The Roma live in populous cities such as New York City, Chicago, Cleveland, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Boston, Atlanta, Dallas, Houston, Seattle, Las Vegas, Miami,[12] and Portland as well as in rural areas in Florida, Texas, Arkansas, etc.[13][14][15]

History

[edit]

Achievements

[edit]

Romani Americans have served as experts on official delegations to meetings and conferences in the U.S. held by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). At an OSCE Supplementary Human Dimension Meeting on Roma issues in November 2013, Nathan Mick, who is Romani American, delivered the U.S. delegation's intervention and participated in working sessions on improving respect for the rights of Romani people. Another American Roma Dr. Ethel Brooks served as a moderator at this same event; she also spoke at the UN Holocaust Commemoration in New York in 2013 in commemora- International Efforts to Promote Roma Rights 79tion of the Romani genocide during World War II. In January 2016, former President Barack Obama named Dr. Ethel Brooks to serve on the Holocaust Memorial Council, making her the only Romani American on the council since President Bill Clinton appointed Ian Hancock in 1997. The State Department's public diplomacy programs have benefited from several Romani American speakers including Hancock who have, over the years, traveled to several European countries with support from U.S. embassies in order to discuss Romani issues and human rights. The State Department's Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor leads a regular meeting of a Romani working group, which gathers experts on Romani issues based in the Washington, D.C., including Romani Americans, to exchange information and discuss policy priorities for promoting Romani inclusion in Europe.[16]

Voice of Roma was founded by Sani Rifati in 1996, and incorporated as a 501(c) 3 non-profit organization in 1999, in Sebastopol, California.[17]

Schools for young Roma students have been set up in California, Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, Chicago, Seattle and Camden, New Jersey.[18]

Pennsylvania, Indiana, Georgia and New Jersey passed discriminatory laws that targeted Romani people.[19]

Origin

[edit]

The Romani people originate from Northern India,[20][21][22][23][24][25] presumably from the northwestern Indian states Rajasthan[24][25] and Punjab.[24]

The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts and daily routines.[26]

More precisely, Romani shares a basic lexicon with Hindi and Punjabi. It shares many phonetic features with Marwari, while its grammar is closest to Bengali.[27]

Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group.[21][22][28] According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of northern India, traditionally referred to collectively as the Ḍoma, are the likely ancestral populations of modern European Roma.[29]

In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the Indian Minister of External Affairs stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the Government of India to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the Indian diaspora.[30]

Migration to the US

[edit]

The first Roma to come to the United States arrived in Virginia, Georgia, New Jersey and Louisiana during the 1500s.[31] Romani slaves were first shipped to the Americas with Columbus in 1498.[32] Spain sent Romani slaves to their Louisiana colony between 1762 and 1800.[33] An Afro-Romani community exists in St. Martin Parish due to intermarriage of freed African American and Romani slaves.[34] The first Roma to arrive in the United States came from the British Isles. Other Roma later came from the Mediterranean, along with the general shift of immigrants from northern to southern Europe. Among these were Roma, who moved out of Romania and Moldova in the nineteenth century. They travelled through Austria-Hungary, Italy and the Balkans, to arrive in New York in 1881.[35] The Romanichal, the first Romani group to arrive in North America in large numbers, moved to America from Britain around 1850. The Rom were the second subgroup of Roma to immigrate to the United States. They came from Germany and other parts of western Europe. The third was the Ludar. They came from southern European ports beginning in 1882.[36] Iberian Gitanos and Balkan Romani, the ancestors of most of the Romani population in the United States today, began immigrating to the United States on a large scale over the latter half of the 19th century coinciding with the weakening grip of the Ottoman Empire and the Ottoman Wars in Europe in the 19th century, which ultimately culminated in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), freeing many ethnic Eastern Europeans from Ottoman dominance and producing new waves of Romani immigrants.[37] Other Roma mainly came from Greece and Italy.[38] England and Scotland had shipped Romani slaves to Virginia.[39] The Kalderash first arrived in the United States in the 1880s. Many of them came from Austria-Hungary, Russia and Serbia, as well as from Italy, Greece, Romania and Turkey. The arrival of the Kalderash, rudari and the other subgroups of Romani at this time more or less wiped out the Roma who had arrived in United States during the colonial period. Their arrival coincided with the large wave of immigration from Eastern Europe.[40] Early Romani immigrants listed such diverse occupations as farmer, laborer, showman, animal trainer, horse trader, musician, and coppersmith, among others, to census takers. In the 19th century, Romani American men tended to pursue nomadic European occupations, while Romani American women often practiced fortune telling.[41]

That wave of Romani immigration comprised Romani-speaking peoples like the Kalderash, Machvaya, Lovari and Churari, and ethnically Romani groups that had integrated more within the Central and Eastern European societies, such as the Boyash (Ludari) of Romania and the Bashalde of Slovakia.[42]

Many of the Vlach Romani headed for the United States took an indirect means of traveling to America; this involved traveling by ship to countries such as Mexico, or arrive at Canada to retry entry or cross the border.[43] This was due to the fact that, at the time, U.S. legislation prevented entry to "Gypsies", making it problematic for those who were perceived to be easily identifiable as Romani by their appearance.[43]

In 1999, the United States pledged to take up to 20,000 Kosovan refugees; many of them were Roma.[44]

By the 2000s, there has been some acknowledgement of the growing presence of Romani peoples within America as the Census forms of 2000 were disseminated for the first time in Romani language, furthermore, as of 2010, five sessions in Congress have been held to address the growing increase of Romani asylum seekers to the US, due to the anti-Romani sentiment of Europe.[45]

The new wave of Romani people such as the Romungre from Hungary and the Catani from Romania to be concentrated in New York and Chicago.[46]

Many Romani people also came from Cuba, Canada, Mexico or South America, from where it was easier to immigrate to the United States.[47]

Early Romani immigrants reported a wide range of occupations to census officials, including farmer, laborer, showman, animal trainer, horse trader, musician, and coppersmith, among others. In the 19th century, Roma American men typically engaged in nomadic occupations common in Europe, while women frequently practiced fortune telling. As automobiles began to replace horses, men transitioned to roles in selling and repairing cars, as well as metalworking. Mobility has been a fundamental aspect of Roma culture; while some Roma Americans continue to travel or relocate as urban migrants in search of work, others exhibit a level of sedentism comparable to that of non-Romani Americans.[48]

Between April and September 2023, the Roma National Center assisted 1,238 Romani people, among them 1,129 Ukrainian refugees from Ukraine due to the Russo-Ukrainian war.[49]

Discrimination

[edit]

Many Romani Americans keep their identity a secret due to harmful stereotypes from the media that depict Roma as nomads, scammers, beggars and thieves.[50] 70% of Romani Americans hide their Romani identity to avoid stigmatization.[51] TLC's tv series My Big Fat American Gypsy Wedding has portrayed American Roma poorly and has oversexualized Romani American girls.[52] Gypsy Sisters and National Geographic's American Gypsies also portrayed Romani Americans inaccurately.[53] Recently, Police departments in the United States have racially profiled America Roma, stereotyped Roma people as criminals and have set up task forces specialised in "Gypsy crimes".[54][55] Topeka State Journal and The Library of Congress reported on Roma crimes and perpetrated stereotypes.[56] In 2023, a sign was set up at a Chevron gas station in Rowland Heights, California that banned Romani women caused outrage amongst the local community, and the sign was described as racist.[57] In a Change in Social Standing polls in 1964 and 1989, Romani people were ranked to have having the lowest social standing along with Mexicans and Puerto Ricans.[58] New Jersey had discriminatory laws against Roma.[59] Certain major cities in the United States, including New York City and Chicago, have designated police units specifically for the Romani population. In less populated areas, sheriffs frequently accompany Roma to the county border, relieved to see them depart. Ian Hancock references an edition of the Police Chief that features an article providing guidance to law enforcement on maintaining their jurisdictions devoid of Romani individuals. This type of racial profiling is similar to racism against African Americans and the anti-Mexican sentiment.[60]

Crime

[edit]

Romanian nationals of the Roma ethnicity have involved in various scams, panhandling, theft, fraud and ATM skimming in the United States.[61][62][63][64]

Culture

[edit] Further information: Romani society and culture

Romani Americans eat sarma (stuffed cabbage), gushvada (cheese strudel), and a ritually sacrificed animal (often a lamb).[65] There are several spicy Romani American soups. Fusui eski zumi is a Romani butter bean soup often made with ham. Pertia is a soup made with jellied pig's feet and pig's ears. Romani American stews are usually made with green and red peppers, tomatoes, potatoes, onions, garlic, and some meat. There are a variety of stews in Romani cuisine, like one Romani chicken paprikash called puyo. Whole meats, like spit-roasted pigs or lambs, are commonly prepared for Romani rituals in the United States. Large hams and lamb steaks bought wholesale and barbecued with a customary hot sauce called chile mole are also eaten at Romani feasts. The fat crust of ham is many Roma's favorite part of the meat. The Romani Americans have their own method of making coffee and tea. Romani coffee is often boiled with the groats and often dipped off the top with a spoon. At Romani feasts in the United States, sarmi, meats, hot sauces, celery sticks (often eaten by the Roma for virility), salads, pirogo, saviako, and a stew or two are usually served. Romani people only serve fruit on the table at pomana feasts.[66] A dessert eaten for feasts and everyday use by American Roma is pirogo.[67] Romani Americans prefer spicy foods and considered black pepper, red pepper, salt, vinegar, garlic and onions lucky foods.[68]

Romani Americans don't marry according to American law.[69]

Romani festivals in the United States are New York Gypsy Festival, the Midwest Gypsy Swing Fest, Herdeljezi Festival of Romani Music and Dance and the Charm City Django Jazz Fest.[70]

Romani Americans have large families and identify by their vitsa. Arranged marriages are popular among American Roma.[71] The Kalderash in New York practice kinship.[72]

Maintaining physical, ideological, and social distance from Gadje (non-Roma) has emerged as a crucial issue to preserve the integrity and continuity of Romani culture in the United States. American Roma are concerned about the potential corruption or disintegration of their culture due to increased interactions with gadje through educational institutions, healthcare facilities, and other public services, as well as the societal pressure to assimilate into host societies. Despite engaging with the gadzo world, skepticism and resentment persist within Romani communities, stemming from a history of hostility and pervasive stereotypes against the Roma. The resilience and vitality of Romani culture, characterized by a distinct separation between the external (gadzo) and internal (Roma) spheres, play a vital role in defining the Roma's ethnic identity, particularly in the multicultural context of the United States.[73]

Romani Americans believe in the concept of marime. They cleanse their bodies using two different soaps and personal items separately. Maintaining a clean home is viewed as a sign of both moral and ritual purity. The Machwaya, who typically uphold a tidy and orderly household, often highlight this distinction in comparison to Kalderash housekeeping practices to demonstrate their moral and ritual superiority. A tidy home is believed to promote good health. Mamioro, the spirit associated with illness, is known to frequent unclean houses. Additionally, it is believed that one can contract diseases from the gaje by residing in their homes, necessitating thorough cleaning, particularly after gaje have recently occupied them. A residence that has been home to a series of Rom families is considered 'cleaner' regardless of the housekeeping standards upheld by those families.[74]

Settlements

[edit]

Romani Americans are concentrated in large cities such Chicago and Los Angeles and states such as New York, Virginia, Illinois, Texas and Massachusetts.[75]

Romani Americans live mainly in major urban areas such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York, Chicago, Boston, Atlanta, Dallas, Houston, Seattle, and Portland. Romani Americans today still migrate across the United States from the Midwest to Nevada, California, Texas, and elsewhere to live close to family and friends or for jobs. Some of the Roma who had once lived in Delay and then in the Dearborn area in Michigan moved to Las Vegas Valley to work or retire.[76]

There are Vlax and Romanichal churches in large cities in the Southern United States such as Atlanta and Houston.[77]

The Roma have lived and travelled throughout the state of New York.[78]

Romani people are concentrated in the Northeast, the Midwest and the West Coast.[79]

Chicago

[edit]

The Roma first came to Chicago during the large waves of Southern and Eastern European immigration to the United States in the 1880s until World War I. Two separate Romani subgroups settled in Chicago, the Machwaya and the Kalderash. The Machwaya came from Serbia and parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. They settled on the Southeast Side of Chicago.[80]

Connecticut

[edit]

The Winsted Citizen in an article from 1947 reported that in the late 1800s Romani people visited Connecticut on a routine basis. In Hartford, there was a horse market that was owned by a Romani "King."[81]

Kentucky

[edit]

Numerous Romani individuals have relocated to Northern Kentucky.[82]

Texas

[edit]

There are about 20,000 Roma in Texas. In Texas, the two main Roma populations are Vlax and Romanichal. Romani Americans are concentrated in Houston and Fort Worth. Significant numbers of Romani families also live in Dallas, San Antonio, Austin and El Paso. Nearly every large town in Texas has some Roma residents.[83]

Louisiana

[edit]

One of the most well-documented colonial Romani North American migrations involved many French Roma who helped build the French colony of Louisiana. The French Roma settled throughout Biloxi, New Orleans, Natchez to Natchitoches.[84]

Nebraska

[edit]

Romani people moved to rural areas in Nebraska in the 1930s. The Roma were known as shrewd horse traders.[85]

New Jersey

[edit]

The Roma are concentrated in the northeastern part of New Jersey, especially in the Newark, Paterson and Elizabeth area.[86]

New York City

[edit]

Many Romani moved to New York City from other parts of the United States after relief programs were put into effect in the 1930s. Roma from Hungary went to New York after the revolution in 1956. The Roma settled in the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan and Newark, New Jersey.[87]

North Dakota

[edit]

Gypsy caravans journeyed through North Dakota's territory since the 1880s and continued annually up until the 1940s.[88]

Maryland

[edit]

The highest concentration of Romani people in Maryland was in Baltimore in the 20th century but encampments were reported across the state.[89]

Arkansas

[edit]

There is a Romanichal community in Arkansas. They trace their lineage to England and Ireland.[90]

California

[edit]

Approximately 200,000 Roma live in California and 50,000 live in Los Angeles.[91]

Michigan

[edit]

There is a Hungarian-Slovak Romani community in Michigan.[92]

Oregon

[edit]

Romani have resided in Oregon since the early twentieth century. There is a Romani community in Portland.[93]

Pennsylvania

[edit]

The Roma have been present in the state since the mid-1800s,[94]

West Virginia

[edit]

A group of Roma settled in Stumpy Bottom in Princeton.[95]

Cleveland

[edit]

The Roma began settling on Cleveland's near west side in the 1880s.[96]

Utah

[edit]

Most of the Roma who came to Utah were of Balkan, Eastern, and Central European origin. They settled in Deseret, Elsinore, Oak City, Kanab, and other rural communities in Utah since the early 1900s.[97]

Virginia

[edit]

The Appalachian Mountains in Virginia provided a home for traveling Romani people during first half of the 20th century.[98]

Groups

[edit]

• Boyash:[99] The Boyash are concentrated in the Northern United States.[100]
• Kalderash: The Kalderash are concentrated in New York City, Chicago, and Fort Worth, Texas.[101]
• Machwaya: The Machwaya came from Mačva, Serbia. Most Machwaya settled in California.[102] Machwaya are concentrated in the San Francisco Bay Area and Greater Los Angeles.[103] They brought many customs from Yugoslavia such as sarme (foods) and slava rituals.[104]
• Rom: They number around 20,000. The Rom have spread across North America in large family groups and tend to stay together. The Rom have tried to continue in fortune telling, but they soon have moved on to roofing and car sales, traveling in trailers and mobile homes. Metal work is one of the preferred activities of the Rom men in car body repairs, scrap collecting, car sales and occasional coppersmithing, but more often do roofing, paving and home improvements. The women do fortune telling and sell cheap goods around the houses.[105]
• Ludar: Hailing from North of the Balkans, Hungary, and the Banat, the Ludari, also known as Rudari, Boyash, or Banyash, are a subculture of Romani who arrived during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[106]
• Hungarian-Slovak Romani: The Romani of Northern Hungary largely settled in industrial cities of the Northern United States near the turn of the century. Among Romani from these areas were Olah, Romungre, and Bashalde immigrants. They were noted for their musical traditions and popularized Romani music in the United States by performing in cafes, night clubs and restaurants. Their prevalence in show business made Hungarian-Slovak Romani the most visible of the Romani groups arriving in America at the turn of the century and helped to shape the modern American idea of a Romani.[106] The Bashalde reside principally in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Chicago and Las Vegas.[107]
• Romanichal: The ancestral home of the Romanichals is the British Isles.[108] Members of this group are found across the U.S., with concentrations in Arkansas, Texas and the Southeast.
• Black Dutch (genealogy): Sinte Romani from Germany, whom de Wendler-Funaro refers to as Chikkeners (Pennsylvania German, from the German Zigeuner), sometimes refer to themselves as "Black Dutch." They are few in number and claim to have largely assimilated into Romnichel culture. They are represented in de Wendler-Funaro's photographs by a few portraits of one old man and briefly referred to in the manuscript "In Search of the Last Caravan."[42]
• Cale: Spanish Roma are found primarily in the metropolitan areas of the East Coast and the West Coast.[109]
• Xoraxane Roma: Established mainly in the Bronx, New York where they have established mosques, the Xoraxane are a Muslim population originating in Macedonia and surrounding areas of the Balkans, several hundred families that came to the United States beginning in the late 1960s. Several thousand other Xoraxane came later as part of a Bosnian refugee program initiated St. Louis, Missouri, and are settled there.[110]
• Lovari: Some 2,000 or more Lovari live in the Chicago metropolitan area. They descend from the Russian Roma who fled to Yugoslavia during the First World War, travelling back and forth into Hungary and intermarrying with Hungarian Lovari. After deciding to leave Europe a group of Lovari families arrived in Montreal, Canada on a Russian ship from France but were targeted for deportation. They then moved to St. Louis in 1973 and then on to Chicago to find relatives.[111]
• Scottish Romani and Traveller groups: For centuries, the Tinkers, who were ethnically Scottish, remained separated from the mainstream society in Scotland. However, some of them migrated to Canada after 1850 and a significant number made their way to the United States after 1880. Although more than 100 distinct clans have been identified, the exact total number of Tinkers is still unknown.[109]
• Yenish: A largely assimilated group of ethnic Germans, mistakenly identified as Gypsies, established a community in Pennsylvania after immigrating in 1840, primarily working as basket makers.[109]

Notable Romani Americans

[edit] For a more comprehensive list, see List of Romani Americans.

• Stiv Bators, punk rock vocalist and guitarist
• Gratiela Brancusi, actress
• Michael Costello, fashion designer
• Gigi Dolin, professional wrestler
• Billy Drago, actor
• Rita Hayworth, actress and dancer
• Ladislas Lazaro, politician
• Oksana Marafioti, writer
• Seanan McGuire, writer and musician
• Paul Nicholas Miller, better known as GypsyCrusader, white supremacist internet personality
• Hillary Monahan, writer
• Paul Polansky, writer and activist
• Tracey Ullman, actress

See also

[edit]

• Romani people
• Romani studies
• Romani literature § United States
• Irish Traveller Americans

References

[edit]

1. ^ "Romani realities in the United States: breaking the silence, challenging the stereotypes" (PDF). fxb.harvard.edu.
2. ^ a b c d Webley, Kayla (October 13, 2010). "Hounded in Europe, Roma in the U.S. Keep a Low Profile". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on October 19, 2010.
3. ^ "Roma literature in USA and Canada - RomArchive". www.romarchive.eu.
4. ^ Berry, Lynn (February 19, 1995). "Business – Gypsies Trying To Change Stereotyped Image – Some Practice Their Ancient Culture Secretly". Seattle Times.
5. ^ "Romani Realities in The United States" (PDF). Harvard University. November 24, 2020. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
6. ^ a b Deutsch, James (April 8, 2022). "Romani Rights and the Roosevelts: The Case of Steve Kaslov". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
7. ^ "Roma slavery in Romania – a history". July 7, 2021.
8. ^ "Wallachia and Moldavia". Retrieved December 12, 2023.
9. ^ Kates, Glenn; Gergely, Valer (April 7, 2011). "For Roma, Life in US Has Challenges: People commonly known as 'Gypsies' face stereotyping, discrimination". Voice of America.
10. ^ Ostendorf, Ann (March 16, 2022). "Romani History is American History". Early American Studies Miscellany. Retrieved May 28, 2023.
11. ^ Cortés, Carlos E. (August 15, 2013). Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 1850. ISBN 978-1-5063-3278-9.
12. ^ Dregni, Michael (April 4, 2008). Gypsy Jazz: In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-531192-1.
13. ^ "Roma literature in USA and Canada – RomArchive". www.romarchive.eu. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
14. ^ "ROMANI". case.edu. Case Western Reserve University. May 16, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
15. ^ Heald Phd, Bruce D. (November 27, 2012). Gypsies of the White Mountains: History of a Nomadic Culture. Arcadia. ISBN 978-1-61423-804-1.
16. ^ Bhabha, Jacqueline; Mirga, Andrzej; Matache, Margareta (March 16, 2017). Realizing Roma Rights. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-8122-9387-6.
17. ^ "The Roma Civil Rights Movement in Canada and the USA – RomArchive". www.romarchive.eu. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
18. ^ Schaefer, Richard T.; Zellner, William W. (2007). Extraordinary Groups: An Examination of Unconventional Lifestyles. Macmillan. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-7167-7034-3.
19. ^ Bloomfield, Martha Aladjem (July 2019). Romanies in Michigan. MSU Press. ISBN 978-1-62895-379-4.
20. ^ Hancock, Ian F. (2005) [2002]. We are the Romani People. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-902806-19-8: 'While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European'{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
21. ^ a b Mendizabal, Isabel; et al. (December 6, 2012). "Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data". Current Biology. 22 (24): 2342–9. Bibcode:2012CBio...22.2342M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039. hdl:10230/25348. PMID 23219723.
22. ^ a b Sindya N. Bhanoo (December 11, 2012). "Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India". New York Times.
23. ^ Current Biology.
24. ^ a b c K. Meira Goldberg; Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum; Michelle Heffner Hayes (September 28, 2015). Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives. McFarland. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-7864-9470-5. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
25. ^ a b Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham; Richard Trillo (1999). World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Rough Guides. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-85828-635-8. Retrieved April 28, 2016. Roma Rajastan Penjab.
26. ^ Šebková, Hana; Žlnayová, Edita (1998), Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely) (PDF), Ústí nad Labem: Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem, p. 4, ISBN 978-80-7044-205-0, archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016
27. ^ Hübschmannová, Milena (1995). "Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku". Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury (4/1995). Brno: Muzeum romské kultury. Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.
28. ^ "5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma". Live Science. October 23, 2013.
29. ^ Rai, N; Chaubey, G; Tamang, R; Pathak, AK; Singh, VK (2012), "The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations", PLOS ONE, 7 (11) e48477, Bibcode:2012PLoSO...748477R, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048477, PMC 3509117, PMID 23209554
30. ^ "Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora?". khaleejtimes.com. February 29, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
31. ^ Schaefer, Richard T.; Zellner, William W. (October 22, 2015). Extraordinary Groups: An Examination of Unconventional Lifestyles, Ninth Edition. Waveland Press. ISBN 978-1-4786-3183-5.
32. ^ Peter Boyd-Bowman (ed.), Indice geobiográfico de cuarenta mil pobladores españoles de América en el siglo XVI, vol. 1: 1493–1519 (Bogota: Instituto Caro y Cuervo, 1964), 171.
33. ^ The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, Volume 1; Volume 7 By Junius P. Rodriguez
34. ^ We are the Romani People. p. 27.
35. ^ Phillips, David J. (August 31, 2023). Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World. William Carey Library. ISBN 978-0-87808-352-7.
36. ^ Daniels, Roger (May 10, 2001). American Immigration: A Student Companion. Oxford University Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-19-998895-2.
37. ^ Karpat, Kemal (1985). "The Ottoman Emigration to America, 1860–1914". Cambridge University Press. 17 (2): 175–209. JSTOR 163603.
38. ^ Ling, Huping (2008). Emerging Voices: Experiences of Underrepresented Asian Americans. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4342-0.
39. ^ We are the Romani People. p. 28.
40. ^ Achim, Viorel (January 2004). The Roma in Romanian History. Central European University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-963-9241-84-8.
41. ^ Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia. p. 1850.
42. ^ a b "Gypsies in the United States". Migrations in History. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved August 26, 2007.
43. ^ a b "Romani Realities in the United States: Breaking the Silence, Challenging the Stereotypes" (PDF). November 20, 2020. p. 12. Retrieved May 13, 2023.
44. ^ John Powell (August 31, 2023). Encyclopedia of North American Immigration. Infobase. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-4381-1012-7.
45. ^ Hancock, Ian (2010). Danger! Educated Gypsy!. University of Hertfordshire Press. pp. 195–196.
46. ^ Miskovic, Maja (July 18, 2013). Roma Education in Europe: Practices, policies and politics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-28066-5.
47. ^ "Second Migration". rm.coe.int. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
48. ^ Cortés, Carlos E. (August 15, 2013). Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-5063-3278-9.
49. ^ "Breaking the Cycle: Supporting Ukrainian Roma Communities | CWS".
50. ^ Webley, Kayla (October 13, 2010). "Hounded in Europe, Roma in the U.S. Keep a Low Profile". TIME.
51. ^ "New Study on Romani American Experience Shines Light on Persistent Inequities and Discrimination – FXB Center for Health & Human Rights".
52. ^ Matache, Margareta. "It is time to address anti-Roma discrimination in the US". Al Jazeera.
53. ^ Seeman, Sonia Tamar (June 12, 2019). Sounding Roman: Representation and Performing Identity in Western Turkey. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-994925-0.
54. ^ Bassett, Margareta Matache,Mary T. "Romani Americans still struggle with discrimination". Al Jazeera.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
55. ^ Oregonian/OregonLive, Lizzy Acker | The (November 14, 2016). "'Gypsy' crime class raises questions about racial profiling". oregonlive.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
56. ^ Covert, Melanie R. (May 31, 2018). American Roma: A Modern Investigation of Lived Experiences and Media Portrayals. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC. ISBN 978-1-4985-5840-2.
57. ^ "L.A. County gas station signs banned Romani women. Community lashes back over racism". Los Angeles Times. September 25, 2023.
58. ^ "Why is discrimination against American Roma ignored? | openDemocracy". Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2025.
59. ^ Hancock, Ian (2010). Danger! Educated Gypsy: Selected Essays - Ian Hancock - كتب Google. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-1-907396-30-4. Retrieved June 3, 2025.
60. ^ Zellner, William W.; Kephart, William M. (September 15, 2000). Extraordinary Groups. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-57259-953-6.
61. ^ "A 'Gypsy' Tale? East Bay Cities Deal With Panhandler Problem". September 7, 2011.
62. ^ "Crew Of Panhandlers On BART Turn Out To Be Roma, Living In Hayward". September 26, 2017.
63. ^ "Three sentenced in San Diego cases linking Romanian organized crime to benefits fraud, jewelry theft". November 23, 2023.
64. ^ "JSA Warns of Surge in Distraction Thefts". nationaljeweler.com.
65. ^ "Gypsy Americans". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
66. ^ Sutherland, Anne (July 1986). Gypsies: The Hidden Americans. Waveland Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-4786-1041-0.
67. ^ Long, Lucy M. (July 15, 2016). Ethnic American Cooking: Recipes for Living in a New World. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-6734-3. Retrieved December 12, 2023 – via Google Books.
68. ^ Long, Lucy M. (July 17, 2015). Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC. ISBN 978-1-4422-2731-6.
69. ^ Sutherland, Anne H. (May 25, 2016). Roma: Modern American Gypsies. Waveland Press. ISBN 978-1-4786-3379-2.
70. ^ Silverman, Carol (May 24, 2012). Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora. Oup USA. ISBN 978-0-19-530094-9.
71. ^ Schaefer, Richard T.; Zellner, William W. (May 18, 2007). "Extraordinary Groups: An Examination of Unconventional Lifestyles". Macmillan – via Google Books.
72. ^ Birx, H. James (December 8, 2006). "Encyclopedia of Anthropology". SAGE – via Google Books.
73. ^ Ling, Huping (December 30, 2008). "Emerging Voices: Experiences of Underrepresented Asian Americans". Rutgers University Press – via Google Books.
74. ^ Sutherland, Anne (July 1, 1986). "Gypsies: The Hidden Americans". Waveland Press – via Google Books.
75. ^ Emerging Voices: Experiences of Underrepresented Asian Americans. p. 116.
76. ^ Bloomfield, Martha Aladjem (July 2019). Romanies in Michigan. MSU Press. ISBN 978-1-62895-379-4.
77. ^ Ray, Celeste (2014). The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 6: Ethnicity. UNC Press Books. ISBN 978-1-4696-1658-2.
78. ^ Eisenstadt, P. (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. p. 682. ISBN 978-0-8156-0808-0.
79. ^ Gregg, Robert; McDonogh, Gary W.; Wong, Cindy H. (November 10, 2005). Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Culture. Routledge. ISBN 1-134-71929-9. Retrieved December 12, 2023 – via Google Books.
80. ^ "Gypsies". Encyclopedia of Chicago.
81. ^ "Gypsies". New Hartford Historical Society. February 28, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
82. ^ Tenkotte, Paul A.; Claypool, James C. (October 17, 2014). The Encyclopedia of Northern Kentucky. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-5996-6 – via Google Books.
83. ^ "Romani Americans (Roma)". Texas State Historical Association.
84. ^ "Romani History is American History – Ann Ostendorf". web.sas.upenn.edu. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
85. ^ "Gypsies". Wessels Living History Farm. January 18, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
86. ^ "The Hidden Minority: New Jersey's Thousands of Gypsies". The New York Times. September 6, 1992. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
87. ^ Jackson, Kenneth T.; Keller, Lisa; Flood, Nancy (December 2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition. Yale University Press. p. 563. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2.
88. ^ "Fear and Stereotypes of Gypsies in N.D., 1933". Prairie Public Broadcasting. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
89. ^ "The Gypsy Queen of Baltimore* – Maryland Center for History and Culture". Maryland Center for History and Culture. April 18, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
90. ^ "Encyclopedia of Arkansas". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
91. ^ Extraordinary Groups: An Examination of Unconventional Lifestyles, Ninth Edition. p. 9.
92. ^ Bloomfield, Martha Aladjem (2019). Romanies in Michigan. Michigan State University Press. ISBN 978-1-61186-340-6.
93. ^ "Oregon Roma (Gypsies)" (PDF). Retrieved December 3, 2023.
94. ^ "Romani in Pennsylvania". Pennsylvania Heritage Magazine. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
95. ^ Kraina, Jane. "Romani People". www.wvencyclopedia.org. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
96. ^ "GYPSIES". May 16, 2023.
97. ^ "Traveling Gypsies Brought an Exotic Lifestyle to Rural Utah". History to Go. May 3, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
98. ^ Whitaker, Tracy (July 13, 2017). "Appalachian Roma: The Handprint of the Gypsy". ASA Annual Conference. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
99. ^ Sutherland, Anne H. (May 25, 2016). Roma: Modern American Gypsies. Waveland Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-4786-3379-2.
100. ^ Gypsies: The Hidden Americans. p. xv.
101. ^ Dimitrova, Radosveta; Sam, David Lackland; Wreder, Laura Ferrer (September 7, 2021). Roma Minority Youth Across Cultural Contexts. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-065408-5.
102. ^ Long, Lucy M. (July 17, 2015). Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 249. ISBN 978-1-4422-2731-6.
103. ^ Roma Minority Youth Across Cultural Contexts: Taking a Positive Approach to Research, Policy, and Practice.
104. ^ Sutherland, Anne H. (May 25, 2016). Roma: Modern American Gypsies. Waveland Press. ISBN 978-1-4786-3379-2.
105. ^ Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World. p. 419.
106. ^ a b "Gypsy and Traveler Culture in America". Gypsy Lore Society.
107. ^ Teaching Tolerance Magazine – Issues 15–21. p. 34.
108. ^ Gypsy Law: Romani Legal Traditions and Culture. p. 27.
109. ^ a b c "The Gypsy Lore Society – Gypsy and Traveler Culture in America". www.gypsyloresociety.org. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
110. ^ Danger! Educated Gypsy: Selected Essays. p. 130.
111. ^ Danger! Educated Gypsy: Selected Essays. p. 131.

Further reading

[edit]

• Gropper, Rena C., and Carol Miller. "Exploring New Worlds in American Romani Studies: Social and Cultural Attitudes among the American Macvaia." Romani Studies 11, no. 2 (2001): 81–110.
• Heimlich, Evan. "Romani Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2014), pp. 1–13. Online
• Marafioti, Oksana. American Gypsy (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012).
• Sinclair, Albert Thomas (1917). George Fraser Black (ed.). American Gypsies. New York Public Library. Retrieved April 24, 2014. New York Public Library.
• Sinclair, Albert Thomas (1915). George Fraser Black (ed.). An American-Romani Vocabulary (reprint ed.). New York public library. Retrieved April 24, 2014. New York Public Library.
• Sutherland, Anne. "The American Rom: A Case of Economic Adaptation." in Gypsies, Tinkers and Other Travellers, edited by Farnham Rehfisch, (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975). pp 1–40.
• Sutherland, Anne. Gypsies: The Hidden Americans (Tavistock Publications, 1975).
• Sway, Marlene. Familiar Strangers: Gypsy Life in America (University of Illinois Press, 1988).

Articles

[edit]

• McNeil Center for Early American Studies; University of Pennsylvania; University of Central Florida's Center for Humanities and Digital Research (eds.). "Romani History is American History – Ann Ostendorf". Early American Studies: Miscellany.
• "Romani People in the Americas". Harvard University: FXB Center for Health and Human Rights. June 14, 2019.
• Matache, Margareta; Bassett, Mary T. (December 20, 2020). "Romani Americans still struggle with discrimination". Retrieved December 25, 2023.

External links

[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Romani people in the United States.

• Gypsy Lore Society
• "Gypsy Americans", everyculture.com
• Macedonian Roma: Hidden in Plain Sight in the Bronx, New York
• "Roma (Gypsies)", Texas State Historical Association
• "Romani Atlantic".
• "RomArchive".

v t e Romani diaspora
Settlements
Subgroups	Uncontested Arlije Bergitka Roma Boyash Burgenland Roma Cascarots English Romanichal Erromintxela Finnish Kale Kalderash Lovari Machvaya Manouche Muslim Roma Zargari Polska Roma Ruska Roma Scandinavian Travellers (Tavinger, Romanisæl) Scottish Romani Sepečides Servitka Roma Sinti Ursari Welsh Kale Contested Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians Dom Garachi Kawliya Nawar Bosha/Lom Lori Lyuli
By country	Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Canada Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Egypt Estonia France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Mexico Moldova Montenegro North Macedonia Norway Netherlands Palestine Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Basque Country Sudan Sweden Switzerland Syria Tunisia Turkey Ukraine Crimea United States Uruguay United Kingdom

v t e Demographics of the United States
Demographic history
Socioeconomic status Affluence Gender inequality Educational attainment Emigration Home-ownership Household income Housing segregation Immigration Income inequality Language LGBT Middle classes Personal income Poverty Racial inequality Race and health Racial achievement gap Racial wage gap Social class Standard of living Unemployment by state Wealth Ethnocultural politics
v t e Religion in the United States Christianity v t e Christianity in the United States National Council of Churches National Association of Evangelicals Christian Churches Together Eastern Christianity Eastern Orthodox(Main article) Eastern Orthodox Church Constantinople Albanian Orthodox Diocese of America American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America[a] Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA[a] Vicariate for Palestinian–Jordanian Communities in the USA Antiochian Archdiocese of North America Bulgarian Diocese of the USA Serbian Eparchies of Western, Midwestern and Eastern America[a] Russian Outside of Russia Patriarchal Parishes in the USA[a] Romanian Metropolis of the Americas Macedonian Diocese of America and Canada American Orthodox Church in America[a] Albanian, Bulgarian and Romanian Dioceses True Orthodox Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of North and South America and the British Isles Holy Orthodox Church in North America Independent American World Patriarchs Autocephalous Greek Orthodox Church of America and Australia Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodox(Main article) Armenian Apostolic Church[a] Armenian Holy See of Cilicia Coptic Orthodox Church in the United States[a] Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church[a] Syriac Orthodox Church Jacobite Malankara Archdiocese of North America Assyrian Assyrian Church of the East[a] Eastern Catholic Armenian Armenian Catholic Church Alexandrian Coptic Catholic Church Byzantine Melkite Greek Catholic Church Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church Eparchies of Saint Nicholas of Chicago, Saint Josaphat in Parma and Stamford East Syriac Chaldean Catholic Church Eparchies of San Diego and Detroit Syro-Malabar Church West Syriac Maronite Church Eparchies of Los Angeles and Brooklyn Syriac Catholic Church Syro-Malankara Catholic Church Eastern Protestant Mar Thoma Syrian Church[a] Western Christianity Catholic Latin Church Anglican Catholic Ordinariate Military Catholic Ordinariate Roman Catholic Church Old Catholic[b] Canonical Old Roman Catholic Church Christ Catholic Church North American Old Catholic Church Polish National Catholic Church[a] Independent[b] American Catholic Church in the United States American National Catholic Church Ecumenical Catholic Church[a] Ecumenical Catholic Communion Proto-Protestant Hussite Moravian Church[a] Unity of the Brethren Protestant[c](Main article) United Church of the United Brethren in Christ United Church of Christ[d][a] Lutheran Evangelical Lutheran Church in America[a] General Lutheran Church Latvian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America Lutheran Congregations in Mission for Christ Confessional American Association of Lutheran Churches Association of Confessional Lutheran Churches Augsburg Lutheran Churches Church of the Lutheran Confession Concordia Lutheran Conference Conservative Lutheran Association[e] Evangelical Lutheran Conference & Ministerium of North America Evangelical Lutheran Diocese of North America Evangelical Lutheran Synod Independent Lutheran Diocese Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod Lutheran Churches of the Reformation Lutheran Ministerium and Synod – USA North American Lutheran Church Orthodox Lutheran Confessional Conference Protes'tant Conference Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod Pietistic Association of Free Lutheran Congregations Church of the Lutheran Brethren of America Laestadianism Apostolic Lutheran Church of America Laestadian Lutheran Church Old Apostolic Lutheran Church High church Lutheran Church - International The Lutheran Evangelical Protestant Church Calvinist Communion of Reformed Evangelical Churches ContinentalReformed Dutch[f] Canadian and American Reformed Churches Christian Reformed Church in North America[e] Free Reformed Churches of North America Heritage Reformed Congregations Netherlands Reformed Congregations Protestant Reformed Churches in America Reformed Church in America[a] Reformed Congregations in North America United Reformed Churches in North America German[f] Reformed Church in the United States French[f] Huguenot Church Hungarian[f] Calvin Synod (United Church of Christ)[g] Hungarian Reformed Church in America[a] Presbyterian(Main article) Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church Bible Presbyterian Church Covenant Presbyterian Church Cumberland Presbyterian Church Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America ECO: A Covenant Order of Evangelical Presbyterians[e] Evangelical Assembly of Presbyterian Churches in America Evangelical Presbyterian Church[e] Free Church of Scotland (Continuing) Free Presbyterian Church of North America Korean American Presbyterian Church Korean Evangelical Presbyterian Church in America Korean Presbyterian Church Abroad[a] Korean Presbyterian Church in America (Kosin) Orthodox Presbyterian Church Presbyterian Church in America Presbyterian Church in Korea (Koshin) Presbyterian Church (USA)[a] Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly Reformed Presbyterian Church – Hanover Presbytery Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America Upper Cumberland Presbyterian Church Congregationalist(Main article) Conservative Congregational Christian Conference[e] Evangelical Association of Reformed and Congregational Christian Churches National Association of Congregational Christian Churches Anglican Communion Episcopal Church[a] Continuing[h] Episcopal Missionary Church Reformed Anglican Church Southern Episcopal Church United Episcopal Church of North America Anglican Episcopal Church Anglo-Catholic Anglican Catholic Church Diocese of the Holy Cross Anglican Province of America Anglican Province of Christ the King Christian Episcopal Church Holy Catholic Church United Anglican Church Realignment Anglican Church in North America[h] Reformed Episcopal Church Anglican Mission in the Americas[e] Church of Nigeria North American Mission Anabaptist Mennonites Church of God in Christ (Mennonite) Eastern Pennsylvania Mennonite Church Fellowship of Evangelical Bible Churches Lancaster Mennonite Conference Mennonite Brethren Church Mennonite Church USA Ohio Wisler Mennonite SchwarzenauBrethren Brethren Church[e] Church of the Brethren[a] Dunkard Brethren Church Old German Baptist Brethren River Brethren Brethren in Christ Church[e] Calvary Holiness Church (Philadelphia) Old Order River Brethren United Zion Church AmishMennonite Rosedale Network of Churches Fellowship of Evangelical Churches[e] Mennonite Christian Fellowship Apostolic Apostolic Christian Church of America Apostolic Christian Church (Nazarene) Unorganized Amish[i] Hutterites[i] Unitarian Unitarian Universalist Christian Fellowship Radical Pietism Evangelical Covenant Church Evangelical Free Church of America[e] Baptist(Main article) Alliance of Baptists[a] American Baptist Association American Baptist Churches USA[a] Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists Baptist Missionary Association of America Central Baptist Association Christian Baptist Churches of God Church of Christ, Instrumental Converge[e] Cooperative Baptist Fellowship Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship General Association of Baptists General Six-Principle Baptists Independent Baptist Church of America Independent Baptist Fellowship International Liberty Baptist Fellowship National Baptist Convention of America International National Baptist Convention USA[a] National Baptist Evangelical Life and Soul Saving Assembly of the U.S.A. National Missionary Baptist Convention of America New England Evangelical Baptist Fellowship North American Baptist Conference[e] Primitive Baptist Conference of New Brunswick, Maine and Nova Scotia Progressive National Baptist Convention[a] Separate Baptists in Christ Southern Baptist Convention Baptist General Association of Virginia Baptist General Convention of Texas Southwide Baptist Fellowship Transformation Ministries[e] Union Baptists Venture Church Network Fundamentalist Baptist Bible Fellowship International Foundations Baptist Fellowship International Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association Independent Baptist Fellowship of North America New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist Wisconsin Fellowship of Baptist Churches World Baptist Fellowship General General Association of General Baptists Free Will National Association of Free Will Baptists Original Free Will Baptist Convention United American Free Will Baptist Church United American Free Will Baptist Conference Calvinistic subgroup Confessional Baptist Association Fellowship of Independent Reformed Evangelicals Regular General Association of Regular Baptist Churches Old Regular Baptists Primitive National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A. Two-Seed-in-the-Spirit Predestinarian Baptists Holiness Holiness Baptist Association Ohio Valley Association of the Christian Baptist Churches of God Independent Those are independent congregations with no denominational structure Quakers(Main article) Beanite Quakerism Central Yearly Meeting of Friends Conservative Friends Evangelical Friends Church International[e] Free Quakers Friends General Conference Friends United Meeting[a] Methodist(Main article) African Methodist Episcopal Church[a] African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church[a] Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection Association of Independent Methodists Bethel Methodist Church Bible Methodist Connection of Churches Bible Methodist Connection of Tennessee Bible Missionary Church Christian Methodist Episcopal Church[a] Church of God (Holiness) Church of Daniel's Band Church of the Nazarene[e] Congregational Methodist Church Emmanuel Association of Churches Evangelical Association Evangelical Church (ECNA)[e] Evangelical Methodist Church Evangelical Methodist Church of America Evangelical Wesleyan Church First Congregational Methodist Church Free Methodist Church[e] Fundamental Methodist Conference Immanuel Missionary Church Global Methodist Church Kentucky Mountain Holiness Association Liberation Methodist Connexion Lumber River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Church Methodist Protestant Church Missionary Methodist Church National Association of Wesleyan Evangelicals Pilgrim Holiness Church Pillar of Fire Church Primitive Methodist Church[e] Salvation Army[e] Southern Congregational Methodist Church Southern Methodist Church United Methodist Church[a] Wesleyan Church[e] Adventist(Main article) Trinitarian Sabbatarian Church of God (Seventh-Day) International Missionary Society of Seventh-Day Adventist Church Reform Movement Seventh-day Adventist Church Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement Shepherd's Rod United Seventh-Day Brethren First-day Advent Christian Church[e] Primitive Advent Christian Church Nontrinitarian Sabbatarian Creation Seventh Day Adventist Church First-day Christadelphians Church of God General Conference Church of the Blessed Hope Pentecostal Trinitarian Holiness Apostolic Faith Church The Church of God (Alexander Jackson Sr. General Overseer) The Church of God (Charleston, Tennessee) Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)[e] Church of God in Christ Church of God Mountain Assembly Church of God of the Original Mountain Assembly Church of God of Prophecy Congregational Holiness Church[e] Free Gospel Church International Pentecostal Church of Christ[e] International Pentecostal Holiness Church[e] Pentecostal Free Will Baptist Church[e] United Holy Church of America FinishedWork Assemblies of God USA[e] Elim Fellowship[e] The Foursquare Church[e] Independent Assemblies of God, International International Fellowship of Christian Assemblies Open Bible Churches[e] Pentecostal Church of God Oneness Apostolic Assemblies of Christ Apostolic Assembly of the Faith in Christ Jesus Apostolic Gospel Church of Jesus Christ Apostolic Overcoming Holy Church of God Assemblies of the Lord Jesus Christ Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith Pentecostal Assemblies of the World Pentecostal Churches of Christ United Pentecostal Church International Neocharismatic Association of Vineyard Churches[e] Calvary Chapel Non-denominational Great Commission Churches[e] Community Churches International Council of Community Churches[a] Other[j] Church of the United Brethren in Christ[e] IFCA International Metropolitan Community Church Missionary Church[e] Restorationism[k] Swedenborgian Swedenborgian Church of North America[a] Lord's New Church General Church of the New Jerusalem Stone-Campbell Disciples Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)[a] Churches of Christ Churches of Christ[i] Churches of Christ (non-institutional)[i] International Churches of Christ[i] Independents Christian churches and churches of Christ[i] Holiness[l] Christian Union[e] Churches of God General Conference (Winebrenner) Church of God (Anderson, Indiana) Church of God (Guthrie, Oklahoma) Church of God (Restoration) Higher Life Alliance World Fellowship[e] Irvingism New Apostolic Church Latter Day Saint/Mormon The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints House of Aaron Reorganized Church of Christ at Halley's Bluff Church of Christ (Fettingite) Church of Christ (Restored) Church of Christ (Temple Lot) Church of Christ With the Elijah Message Church of Christ with the Elijah Message - The Assured Way of the Lord Church of Israel The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite) Church of Jesus Christ (Drewite) Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) Church of Jesus Christ Restored 1830 Church of Jesus Christ (Zion's Branch) Community of Christ[a] Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Remnant fellowships Restoration Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Restored Church of Jesus Christ Fundamentalist Apostolic United Brethren Centennial Park group Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly Church of Jesus Christ (Original Doctrine) Inc. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Latter Day Church of Christ Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints True and Living Church of Jesus Christ of Saints of the Last Days Zion's Order, Inc. Bible Student Free Bible Students Jehovah's Witnesses Armstrongism Church of God International (United States) Church of God Preparing for the Kingdom of God Church of the Great God Grace Communion International[e] House of Yahweh Intercontinental Church of God Living Church of God Philadelphia Church of God Restored Church of God United Church of God Syncretic Christianity Evangelical Orthodox Church Orthodox-Catholic Church of America ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Part of the National Council of Churches ^ a b Not in communion with the rest of the Catholic Church ^ Those are traditions and denominations that trace their history back to the Protestant Reformation or otherwise heavily borrow from the practices and beliefs of the Protestant Reformers. ^ This denomination is the result of a merger between Lutheran, German Reformed, Congregational and Restorationist churches. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Part of the National Association of Evangelicals ^ a b c d This refers to the denomination's heritage and not necessarily to the language in which the services are conducted in. ^ This is a reformed synod within the United Church of Christ that is distinct in heritage, doctrine and practice from the rest of the denomination. ^ a b Outside the Anglican Communion ^ a b c d e f This is more of a movement then an institutionalized denomination. ^ Denominations that don't fit in the subsets mentioned above. ^ Those are traditions and denominations that trace their origin back to the Great Awakenings and/or are joined together by a common belief that Christianity should be restored along the lines of what is known about the apostolic early church. ^ The Holiness movement is an interdenominational movement that spreads over multiple traditions (Methodist, Quakers, Anabaptist, Baptist, etc.). However, here are mentioned only those denominations that are part of Restorationism as well as the Holiness movement, but are not part of any other Protestant tradition. Judaism Messianic Judaism Humanistic Judaism Reconstructionist Judaism Other Abrahamic Islam Ahmadiyya Baháʼí Faith Druze Zoroastrianism Dharmic Hinduism American Buddhism Sikhism Jainism Native Religions v t e Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians Achomawi Atsugewi Cahuilla Chemehuevi Chimariko Chumash Coast Miwok Cupeño Eel River Athapaskans (Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki) Gabrielino (Tongva) Halchidhoma Hupa (Chilula, Whilkut) Karuk Kato Kawaiisu Kitanemuk Kumeyaay (Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai) Lake Miwok Luiseño Maidu Mattole (Bear River) Modoc (Klamath) Mohave Mono (Monache, Owens Valley Paiute) Northern Paiute Ohlone (Costanoan) Patwin Plains Miwok Pomo Quechan (Yuma) Salinan Serrano Shasta (Konomihu, Okwanuchu) Sierra Miwok Tolowa Tubatulabal Wappo Washoe Western Shoshone Wintu-Nomlaki Wiyot Yana Yokuts Yuki Yurok Pomo religion Blackfoot religion Lakota religion Crow religion Pawnee mythology Anishinaabe traditional beliefs Ojibwe religion Iroquois mythology Longhouse Religion Cherokee spiritual beliefs Choctaw mythology Muscogee mythology Four Mothers Society Pueblo religion Hopi mythology Native American Church Indian Shaker Church Alaska Native religion Inuit religion Shamanism Hawaiian religion ritual dances Ghost Dance Bear Dance Booger Dance Buffalo Dance Eagle Dance Gourd Dance Green Corn Ceremony Stomp Dance Sun Dance Turkey Dance Yup'ik Dance African-American Afro-derived Hoodoo Louisiana Voodoo New Orleans Voodoo Revival Orisha-Voodoo Abrahamic Black church Boyd Convention National Baptist Convention AME Azusa Street Revival Catholicism Judaism Islam Hotep Thought Nation of Islam Five-Percent Nation Black Hebrew Israelites Nuwaubian Nation Moorish Science Temple of America Ausar Auset Society New Religious Movement New Thought Scientology Goddess movement Neoshamanism Theosophy Neopaganism Eckankar I AM Movement International Society for Krishna Consciousness Self-Realization Fellowship Spritualism PNW Religions Satanism Other Rastafari movement in the United States Unification Church of the United States Atheism Black Discrimination Irreligion Topics Religion and politics in the United States Christian Identity Christian Patriot movement Nation of Islam and antisemitism Christian Nationalism Antisemitism Islamophobia
v t e Ancestry and ethnicity in the United States General ethno-racial classifications General groups Black and African Americans Asian Americans Native Americans Pacific Islanders White and European Americans Hispanic and Latino Americans Middle Eastern and North African Americans Indigenous/Native Americans Alaska Natives Aleuts Alutiiq Gwichʼin Haida Inupiat Tsimshian Yup'ik Athabaskan Athabaskans Eyak Tlingit Arawakan Taino Algonquian Eastern Mohicans Lenape Massachusett Mohegan Montaukett Nanticoke people Narragansett people Niantic people Nipmuc Patuxent people Paugusset Pequot Piscataway people Tsenacommacah Chickahominy people Nansemond Pamunkey Powhatan Rappahannock people Shinnecock Indian Nation Wabanaki Confederacy Abenaki Mi'kmaq Passamaquoddy Penobscot Wolastoqiyik Wampanoag Pokanoket Central Ojibwe Potawatomi Illiniwek Kickapoo Menominee Meskwaki Miami people Sauk people Schaghticoke people Shawnee Cree Odawa Plains A'aninin Blackfoot Confederacy Peigan Southern Peigan Cheyenne Arapaho Métis Iroquois Northeastern Haudenosaunee Cayuga Mohawk Oneida Onondaga Seneca Tuscarora Susquehannock Wyandot people Carolinian Meherrin Nottoway people Cherokee Siouan Plains Sioux Dakota people Lakota people Nakoda people Nakota Assiniboine Osage Quapaw Crow Kaw Hidatsa Omaha Mandan Missouria Iowa Otoe Ponca Eastern Woodlands Monacan Indian Nation Occaneechi Biloxi people Catawba people Saponi Waccamaw Ho-Chunk Caddoan Caddo Confederacy Natchitoches people Kadohadacho Nabiti Nacogdoche Nadaco Nasoni Wichita Kichai people Waco Taovaya Tawakoni Arikara Pawnee Skidi Teyas Southeastern Muskogean Chickasaw Choctaw Muscogee Alabama Okchai Miccosukee Seminole Coushatta Chitimacha Yuchi Lumbee Natchez people Southwestern Dené Apache Diné Puebloans Keresan Tewa Tiwa Pueblo peoples Towa Zia Zuni Hopi-Tewa Yuman Quechan Cocopah Halchidhoma Hualapai Havasupai Maricopa people Mojave Yavapai Plains Indians Tonkawa Kiowa Great Basin Numic Snake Indians Northern Paiute Shoshone Timbisha Chemehuevi Comanche Southern Paiute Mono Ute Uto-Aztecan Oʼodham Akimel O'odham Tohono Oʼodham Hia C-eḍ Oʼodham Yaqui Tübatulabal Kawaiisu Washoe people Salish Interior Chelan people Colville Entiat people Coeur d'Alene people Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes Bitterroot Salish Methow people Nespelem people Pend d'Oreilles Sanpoil Sinixt Sinkiuse-Columbia Spokane people Syilx Wenatchi Coast Northern Pentlatch shíshálh Nation Central Nooksack people Lummi people Samish people Klallam people Southern Twana Skokomish people Southwestern Cowlitz people Quinault Lower Chehalis Upper Chehalis Lushootseed Sauk-Suiattle Upper Skagit Swinomish people Snohomish people Snoqualmie people Suquamish people Duwamish people Puyallup people Nisqually Steilacoom people Squaxin Tillamook people Pacific Northwest Chinook Kathlamet Clackamas people Clatsop Multnomah people Wasco–Wishram Watlala Sahaptin Kittitas people Yakama Klickitat people Nez Perce Palouse people Tenino people Umatilla people Walla Walla people Coast Makah Quileute Hoh people Wilapa Aleseans Alsea Yaquina people Siuslawans Siuslaw people Umpqua people Coos people Athabaskan Umpqua Tututni Shasta Costa Chetco people Plateau Cayuse people Klamath people Modoc people Kalapuya Atfalati Mohawk River Santiam people Kutenai Californian Cahuilla Chemehuevi Chumash Cupeño Diegueño Esselen Juaneño Kitanemuk Luiseño Miwok Patwin Pomo Salinan Serrano Suisunes Ohlone Awaswas Chalon Chochenyo Karkin Tamyen Tataviam Tongva Wappo Wintun Yokuts The Americas (by region and country) Caribbean Anglo-Caribbean Antiguan Bahamian Barbadian Bermudian Dominican (Commonwealth) Grenadian Jamaican Kittian St. Lucian Trinidadian Vincentian Virgin Islanders Dutch Caribbean Indo-Caribbean Latin Caribbean Cuban Dominican Republic Haitian Puerto Ricans North America Belizean Canadian French-Canadian Greenlandic Latin North/Central American Costa Rican Guatemalan Honduran Garifuna Mexican Indigenous Mexican Nicaraguan Panamanian Salvadoran South America Guyanese Latin South American Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Paraguayan Peruvian Uruguayan Venezuelan Surinamese Sub-Saharan Africa Multinational Black African diaspora Afro-Caribbeans Afro-Latinos Recent African immigrants Fula Central Africa Cameroonian Congolese Equatoguinean Gabonese East Africa Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Somali South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Southern Africa Angolan Malawian South African Afrikaners Zimbabwean West Africa Beninese Bissau-Guinean Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Igbo Yoruba Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Asia Central Asia Afghan Balochi Pashtun Kazakh Kyrgyz Tajik Turkmen Uzbek East Asia Chinese Fuzhounese Hakka Hoklo Hong Kong Taiwanese Tibetan Uyghur Japanese Ryukyuan Korean Mongolian South Asia Bangladeshi Bengali Bhutanese Indian Bengali Gujarati Malayali Punjabi Sindhi Tamil Telugu Indo-Caribbean Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Balochi Pashtun Punjabi Sindhi Sri Lankan Tamil Southeast Asia Burmese Karen Cambodian Filipino Hmong–Mien Hmong Iu Mien Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Europe (by region and country) Multinational Jewish Romani Bashalde British Isles British Cornish English Manx Scottish Welsh Irish Scotch-Irish Central Europe Austrian Czech German Frisian Sorbian Liechtensteiner Hungarian Polish Kashubian Silesian Rusyn Slovak Swiss Eastern Europe Baltic Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Belarusian Russian Chechen Circassian Cossack Kalmyk Ukrainian Cossack Northern Europe Danish Faroese Greenlandic Finnish Icelandic Norwegian Sámi Swedish Southern Europe Iberian Portuguese Spanish Asturian Basque Canarian Catalan Galician Italian Sicilian Maltese Sammarinese Southeast Europe Albanian Armenian Azerbaijani Bulgarian Cypriot Georgian Greek Moldovan Romanian Turkish Yugoslav Bosnian Croatian Macedonian Montenegrin Serbian Slovenian Western Europe Belgian Flemish Dutch Afrikaners French Basque Breton Corsican French-Canadian Luxembourgish Middle East and North Africa Multinational Arab Assyrian Berber Circassian Jewish Kurdish North Africa Algerian Egyptian Coptic Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian West Asia Armenian Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Emirati Georgian Iranian Balochi Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi Syrian Syrian-Jewish Turkish Yemeni Oceania (Pacific Islands) Australasia Australian New Zealander Maori Melanesia Fijian Papuan Micronesia Chamorro Marshallese Micronesian (Federation) Palauan Polynesia French Polynesian Hawaiian Maori Samoan Tongan Multiethnic and Settler Groups Broadly European White Americans Non-Hispanic Whites Anglo-Americans American ancestry Appalachians Southrons Cajuns Texians Georgia cracker Florida cracker Conch Yankees Swamp Yankee Founding Stock Mormons Tuckahoes and Cohees Boomers Yoopers Pennsylvania Dutch Texas Germans Missouri Rhinelanders Plain people Amish Mennonites Norwegian Dakotan Norwegian Minnesotans Hungarian Ohioans Broadly Mestizo/Latino White Latino Black Latino Blaxican Asian Latino Punjabi Mexicans Puerto Ricans Stateside Puerto Ricans Nuyorican Asian Puerto Ricans Nuevomexicanos Californios Chicanos Tejanos Floridanos Isleños Louisianais Broadly Afro/Mulatto Black Americans Black Southerners Gullah Geechee Mounn koulè Louisiana Alabama Black Indians Black Seminoles Creek Freedmen Cherokee Freedmen Atlantic Creole Tidewater American Maroons Great Dismal Swamp Maroons Affrilachians Melungeon Black Dutch Chestnut Ridge people Carmel Melungeons Dominickers Redbones Delaware Moors Great Migrators Broadly Asian Afro-Asian Amerasian Hapa Asian Californians California Filipinos Alaskan Filipinos Alaskeros Asian Hawaiians Kepanī Asian Pacific Americans Asian Marylanders Asian Nevadans Asian Virginians Asian Washingtonians Miscellaneous Wesorts Findians Alaskan Creole people Minorcans of Florida Related subjects People of the United States / Americans Native American ancestry List of states and territories of the United States demonyms Maps of American ancestries 2010 census Race and ethnicity in the census Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Racism