Ruminant | Types, Digestion, & Facts - Encyclopedia Britannica

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External Websites

• Journal of Dairy Science - Invited review: Ruminant ecology and evolution: Perspectives useful to ruminant livestock research and production (PDF)
• National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Genomic insights into ruminant evolution: from past to future prospects
• University of Minnesota Extension - The ruminant digestive system
• Nature Communications - Ruminant inner ear shape records 35 million years of neutral evolution
• Louisiana State University - College of Agriculture - The Ruminant Digestive System
• AZ Animals - Ruminant
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - Nutrition of ruminants
• USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service - Ruminant Nutrition for Graziers (PDF)
• South Dakota State University Extension - Ruminants: A Digestive Powerhouse

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Ask the Chatbot a Question Also known as: Ruminantia Written and fact-checked by Britannica Editors Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Britannica Editors Last updated Nov. 1, 2025 •History Table of Contents Table of Contents Ask the Chatbot

ruminant, (suborder Ruminantia), any mammal of the suborder Ruminantia (order Artiodactyla), which includes the pronghorns, giraffes, okapis, deer, chevrotains, cattle, antelopes, sheep, and goats. Most ruminants have a four-chambered stomach and two-toed feet. The upper incisors are reduced or sometimes absent. Camels and chevrotains, however, have a three-chambered stomach and are often referred to as pseudoruminants.

Related Topics: bovid deer chevrotain Moschidae Giraffidae (Show more) See all related content

Ruminants eat quickly. However, they are unable to digest grasses, foliage, and other types of plant material directly, for their bodies do not produce enzymes capable of breaking down cellulose. Digestion occurs sequentially in a multichambered stomach. In ruminants with a four-chambered stomach, ingested plant material is stored in the first chamber, called the rumen, where it softens. They later regurgitate this material, called cud, and chew it again to further break down its cellulose content, which is difficult to digest. The chewed cud goes directly to the other chambers of the stomach (the reticulum, omasum, and abomasum), where it is further digested with the aid of various essential microorganisms that live in the stomach. The pseudoruminant digestive process is very similar, also involving regurgitation and cud chewing, though the stomach is divided into three chambers.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaThis article was most recently revised and updated by John P. Rafferty.