Second New Deal - Wikipedia

1935–36 New Deal programs of U.S. president Roosevelt

The Second New Deal is a term used by historians[1] to characterize the second stage, 1935–36, of the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The most famous laws included the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act, the Banking Act, the National Labor Relations Act, the Public Utility Holding Company Act, the Social Security Act, and the Wealth Tax Act.[2][3]

In his address to Congress on 4 January 1935, Roosevelt called for five major goals: improved use of national resources, security against old age, unemployment and illness, slum clearance, and a national work relief program (the Works Progress Administration) to replace direct relief efforts.[4] It included programs to redistribute wealth, income, and power in favor of the poor, the old, farmers and labor unions. The most important programs included Social Security, the National Labor Relations Act ("Wagner Act"), the Banking Act of 1935, rural electrification, and breaking up utility holding companies. The undistributed profits tax was only short-lived.

After trying since 1920, millions of organized World War veterans demanded their bonus. They never convinced FDR but New Deal liberals in Congress passed the Bonus Bill of $1.5 billion to 3 million veterans over FDR's veto.[5]

Liberals strongly supported the new direction, and formed the long-term voter New Deal Coalition of union members, big city machines, the white South, and ethnic minorities to support it. In reaction, conservatives—typified by the American Liberty League—were strongly opposed but not as well organized at the grass roots. Big business took the lead in opposition.[6] Few liberal programs were enacted after 1936; liberals generally lost control of Congress in 1938.[7] Old programs continued for a while. Many were ended during World War II because unemployment was no longer a problem. These included the WPA, NYA and the Resettlement Administration. Social Security and the Wagner Act, however, survived.

Most of the major laws had been under consideration by New Dealers for years. However, the increasing presence of agitators on the left, like Huey Long of Louisiana and Upton Sinclair's failed gubernatorial campaign in California, may have forced Roosevelt's hand.[8][9][10] Other historians point to the influence of millions of organized World War veterans who wanted their bonus money for being a good citizen.[11]

See also

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• New Deal coalition

References

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1. ^ And by a few contemporary commentators such as Frank Kent, Without Grease (1936), p. 63
2. ^ David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War 1929–1945 (1999) p. 242.
3. ^ William E. Lwuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal: 1932–1940 (1963) pp. 143–166.
4. ^ "Franklin D. Roosevelt: Annual Message to Congress". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
5. ^ Stephen R. Ortiz, Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill: how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era (NYU Press, 2010).[ISBN missing][page needed]
6. ^ Kim Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands: The Businessmen's Crusade Against the New Deal (2010)[ISBN missing][page needed]
7. ^ James T. Patterson, Congressional conservatism and the New Deal (University Press of Kentucky, 2014)[ISBN missing][page needed]
8. ^ Kennedy, pp. 242–245.
9. ^ Edwin Amenta, Kathleen Dunleavy, and Mary Bernstein. "Stolen thunder? Huey Long's 'Share our wealth,' political mediation, and the second New Deal." American Sociological review (1994): 678–702. online
10. ^ Gregory, James N. (December 2015). "Upton Sinclair's 1934 EPIC Campaign: Anatomy of a Political Movement". Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas. 12 (4): 51–81. doi:10.1215/15476715-3155152.
11. ^ Stephen R. Ortiz, Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill: how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era (NYU Press, 2010).[ISBN missing]

Further reading

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• Amenta, Edwin, Kathleen Dunleavy, and Mary Bernstein. "Stolen Thunder? Huey Long's 'Share Our Wealth', Political Mediation, and the Second New Deal." American Sociological Review (1994): 678–702. JSTOR 2096443
• Best, Gary Dean. "Stuart Chase and the Second New Deal." in Peddling Panaceas ( Routledge, 2017) pp. 145–168.
• Folsom, Burton (2009). New Deal or Raw Deal?: How FDR's Economic Legacy Has Damaged America. Threshold Editions. ISBN 978-1416592228.
• Jeffries, John W. "A 'Third New Deal'? Liberal Policy and the American State, 1937–1945." Journal of Policy History 8.4 (1996): 387–409.
• Katznelson, Ira (2013). Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-0871407382.
• Kennedy, David M. Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945 (2001) [ISBN missing]
• Leuchtenburg, William. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal: 1932–1940 (1963). online
• Marty, Frédéric, and Thierry Kirat. "The late emerging consensus among American economists on Antitrust laws in the second New Deal (1935–1941)." in The late emerging consensus among American economists on Antitrust laws in the second New Deal (1935–1941) (2021): 11–51. online
• Ortiz, Stephen R. Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill: how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era (NYU Press, 2010). [ISBN missing]
• Patterson, James T. (1967). Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal. University Press of Kentucky. p. 37ff. ISBN 9780813164045..
• Phillips-Fein, Kim. Invisible Hands: The Businessmen's Crusade Against the New Deal (2010) excerpt and text search
• Schlesinger Jr., Arthur Meier. The Politics of Upheaval: 1935–1936 (The Age of Roosevelt, Volume III) (1959), excerpt and text search

v t e Franklin D. Roosevelt
32nd President of the United States (1933–1945) 44th Governor of New York (1929–1932) Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1913–1920) New York State Senator (1911–1913)
Presidency(timeline)	Transition Assassination attempt Inaugurations 1st 2nd 3rd 4th First and second terms Third and fourth terms Foreign policy New Deal overview New Deal coalition First 100 days Second New Deal Federal Emergency Relief Administration Civilian Conservation Corps Agricultural Adjustment Act Emergency Banking Act Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act Tennessee Valley Authority National Labor Relations Act of 1935 National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 Public Works Administration National Recovery Administration Works Progress Administration National Youth Administration Social Security Act Aid to Families with Dependent Children Communications Act of 1934 Federal Communications Commission Securities and Exchange Commission Monetary gold ownership Gold Reserve Act Silver seizure Record on civil rights Defense industry non-discrimination Fair Employment Practice Committee Indian Reorganization Act Executive Orders 9066, 9102 War Relocation Authority Japanese American internment German-American internment Italian-American internment Brownlow Committee Executive Office of the President G.I. Bill of Rights Cullen–Harrison Act Roerich Pact Four Freedoms Four Freedoms Monument Black Cabinet Jefferson's Birthday holiday Jefferson Memorial Judicial Court-Packing Bill Cannabis policy Federal Judicial appointments Supreme Court Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination Cabinet "Brain Trust" March of Dimes Modern Oval Office Official car Criticism Franksgiving Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Business Plot
Presidentialforeign policy	Banana Wars U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912–1933 U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934 Good Neighbor Policy (1933–1945) Montevideo Convention (1933) Second London Naval Treaty (1936) ABCD line (1940) Export Control Act Four Policemen Destroyers-for-bases deal Lend-Lease 1940 Selective Service Act Hull note Atlantic Charter (1941) Military history of the United States during World War II Home front during World War II Combined Munitions Assignments Board War Production Board Declaration by United Nations (1942) Dumbarton Oaks Conference World War II conferences Quebec Agreement Europe first Morgenthau Plan support
Presidentialspeeches	1932 Acceptance speech Commonwealth Club Address Madison Square Garden speech "Four Freedoms" Day of Infamy speech Arsenal of Democracy "...is fear itself" Fireside chats "Look to Norway" Quarantine Speech "The More Abundant Life" State of the Union Addresses 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 Four Freedoms 1942 1943 1944 Second Bill of Rights 1945
Other events	Early life, education, career Warm Springs Institute Governorship of New York
Elections	1928 New York state election 1930 Democratic National Convention, 1920 1924 1932 1936 1940 1944 1920 United States presidential election 1932 theme song 1936 1940 1944
Life and homes	Early life and education Groton School Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite Adams House FDR Suite Campobello home Paralytic illness New York State Executive Mansion Top Cottage Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia Ferdinand Magellan railcar
Legacy	Bibliography Statues Presidential Library and Museum Roosevelt Institute Roosevelt Institute Campus Network Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial Roosevelt Island Four Freedoms Park White House Roosevelt Room Roosevelt Institute for American Studies USS Franklin D. Roosevelt USS Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award Four Freedoms paintings Unfinished portrait U.S. Postage stamps Roosevelt dime I'd Rather Be Right 1937 musical Films The Roosevelt Story 1947 Sunrise at Campobello 1960 Eleanor and Franklin 1976, The White House Years 1977 Backstairs at the White House 1979 miniseries World War II: When Lions Roared 1997 miniseries Warm Springs 2005 Hyde Park on Hudson 2012 The Roosevelts 2014 documentary The First Lady 2022 miniseries FDR 2023 miniseries The Six Triple Eight 2024 film Other namesakes
Family(Roosevelt • Delano)	Eleanor Roosevelt (wife) Anna Roosevelt Halsted (daughter) James Roosevelt II (son) Elliott Roosevelt (son) Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. (son) John Aspinwall Roosevelt II (son) James Roosevelt I (father) Sara Ann Delano (mother) James Roosevelt Roosevelt (half-brother) Isaac Roosevelt (grandfather) Warren Delano Jr. (grandfather) Fala (family dog) Major (family dog)
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v t e New Deal
Causes and legacy	Great Depression New Deal Coalition Brain trust Criticism
New Deal	Emergency Banking Act Economy Act Agricultural Adjustment Act Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Civil Works Administration Communications Act Executive Order 6102 Homeowners Refinancing Act Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Federal Emergency Relief Administration Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act Glass–Steagall Act National Industrial Recovery Act National Housing Act National Recovery Administration National Youth Administration Public Works Administration (PWA) Public Works of Art Project Reciprocal Tariff Act Railroad Retirement Act Securities Act Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Second New Deal	Works Progress Administration (WPA) Federal Project Number One Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Farm Security Administration Judicial Procedures Reform Act National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act National Labor Relations Board (Act) Rural Electrification Act Rural Electrification Administration Social Security United States Housing Authority Fair Labor Standards Act
Individuals	Franklin D. Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt Harry Hopkins Harold L. Ickes Henry Morgenthau Jr. Frances Perkins Robert F. Wagner
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