Sequoia National Park - Wikipedia

National park in California, United States Not to be confused with Sequoia National Forest.

Sequoia National Park
IUCN category II (national park)[1]
The General Sherman Tree, the largest tree in the world (measured by volume), in 2022
Interactive map of Sequoia National Park
Location	Tulare County, California, United States
Nearest city	Visalia, California
Coordinates	36°33′53″N 118°46′22″W / 36.56472°N 118.77278°W / 36.56472; -118.77278
Area	404,064 acres (1,635.19 km2)[2]
Established	September 25, 1890; 135 years ago (1890-09-25)
Visitors	1,153,198 (in 2022)[3]
Governing body	National Park Service
Website	nps.gov/seki

Sequoia National Park is a national park of the United States in the southern Sierra Nevada east of Visalia, California. The park was established on September 25, 1890, and today protects 404,064 acres (631 sq mi; 163,519 ha; 1,635 km2)[2] of forested mountainous terrain. Encompassing a vertical relief of nearly 13,000 feet (4,000 m), the park contains the highest point in the contiguous United States, Mount Whitney, at 14,505 feet (4,421 m) above sea level.[4] The park is south of, and contiguous with, Kings Canyon National Park; both parks are administered by the National Park Service together as Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. UNESCO designated the areas as Sequoia-Kings Canyon Biosphere Reserve in 1976.[5]

The park is notable for its giant sequoia trees, including the General Sherman Tree, the largest tree on Earth by volume. The General Sherman Tree grows in the Giant Forest, which contains five of the ten largest trees in the world. The Giant Forest is connected by the Generals Highway to Kings Canyon National Park's General Grant Grove, home of the General Grant Tree among other giant sequoias. The park's giant sequoia forests are part of 202,430 acres (316 sq mi; 81,921 ha; 819 km2) of old-growth forests shared by Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.[6] The parks preserve a landscape that was first cultivated by the Monache tribe, the southern Sierra Nevada before Euro-American settlement.[7][failed verification]

Front country

[edit]

Many park visitors enter Sequoia National Park through its southern entrance near the town of Three Rivers at Ash Mountain at 1,700 ft (520 m) elevation. The lower elevations around Ash Mountain contain the only National Park Service-protected California Foothills ecosystem, consisting of blue oak woodlands, foothills chaparral, grasslands, yucca plants, and steep, mild river valleys. Seasonal weather results in a changing landscape throughout the foothills with hot summer yielding an arid landscape while spring and winter rains result in blossoming wildflowers and lush greens.[8] The region is also home to abundant wildlife: bobcats, foxes, ground squirrels, rattlesnakes, and mule deer are commonly seen in this area, and more rarely, reclusive mountain lions and the Pacific fisher are seen as well. The last California grizzly was killed in this park in 1922 (at Horse Corral Meadow).[9] The California Black Oak is a key transition species between the chaparral and higher elevation conifer forest.[10]

At higher elevations in the front country, between 5,500 and 9,000 feet (1,700 and 2,700 m) in elevation, the landscape becomes montane forest-dominated coniferous belt. Found here are Ponderosa, Jeffrey, sugar, and lodgepole pine trees, as well as abundant white and red fir. Found here too are the giant sequoia trees, the most massive living single-stem trees on Earth. Between the trees, spring and summer snowmelts sometimes fan out to form lush, though delicate, meadows. In this region, visitors often see mule deer, Douglas squirrels, and American black bears, which sometimes break into unattended cars to eat food left by careless visitors. There are plans to reintroduce the bighorn sheep to this park.[11]

Back country

[edit]

The vast majority of the park is road-less wilderness; no road crosses the Sierra Nevada within the park's boundaries. 84 percent of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks is designated wilderness[12] and is accessible only by foot or by horseback. The majority was designated Sequoia-Kings Canyon Wilderness in 1984[13] and the southwest portion was protected as John Krebs Wilderness in 2009.[14]

History

[edit]

The area which now is Sequoia National Park shows evidence of Native American settlement as early as AD 1000.[15] The area was first home to "Monachee" (Western Mono) Native Americans, who resided mainly in the Kaweah River drainage in the Foothills region of what is now the park, though evidence of seasonal habitation exists as high as the Giant Forest. Members of this tribe were permanent residents of the park, with a population estimate of around 2,000.[15] In the summer the Tubatulabal Native Americans used the eastern part of the area (the Kern River drainage) as their summer hunting grounds.[16] During this time, the Western Mono tribe would travel over the high mountain passes to trade with tribes to the East. To this day, pictographs can be found at several sites within the park, notably at Hospital Rock and Potwisha, as well as bedrock mortars used to process acorns, a staple food for the Monachee people.

European settlement

[edit]

The first European settler to homestead in the area was Hale Tharp, who built a home out of a hollowed-out fallen giant sequoia log in the Giant Forest next to Log Meadow. Tharp arrived in 1858 to the region and encountered several groups of Native Americans, the largest being around 600 with several other smaller groups found at higher elevations.[15] After becoming friendly with the Western Mono tribe, Tharp was shown the Giant Forest Sequoia Grove. After his settlement, more settlers came around 1860.

Shortly thereafter - between 1860 and 1863, epidemics of smallpox, measles, and scarlet fever killed the majority of the Native Americans living in the area. After this, the rest of the Native Americans left with the largest campsite (Hospital Rock) abandoned by 1865.[15] During their time in the area, the Monachee used periodic fire burning to aid in hunting and agriculture. This technique played an important role in the ecology of the region and allowed for a "natural" vegetation cover development.[15] After they left, Tharp and other settlers allowed sheep and cattle to graze the meadow, while at the same time maintaining a respect for the grandeur of the forest and led early battles against logging in the area. From time to time, Tharp received visits from John Muir, who would stay at Tharp's log cabin. Tharp's Log can still be visited today in its original location in the Giant Forest.

Sequoia National Park

Long title	An Act to set apart a certain tract of land in the State of California as a public park.
Enacted by	the 51st United States Congress
Effective	September 25, 1890
Citations
Public law	Pub. L. 51–926
Statutes at Large	26 Stat. 478
Codification
Titles amended	Title 16—Conservation
U.S.C. sections created	16 U.S.C. § 4116 U.S.C. § 43
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 11570 by William Vandever (R–CA) on July 28, 1890 Committee consideration by House Public Lands Passed the House on August 23, 1890 (unanimous consent) Passed the Senate on September 8, 1890 (unanimous consent) Signed into law by President Benjamin Harrison on September 25, 1890

Tharp's attempts to conserve the giant sequoias were at first met with only limited success. In the 1880s, white settlers seeking to create a utopian society founded the Kaweah Colony, which sought economic success in trading Sequoia timber. Giant Sequoia trees, unlike their coast redwood relatives, were later discovered to splinter easily and therefore were ill-suited to timber harvesting, though thousands of trees were felled before logging operations finally ceased.

Park status

[edit]

President Benjamin Harrison ultimately signed legislation that established the Sequoia National Park on 25 September 1890, becoming the second national park established in the United States, and ending logging in the area.[17][18]

Buffalo Soldiers

[edit]

Another consequence of the Giant Forest becoming Sequoia National Park was the shift in park employment. Prior to the incorporation by the National Park Service, the park was managed by US army troops of the 24th Regiment of Infantry and the 9th Regiment of Cavalry, better known as the Buffalo Soldiers.[19] These segregated troops, founded in 1866, were African-American men from the South, an invaluable demographic to the military with the lowest rates of desertion. The Buffalo Soldiers completed park infrastructure projects as well as park management duties, helping to shape the role of the modern-day park ranger. The Buffalo Soldiers rose to this position due to a lack of funding for the park which led to an inability to hire civilians.[20]

The third African American West Point graduate, Captain Charles Young led the cavalries of Buffalo Soldiers in the Sequoia and General Grant Parks. Young landed this post as a result of the segregation rampant throughout the Army: as a black man, he was not permitted to head any combat units.[21] He did demonstrate his leadership capability through his initiatives in the national park delegating park infrastructure projects, hosting tourists and politicians, and setting a standard of a strong work ethic into his men. Young was also a prominent figure regarding the early conservation of Sequoia National Park. He greenlighted the dedication of trees in honor of prominent figures as a means of promoting their preservation. One such example is the Redwood dedicated to the escaped slave and activist, Booker T Washington. Young also argued to the Secretary of the Interior that the lack of enforcement of forest protection laws allowed the detrimental practices of logging and the popular tourist hobby of carving names into the redwoods to continue.[20]

Sierra Club

[edit]

An expansions occurred in 1978, when grassroots efforts, spearheaded by the Sierra Club, fought off attempts by the Walt Disney Company to purchase a high-alpine former mining site south of the park for use as a ski resort.[22] This site known as Mineral King was annexed to the park.[23] Its name dates back to early 1873 when the miners in the area formed the Mineral King Mining District.[24] Mineral King is the highest-elevation developed site within the park and a popular destination for backpackers.

The national park was partially closed in September 2020 due to the SQF Complex Fire,[25][26] and fully closed in mid-September through mid-December 2021 due to the KNP Complex Fire.[27][28]

Climate

[edit]

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Sequoia National Park encompasses five climate types listed here from highest to lowest elevation; Tundra (ET), Mediterranean-influenced Subarctic climate (Dsc), Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer Humid continental climate (Dsb), Warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb), and Hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa). Precipitation also decreases with elevation. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, the Plant Hardiness zone at Giant Forest Visitor Center (6,444 ft (1,964 m)) is 8a with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of 12.0 °F (−11.1 °C).[29]

Climate data for Lodgepole, California, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1968–2021, elev: 6,735 ft (2,053 m)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	65(18)	65(18)	66(19)	73(23)	85(29)	89(32)	92(33)	89(32)	91(33)	81(27)	67(19)	60(16)	92(33)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	50.1(10.1)	53.8(12.1)	58.7(14.8)	66.1(18.9)	73.5(23.1)	80.9(27.2)	85.4(29.7)	84.5(29.2)	81.0(27.2)	72.3(22.4)	60.6(15.9)	50.9(10.5)	86.9(30.5)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	39.2(4.0)	41.0(5.0)	45.3(7.4)	50.0(10.0)	58.4(14.7)	68.4(20.2)	76.1(24.5)	75.9(24.4)	70.0(21.1)	58.9(14.9)	46.6(8.1)	37.3(2.9)	55.6(13.1)
Daily mean °F (°C)	28.3(−2.1)	29.7(−1.3)	33.6(0.9)	37.8(3.2)	45.7(7.6)	54.0(12.2)	61.0(16.1)	60.0(15.6)	54.6(12.6)	45.0(7.2)	35.0(1.7)	27.3(−2.6)	42.7(5.9)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	17.4(−8.1)	18.4(−7.6)	21.8(−5.7)	25.7(−3.5)	33.1(0.6)	39.5(4.2)	45.9(7.7)	44.1(6.7)	39.2(4.0)	31.1(−0.5)	23.4(−4.8)	17.2(−8.2)	29.7(−1.3)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	3.5(−15.8)	5.5(−14.7)	7.8(−13.4)	13.2(−10.4)	23.1(−4.9)	29.6(−1.3)	37.8(3.2)	36.3(2.4)	29.9(−1.2)	21.8(−5.7)	11.8(−11.2)	4.2(−15.4)	−0.8(−18.2)
Record low °F (°C)	−10(−23)	−12(−24)	−2(−19)	−1(−18)	9(−13)	23(−5)	28(−2)	28(−2)	19(−7)	1(−17)	−3(−19)	−16(−27)	−16(−27)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	8.72(221)	7.87(200)	6.42(163)	3.24(82)	2.05(52)	0.69(18)	0.61(15)	0.15(3.8)	0.65(17)	2.27(58)	3.65(93)	6.87(174)	43.19(1,096.8)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	42.4(108)	61.5(156)	37.1(94)	22.2(56)	6.0(15)	1.1(2.8)	0.0(0.0)	0.0(0.0)	0.0(0.0)	3.4(8.6)	11.7(30)	35.0(89)	220.4(559.4)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm)	49.9(127)	66.9(170)	73.6(187)	53.1(135)	15.3(39)	1.7(4.3)	0.0(0.0)	0.0(0.0)	0.0(0.0)	2.4(6.1)	10.3(26)	30.3(77)	79.9(203)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	8.8	10.0	9.5	7.7	5.7	2.4	2.1	1.5	2.2	3.9	5.6	8.2	67.6
Average snowy days (≥ 0.01 in)	7.7	8.4	7.4	4.6	2.0	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	3.7	6.6	41.6
Source 1: NOAA[30]
Source 2: National Weather Service[31]

Climate data for Giant Forest Visitor Center, Sequoia National Park. Elev: 5,646 ft (1,721 m)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	47.2(8.4)	47.7(8.7)	50.5(10.3)	55.0(12.8)	63.8(17.7)	72.4(22.4)	80.1(26.7)	80.3(26.8)	74.5(23.6)	64.3(17.9)	53.0(11.7)	45.9(7.7)	61.3(16.3)
Daily mean °F (°C)	38.0(3.3)	38.2(3.4)	40.7(4.8)	44.6(7.0)	52.5(11.4)	60.6(15.9)	68.4(20.2)	67.7(19.8)	62.3(16.8)	53.5(11.9)	43.8(6.6)	37.9(3.3)	50.8(10.4)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	28.9(−1.7)	28.8(−1.8)	31.0(−0.6)	34.3(1.3)	41.3(5.2)	48.8(9.3)	56.7(13.7)	55.2(12.9)	50.2(10.1)	42.6(5.9)	34.6(1.4)	29.8(−1.2)	40.2(4.6)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	7.59(193)	7.16(182)	6.81(173)	3.61(92)	1.78(45)	0.67(17)	0.33(8.4)	0.14(3.6)	0.71(18)	1.96(50)	4.32(110)	6.11(155)	41.19(1,046)
Average relative humidity (%)	48.3	61.7	64.9	61.5	56.5	47.3	41.7	38.6	38.1	42.6	49.3	50.4	50.0
Average dew point °F (°C)	20.2(−6.6)	26.2(−3.2)	29.8(−1.2)	32.2(0.1)	37.5(3.1)	40.4(4.7)	44.2(6.8)	41.6(5.3)	36.4(2.4)	31.3(−0.4)	26.0(−3.3)	21.1(−6.1)	32.3(0.2)
Source: PRISM Climate Group[32]

Climate data for Ash Mountain, California, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1927–2021
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	84(29)	85(29)	89(32)	97(36)	106(41)	114(46)	118(48)	116(47)	112(44)	103(39)	94(34)	82(28)	118(48)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	72.6(22.6)	76.6(24.8)	80.4(26.9)	87.3(30.7)	96.4(35.8)	104.6(40.3)	108.2(42.3)	107.5(41.9)	103.9(39.9)	95.5(35.3)	82.3(27.9)	72.6(22.6)	109.8(43.2)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	57.6(14.2)	60.3(15.7)	64.2(17.9)	68.9(20.5)	78.8(26.0)	89.5(31.9)	97.1(36.2)	96.6(35.9)	91.2(32.9)	79.1(26.2)	65.6(18.7)	56.8(13.8)	75.5(24.2)
Daily mean °F (°C)	47.9(8.8)	50.4(10.2)	53.5(11.9)	57.2(14.0)	66.3(19.1)	75.9(24.4)	83.0(28.3)	82.3(27.9)	76.9(24.9)	66.2(19.0)	54.7(12.6)	47.4(8.6)	63.5(17.5)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	38.3(3.5)	40.6(4.8)	42.8(6.0)	45.4(7.4)	53.7(12.1)	62.4(16.9)	69.0(20.6)	68.1(20.1)	62.5(16.9)	53.4(11.9)	43.8(6.6)	38.0(3.3)	51.5(10.8)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	28.6(−1.9)	30.5(−0.8)	31.3(−0.4)	33.4(0.8)	41.1(5.1)	47.7(8.7)	57.6(14.2)	57.8(14.3)	50.2(10.1)	40.9(4.9)	32.5(0.3)	27.2(−2.7)	24.8(−4.0)
Record low °F (°C)	18(−8)	21(−6)	20(−7)	25(−4)	33(1)	38(3)	47(8)	45(7)	40(4)	28(−2)	20(−7)	17(−8)	17(−8)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	4.89(124)	4.29(109)	4.02(102)	2.48(63)	1.23(31)	0.37(9.4)	0.14(3.6)	0.02(0.51)	0.18(4.6)	1.24(31)	2.41(61)	3.72(94)	24.99(633.11)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	0.1(0.25)	0.0(0.0)	0.1(0.25)	0.0(0.0)	0.0(0.0)	0.0(0.0)	0.0(0.0)	0.0(0.0)	0.0(0.0)	0.0(0.0)	0.0(0.0)	0.0(0.0)	0.2(0.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	9.3	10.6	9.6	6.6	4.6	1.3	0.9	0.4	1.5	3.5	6.1	8.4	62.8
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	0.2	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.3
Source: NOAA[33][34]

Geology

[edit]

Sequoia National Park contains a significant portion of the Sierra Nevada. The park's mountainous landscape includes the tallest mountain in the contiguous United States, Mount Whitney, which rises to 14,505 feet (4,421 m) above sea level.[35] The Great Western Divide parallels the Sierran crest and is visible at various places in the park, for example, Mineral King, Moro Rock, and the Giant Forest. Peaks in the Great Western Divide rise to more than 12,000 feet (3,700 m). Deep canyons lie between the mountains, including Tokopah Valley above Lodgepole, Deep Canyon on the Marble Fork of the Kaweah River, and Kern Canyon in the park's backcountry, which is more than 5,000 feet (1,500 m) deep for 30 miles (50 km).[36]

Most of the mountains and canyons in the Sierra Nevada are composed of granitic rocks. These rocks, such as granite, diorite and monzonite, formed when molten rock cooled far beneath the surface of the earth. The molten rock was the result of a geologic process known as subduction. Powerful forces in the earth forced the landmass under the waters of the Pacific Ocean beneath and below an advancing North American Continent. Super-hot water driven from the subducting ocean floor migrated upward and melted rock as it proceeded. This process took place during the Cretaceous Period, 100 million years ago. Granitic rocks have a speckled salt-and-pepper appearance because they contain various minerals including quartz, feldspars and micas. Valhalla, or the Angel Wings, are prominent granitic cliffs that rise above the headwaters of the Middle Fork of the Kaweah River.[36]

The Sierra Nevada is a young mountain range, probably not more than 10 million years old. Forces in the earth, probably associated with the development of the Great Basin, forced the mountains to rise. During the last 10 million years, at least four ice ages have coated the mountains in a thick mantle of ice. Glaciers form and develop during long periods of cool and wet weather. Glaciers move very slowly through the mountains, carving deep valleys and craggy peaks. The extensive history of glaciation within the range and the erosion-resistant nature of the granitic rocks that make up most of the Sierra Nevada have together created a landscape of hanging valleys, waterfalls, craggy peaks, alpine lakes (such as Tulainyo Lake) and glacial canyons.[36]

Park caves, like most caves in the Sierra Nevada of California, are mostly solutional caves dissolved from marble. Marble rock is essentially limestone that was metamorphosed by the heat and pressure of the formation and uplift of the Sierra Nevada Batholith. The batholith's rapid uplift over the past 10 million years led to a rapid erosion of the metamorphic rocks in the higher elevations, exposing the granite beneath; therefore, most Sierra Nevada caves are found in the middle and lower elevations (below 7,000 ft or 2,100 m), though some caves are found in the park at elevations as high as 10,000 ft (3,000 m) such as the White Chief cave and Cirque Cave in Mineral King. These caves are carved out of the rock by the abundant seasonal streams in the park. Most of the larger park caves have, or have had, sinking streams running through them.

The park contains more than 270 known caves, including Lilburn Cave which is California's longest cave with nearly 17 miles (27 km) of surveyed passages.[36] The only commercial cave open to park visitors is Crystal Cave, the park's second-longest cave at over 3.4 miles (5.5 km). Crystal Cave was discovered on April 28, 1918, by Alex Medley and Cassius Webster.[37] The cave is a constant 48 °F (9 °C), and is only accessible by guided tour.

Caves are discovered frequently in the park with the most recently discovered major cave being Ursa Minor in August 2006.[38][39]

Flora and fauna

[edit] See also: Ecology of the Sierra Nevada

Sequoia National Park encompasses many classifications of ecological zones, with the highest zone consisting of alpine tundra vegetation, then followed by California conifer forests, with chaparral at the lower elevations of the park.[40]

In the early 2000s, lumber company, Sierra Pacific Industries, began creating a living gene bank of trees using seeds harvested from the park.[41]

Animals that inhabit this park are coyote, badger, black bear, bighorn sheep, deer, fox, cougar, eleven species of woodpecker, various species of turtle, three species of owl, opossum, various species of snake, wolverine,[42] beaver, various species of frog, and muskrat.

Park attractions

[edit]

In addition to hiking, camping, fishing, and backpacking, the following attractions are highlights with many park visitors:

• Sherman Tree Trail An 0.8-mile roundtrip paved trail that descends from the parking lot to the base of the General Sherman Tree and meanders through a grove of giant sequoia trees.
• Tunnel Log is a fallen giant sequoia tree in Sequoia National Park. The tree, which measured 275 feet (84 m) tall and 21 feet (6.4 m) in diameter, fell across a park road in 1937 due to natural causes. The following year, a crew cut an 8-foot (2.4 m) tall, 17-foot (5.2 m) wide tunnel through the trunk, making the road passable again.[43][44][45]
• Tokopah Falls The trail to Tokopah Falls starts just beyond the Marble Fork Bridge in Lodgepole Campground. It is an easy 1.7-mile (one way) walk along the Marble Fork of the Kaweah River to the impressive granite cliffs and waterfall of Tokopah Canyon. Tokopah Falls is 1,200 feet (370 meters) high, and is most impressive in early summer.
• Crescent Meadow is a small, sequoia-rimmed meadow in the Giant Forest region of Sequoia National Park. This sierran montane meadow marks the western terminus of the High Sierra Trail, which stretches from the meadow across the Great Western Divide to Mount Whitney. Pioneer Hale Tharp homesteaded in this and nearby Log Meadow. Conservationist John Muir visited this meadow many times and called it the "Gem of the Sierra". The meadow lies at the end of a three-mile paved road, which leaves the Generals Highway near the Giant Forest Museum.
• Moro Rock is a granite dome located in the center of the park, at the head of Moro Creek, between Giant Forest and Crescent Meadow. A 351-step stairway, built in the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps, is cut into and poured onto the rock, so that visitors can hike to the top. The stairway is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The view from the rock encompasses much of the park, including the Great Western Divide. It has an elevation of 6,725 feet (2,050 m).
• Campgrounds in the park include three in the foothills area: Potwisha (42 sites), Buckeye Flat (28 sites), and South Fork (10 sites). Four campgrounds are at higher, conifer-dominated elevations, ranging from 6,650 to 7,500 feet (2,000 to 2,300 m): Atwell Mill (21 sites), Cold Springs (40 sites), Lodgepole (214 sites), and Dorst Creek (204 sites).
• Giant Forest Museum offers information about giant sequoias and human history in the forest. The historic museum was built in 1928 by architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood.

In popular culture

[edit]

Apple's macOS Sequoia was named after Sequoia National Park.[46]

See also

[edit]

• Fauna of the Sierra Nevada
• African-American Heritage Sites
• Bibliography of the Sierra Nevada
• List of giant sequoia groves
• List of national parks of the United States
• List of plants of the Sierra Nevada
• National parks in California
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Parks
• Protected areas of the Sierra Nevada

References

[edit]

1. ^ "Sequoia-Kings Canyon". protectedplanet.net. Protected Planet. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
2. ^ a b "Listing of acreage – December 31, 2012" (XLSX). Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved September 22, 2013. (National Park Service Acreage Reports)
3. ^ "Annual Park Ranking Report for Recreation Visits in: 2022". nps.gov. National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
4. ^ "DATASHEETS". www.ngs.noaa.gov. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
5. ^ "UNESCO – MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory". Archived from the original on February 24, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
6. ^ Bolsinger, CL; Waddell, KL (1993). Area of old-growth forests in California, Oregon, and Washington (PDF) (Report). United States Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Resource Bulletin PNW-RB-197. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
7. ^ Franklin, Jerry, F; Fites-Kaufmann, Jo Ann (1996). Status of the Sierra Nevada (Report). Vol. Assessment of Late-Successional Forests of the Sierra Nevada (III: Biological and Physical Elements of the Sierra Nevada ed.). Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project. Final Report to Congress. pp. 627–671. Retrieved March 7, 2012.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
8. ^ Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks Pamphlet Archived October 26, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
9. ^ Grinnell, Joseph (1937). Fur Bearing mammals of California.[page needed]
10. ^ Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Stromberg, Nicklas (ed.). "California Black Oak: Quercus kelloggii". GlobalTwitcher.com. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
11. ^ US NPS. "Mammals". Archived from the original on March 7, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
12. ^ "Sequoia and Kings Canyon Wilderness". Sierra Nevada Wilderness Education Project. Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
13. ^ "Sequoia-Kings Canyon Wilderness". wilderness.net. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved August 31, 2019.
14. ^ "John Krebs Wilderness". wilderness.net. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved August 31, 2019.
15. ^ a b c d e Vankat, John L. (March 1977). "Fire and Man in Sequoia National Park". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 67 (1): 17–27. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1977.tb01117.x. ISSN 0004-5608. Archived from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
16. ^ Steward, Julian Haynes (1993). Indian tribes of Sequoia National Park region. California Indian Library Collections [distributor]. OCLC 58907982.
17. ^ History & Culture Archived June 2, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, accessed 3 September 2023
18. ^ Rivers, Mailing Address: 47050 Generals Highway Three; Us, CA 93271 Phone: 559 565-3341 Contact. "History & Culture - Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved March 6, 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
19. ^ Johnson, Shelton (February 15, 2022). "Invisible Men: Buffalo Soldiers of the Sierra Nevada" (PDF). NPS History. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
20. ^ a b Mason, Kathy S. (March 1, 2019). "Buffalo Soldiers as Guardians of the Parks: African-American Troops in the California National Parks in the Early Twentieth Century". The Historian. 81 (1): 84–98. doi:10.1111/hisn.13064. ISSN 0018-2370. S2CID 151217879.
21. ^ "First Posting to Fort Robinson", Black Officer in a Buffalo Soldier Regiment, UNP – Bison Original, pp. 9–30, doi:10.2307/j.ctt1dfnsb0.9, retrieved March 22, 2022
22. ^ Masters, Nathan (February 21, 2018). "Disney's Lost Plans to Build a Ski Resort in Sequoia National Park". PBS SoCal. Retrieved May 19, 2024.
23. ^ Dowd, Katie (November 22, 2021). "Disney's failed attempt to build a massive ski resort in the California wilderness". SFGate. Retrieved May 19, 2024.
24. ^ Jackson, Louise A. (1988). Beulah: A Biography of the Mineral King Valley of California. Tucson, Arizona: Westernlore Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-87026-065-0. OCLC 17830966.
25. ^ Johnson, Brian; Staff, ABC30 Com (September 14, 2020). "SQF Complex Fire: 90,845 acres burned, evacuation orders issued for Three Rivers area". ABC30 Fresno. Archived from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
26. ^ Jacquez, Joe; Romero, Sheyanne N; Ward, James; Yeager, Joshua; Obeng, Kristan (September 13, 2020). "SQF Complex Fire grows, portions of Three Rivers under mandatory evacuations. What we know". Visalia Times Delta. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
27. ^ Paterson, Rebecca (December 8, 2021). "Giant Forest in Sequoia National Park to Reopen on Select Days Beginning December 11, 2021". NPS.gov. National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 10, 2022. Retrieved July 10, 2022. Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, Calif. December 8, 2021 – The Giant Forest in Sequoia National Park will reopen to the public on a limited schedule beginning on Saturday, December 11. This area has been closed to public access since mid-September due to the KNP Complex Fire, which has burned more than 88,000 acres, mostly within Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.
28. ^ Yeager, Joshua (December 19, 2021). "After four months and thousands of slain sequoia, KNP Complex Fire reaches full containment". Visalia Times-Delta. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
29. ^ "USDA Interactive Plant Hardiness Map". United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
30. ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Lodgepole, CA". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
31. ^ "NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Hanford". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on June 3, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
32. ^ "PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University". www.prism.oregonstate.edu. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
33. ^ "NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
34. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 12, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
35. ^ "Whitney". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce.
36. ^ a b c d  This article incorporates public domain material from Geology Overview. National Park Service.
37. ^ Despain, Joel (1995). Crystal Cave: A Guidebook to the Underground World of Sequoia National Park. Sequoia Natural History Association. ISBN 1-878441-06-X.
38. ^ Squatriglia, Chuck (September 24, 2006). "Magical underground world". sfgate.com. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 3, 2007. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
39. ^ Blake de Pastino (September 26, 2006). "Photo in the News: Giant Crystal-Filled Cave Discovered in California". news.nationalgeographic.com. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
40. ^ "U.S. Potential Natural Vegetation, Original Kuchler Types, v2.0 (Spatially Adjusted to Correct Geometric Distortions)". Data Basin. Archived from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
41. ^ Farmer, Jared (2023). Elderflora: A Modern History of Ancient Trees. Picador. ISBN 9781035009046.
42. ^ Seidman, Lila (May 17, 2024). "A push to bring wolverines back to California fizzles amid budget woes". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 18, 2024.
43. ^ "Destination drive through trees". OhRanger.com. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
44. ^ "Where is the tree you can drive through?" (PDF). United States Forest Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
45. ^ "The Myth of the Tree You Can Drive Through". Sequoia & Kings Canyon. National Park Service. Retrieved January 10, 2017. [The Wawona Tree] was the second standing sequoia to be tunneled (the first, a dead tree, still stands in the Tuolumne Grove in Yosemite).
46. ^ Terech, Kristina; Allan, Darren; Hanson, Matt; Saxena, Muskaan (June 7, 2024). "macOS 15 Sequoia: launch date, latest news and everything we know". TechRadar. Retrieved March 6, 2025.

External links

[edit] Sequoia National Park at Wikipedia's sister projects

• Media from Commons
• Travel information from Wikivoyage

• Official website of the National Park Service
• Geologic Map of Southwestern Sequoia National Park – United States Geological Survey
• Virtual reality scenes in Sequoia National Park
• Lary M. Dilsaver and William C. Tweed, Challenge of the Big Trees – natural and human history of the park
• The short film Giant Sequoia (1979) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.

v t e Sequoia National Park
Giant sequoias	Atwell Mill Grove Franklin Tree Garfield Grove General Sherman Tree Giant Forest Hazelwood Tree King Arthur Tree Lincoln Tree Mark Twain Tree Muir Grove The President tree Tharp's Log Washington Tree
Mountains	Alta Peak Mount Barnard Black Kaweah Florence Peak Junction Peak Kaweah Peaks Ridge Kaweah Queen Mount Kaweah Mount Langley Mount Le Conte Mount Mallory Mount McAdie Milestone Mountain Mount Muir Red Kaweah Mount Russell Sawtooth Peak Mount Stewart Table Mountain Triple Divide Peak Mount Tyndall Thunder Mountain Mount Whitney
Historic places	Ash Mountain Entrance Sign Cabin Creek Ranger Residence Cattle Cabin Giant Forest Lodge Historic District Giant Forest Village–Camp Kaweah Historic District Hockett Meadow Ranger Station Hospital Rock Pear Lake Ski Hut Quinn Ranger Station Redwood Meadow Ranger Station Smithsonian Institution Shelter Squatter's Cabin
Other attractions	Crystal Cave Eagle Lake Forester Pass Generals' Highway Generals' Highway Stone Bridges Great Western Divide High Sierra Trail John Muir Trail Kaweah Gap Kern Plateau salamander Lilliput Glacier Mineral King Moro Rock Ursa Minor Cave Wuksachi Village and Lodge
People	C.C. Curtis John Muir Stephen T. Mather Hale D. Tharp John Tyndall Josiah Whitney George W. Stewart Yokuts
Nearby municipalities	Three Rivers Lemon Cove Kaweah Visalia Tulare Lone Pine
Category California Portal

v t e Sierra Nevada
Mountains	Peaks >14,000 ft Whitney Williamson North Palisade Sill Russell Split Langley Tyndall Muir Middle Palisade Northern peaks Lola Castle Granite Chief Rose Tallac Pyramid Freel Central peaks Red Lake Round Top Mokelumne Sonora Leavitt Dana Lyell Banner Ritter Mammoth Southern peaks Humphreys Tom Bear Creek Spire Darwin Agassiz Kaweah Brewer Olancha Kern Double Climbing Peak list First ascents
Passes	Fredonyer Beckwourth Yuba Donner Mt. Rose Spooner Echo Carson Monitor Ebbetts Sonora Tioga Minaret Kaweah Sherman Tehachapi
Rivers	Feather Yuba Bear American Mokelumne Cosumnes Calaveras Stanislaus Tuolumne Merced Chowchilla Fresno San Joaquin Kings Kaweah Tule Kern Truckee Carson Walker Owens
Lakes	Tahoe Aloha Echo Fallen Leaf Spooner Mono Almanor Oroville Isabella Donner Independence Shaver Huntington Florence Edison Wishon Courtright Tenaya Mammoth Bass Crowley Convict Hell for Sure
Protected areas	National parksand monuments Kings Canyon Sequoia Yosemite Devils Postpile Giant Sequoia National forests Eldorado Humboldt–Toiyabe Inyo Lake Tahoe Basin Lassen Plumas Sequoia Sierra Stanislaus Tahoe Wilderness areas Ansel Adams Bright Star Bucks Lake Carson–Iceberg Chimney Peak Dinkey Lakes Domeland Emigrant Golden Trout Hoover Ishi Jennie Lakes John Krebs John Muir Kaiser Kiavah Mokelumne Monarch Mount Rose Owens Peak Owens River Headwaters Sacatar Trail Sequoia-Kings Canyon Yosemite State parks Burton Creek Calaveras Big Trees D. L. Bliss Donner Memorial Ed Z'berg Sugar Pine Point Emerald Bay Grover Hot Springs Lake Tahoe Nevada Plumas-Eureka South Yuba River Van Sickle
Communities	Angels Camp Auburn Bridgeport Chester Colfax Grass Valley Incline Village Jackson Kernville Loyalton Mammoth Lakes Mariposa Markleeville Nevada City Oakhurst Paradise Placerville Portola Quincy San Andreas Sonora South Lake Tahoe Susanville Sutter Creek Tahoe City Tehachapi Truckee
Ski areas	Alpine Meadows Badger Pass Bear Valley Boreal China Peak Dodge Ridge Donner Ski Ranch Heavenly Homewood June Mountain Kirkwood Mammoth Mountain Northstar Sierra at Tahoe Palisades Tahoe Sugar Bowl Tahoe Donner
Trails	High Sierra Trail John Muir Trail Pacific Crest Trail Sierra High Route

v t e National parks of the United States
List of national parks of the United States (by elevation)
Acadia American Samoa Arches Badlands Big Bend Biscayne Black Canyon of the Gunnison Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef Carlsbad Caverns Channel Islands Congaree Crater Lake Cuyahoga Valley Death Valley Denali Dry Tortugas Everglades Gates of the Arctic Gateway Arch Glacier Glacier Bay Grand Canyon Grand Teton Great Basin Great Sand Dunes Great Smoky Mountains Guadalupe Mountains Haleakalā Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Hot Springs Indiana Dunes Isle Royale Joshua Tree Katmai Kenai Fjords Kings Canyon Kobuk Valley Lake Clark Lassen Volcanic Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde Mount Rainier New River Gorge North Cascades Olympic Petrified Forest Pinnacles Redwood Rocky Mountain Saguaro Sequoia Shenandoah Theodore Roosevelt Virgin Islands Voyageurs White Sands Wind Cave Wrangell–St. Elias Yellowstone Yosemite Zion

v t e Protected areas of California
National Park System Parks Channel Islands Death Valley Joshua Tree Kings Canyon Lassen Volcanic Pinnacles Redwood Sequoia Yosemite Preserves Mojave Monuments Cabrillo Castle Mountains César E. Chávez Devils Postpile Lava Beds Muir Woods Tule Lake Seashores Point Reyes Historical Parks Rosie the Riveter World War II Home Front San Francisco Maritime Historic Sites Eugene O'Neill Fort Point John Muir Manzanar Memorials Port Chicago Naval Magazine Recreation Areas Golden Gate Santa Monica Mountains Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity
California State Parks Parks Ahjumawi Lava Springs Andrew Molera Angel Island Año Nuevo Anza-Borrego Desert Arthur B. Ripley Desert Woodland Bidwell–Sacramento River Big Basin Redwoods Border Field Bothe-Napa Valley Burton Creek Butano Calaveras Big Trees Castle Crags Castle Rock Caswell Memorial China Camp Chino Hills Clear Lake Coast Dairies Crystal Cove Cuyamaca Rancho D. L. Bliss Del Norte Coast Redwoods Donner Memorial Dos Rios Ed Z'berg Sugar Pine Point Emerald Bay The Forest of Nisene Marks Fort Ord Dunes Fremont Peak Garrapata Gaviota Great Valley Grasslands Grizzly Creek Redwoods Grover Hot Springs Hearst San Simeon Hendy Woods Henry Cowell Redwoods Henry W. Coe Humboldt Lagoons Humboldt Redwoods Jedediah Smith Redwoods Julia Pfeiffer Burns Leo Carrillo Limekiln MacKerricher Malibu Creek Manchester McArthur–Burney Falls Memorial McLaughlin Eastshore Mendocino Headlands Mendocino Woodlands Montaña de Oro Morro Bay Mount Diablo Mount San Jacinto Mount Tamalpais Navarro River Redwoods Pacheco Palomar Mountain Pfeiffer Big Sur Pillar Point Bluff Placerita Canyon Plumas-Eureka Point Mugu Portola Redwoods Prairie Creek Redwoods Red Rock Canyon Richardson Grove Rio de Los Angeles Robert Louis Stevenson Russian Gulch Saddleback Butte Salt Point Samuel P. Taylor San Bruno Mountain Sinkyone Wilderness South Yuba River Sue-meg Sugarloaf Ridge Sutter Buttes Tolowa Dunes Tomales Bay Topanga Trione-Annadel Van Damme Washoe Meadows Wilder Ranch Natural Reserves Antelope Valley California Poppy Armstrong Redwoods Azalea Caspar Headlands John B. Dewitt Redwoods John Little Jug Handle Kruse Rhododendron Los Osos Oaks Mailliard Redwoods Mono Lake Tufa Montgomery Woods Point Lobos Smithe Redwoods Torrey Pines Tule Elk Marine Reserves Albany Anacapa Island SMR Asilomar Begg Rock Big Creek Bodega Head Cabrillo Carmel Pinnacles Carrington Point Del Mar Landing Elkhorn Slough Emeryville Crescent Estero de Limantour and Drakes Estero Fitzgerald Gerstle Cove Gull Island Harris Point Judith Rock Laguna Beach Long Point Lovers Point Montara and Pillar Point Moro Cojo Slough Morro Bay Natural Bridges Piedras Blancas Point Arena Point Buchon Point Cabrillo Point Dume Point Lobos Point Reyes Point Sur Richardson Rock Russian River Santa Barbara Island Scorpion Sea Lion Gulch Skunk Point South Cape Mendocino Stewarts Point Vandenberg Historic Parks Anderson Marsh Antelope Valley Indian Museum Bale Grist Mill Benicia Capitol Bidwell Mansion Bodie California Citrus California State Indian Museum Chumash Painted Cave Colonel Allensworth Columbia El Presidio de Santa Barbara Empire Mine Folsom Powerhouse Fort Humboldt Fort Ross Fort Tejon Governor's Mansion Hearst Castle Indian Grinding Rock Jack London La Purísima Mission Leland Stanford Mansion Los Angeles Los Encinos Malakoff Diggins Marconi Conference Center Marsh Creek Marshall Gold Discovery Monterey Old Sacramento Old Town San Diego Olompali Pigeon Point Light Station Pío Pico Point Sur Railtown 1897 Rancho Petaluma Adobe San Juan Bautista San Pasqual Battlefield Santa Cruz Mission Santa Susana Pass Shasta Sonoma Sutter's Fort Tomo-Kahni Wassama Round House Watts Towers Weaverville Joss House Will Rogers William B. Ide Adobe Woodland Opera House Beaches Asilomar Bean Hollow Bolsa Chica Cardiff Carlsbad Carmel River Carpinteria Caspar Headlands Cayucos Corona del Mar Crown Memorial Dockweiler Doheny El Capitán Emma Wood Gray Whale Cove Greenwood Half Moon Bay Huntington Leucadia Lighthouse Field Little River Malibu Lagoon Mandalay Manresa Marina McGrath Montara Monterey Moonlight Morro Strand Moss Landing Natural Bridges New Brighton Pacifica Pelican Pescadero Pismo Point Dume Point Sal Pomponio Refugio Robert H. Meyer Memorial Salinas River San Buenaventura San Clemente San Elijo San Gregorio San Onofre Santa Monica Schooner Gulch Seacliff Silver Strand Sonoma Coast South Carlsbad Sunset Thornton Torrey Pines Trinidad Twin Lakes Westport-Union Landing Will Rogers William Randolph Hearst Memorial Zmudowski Recreation Areas Admiral William Standley Auburn Austin Creek Benbow Benicia Bethany Reservoir Brannan Island Candlestick Point Castaic Lake Colusa-Sacramento River Folsom Lake Franks Tract George J. Hatfield Harry A. Merlo Kenneth Hahn Kings Beach Lake Del Valle Lake Oroville Lake Perris Lake Valley Martial Cottle McConnell Millerton Lake Picacho Providence Mountains Salton Sea San Luis Reservoir Silverwood Lake Standish-Hickey Tahoe Turlock Lake Woodson Bridge VehicularRecreation Areas Carnegie Clay Pit Heber Dunes Hollister Hills Hungry Valley Oceano Dunes Ocotillo Wells Prairie City Other Burleigh H. Murray Ranch California State Capitol Museum California State Mining and Mineral Museum California State Railroad Museum Castro Adobe Delta Meadows Estero Bay Hatton Canyon Indio Hills Palms Point Cabrillo Light Ishxenta State Park Point Montara Light Reynolds Wayside Campground San Timoteo Canyon Stone Lake Verdugo Mountains Ward Creek Wildwood Canyon
National Forests and Grasslands National Forestsand Grasslands Angeles Butte Valley NG Cleveland Eldorado Humboldt–Toiyabe Inyo Klamath Lake Tahoe Basin Lassen Los Padres Mendocino Modoc Plumas Rogue River–Siskiyou San Bernardino Sequoia Shasta–Trinity Sierra Six Rivers Stanislaus Tahoe National WildernessPreservation System Agua Tibia Ansel Adams Bucks Lake Caribou Carson–Iceberg Castle Crags Cucamonga Desolation Dick Smith Dinkey Lakes Emigrant Golden Trout Hoover Inyo Mountains Ishi Jennie Lakes John Muir Kaiser Magic Mountain Marble Mountain Mokelumne Mount Lassic Mount Shasta North Fork Pine Creek San Gabriel San Jacinto San Rafael Sanhedrin Sespe Siskiyou Snow Mountain South Fork Eel River South Sierra South Warner Thousand Lakes Trinity Alps Ventana Yolla Bolly–Middle Eel Yuki National Monumentsand Recreation Areas Giant Sequoia National Monument San Gabriel Mountains National Monument Sand to Snow National Monument Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument Sáttítla Highlands National Monument Smith River National Recreation Area Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity National Recreation Area
State Forests Boggs Mountain Demonstration Ellen Pickett Jackson Demonstration Las Posadas LaTour Demonstration Mount Zion Demonstration Mountain Home Demonstration Soquel Demonstration
National Wildlife Refuges Antioch Dunes Bitter Creek Blue Ridge Butte Sink Castle Rock Clear Lake Coachella Valley Colusa Delevan Don Edwards San Francisco Bay Ellicott Slough Farallon Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes Hopper Mountain Humboldt Bay Imperial Kern Lower Klamath Marin Islands Merced Modoc Pixley Sacramento Sacramento River Salinas River San Diego Bay San Diego San Joaquin River San Luis San Pablo Bay Seal Beach Sonny Bono Salton Sea Stone Lakes Sutter Tijuana Slough Tule Lake
State Wildlife Areas WildlifeAreas Antelope Valley Ash Creek Bass Hill Battle Creek Big Lagoon Big Sandy Biscar Butte Valley Buttermilk Country Cache Creek Camp Cady Cantara/Ney Springs Cedar Roughs Cinder Flats Collins Eddy Colusa Bypass Coon Hollow Cottonwood Creek Crescent City Marsh Crocker Meadows Daugherty Hill Decker Island Doyle Dutch Flat Eastlker River Eel River Elk Creek Wetlands Elk River Fay Slough Feather River Fitzhugh Creek Fremont Weir Grass Lake Gray Lodge Green Creek Grizzly Island Hallelujah Junction Heenan Lake Hill Slough Hollenbeck Canyon Honey Lake Hope Valley Horseshoe Ranch Imperial Indian Valley Kelso Peak and Old Dad Mountains Kinsman Flat Knoxville Laguna Lake Berryessa Lake Earl Lake Sonoma Little Panoche Reservoir Los Banos Lower Sherman Island Mad River Slough Marble Mountains Mendota Merrill's Landing Miner Slough Monache Meadows Morro Bay Moss Landing Mouth of Cottonwood Creek Napa-Sonoma Marshes North Grasslands O'Neill Forebay Oroville Petaluma Marsh Pickel Meadow Pine Creek Point Edith Putah Creek Rector Reservoir Red Lake Rhode Island Sacramento River San Felipe Valley San Jacinto San Luis Obispo San Luis Reservoir San Pablo Bay Santa Rosa Shasta Valley Silver Creek Slinkard/Little Antelope Smithneck Creek South Fork Spenceville Surprise Valley Sutter Bypass Tehama Truckee River Upper Butte Basin Volta Warner Valley Waukell Creek West Hilmar Westlker River White Slough Willow Creek Yolo Bypass EcologicalReserves Albany Mudflats Alkali Sink Allensworth Atascadero Creek Marsh Bair Island Baldwin Lake Batiquitos Lagoon Blue Sky Boden Canyon Boggs Lake Bolsa Chica Bonny Doon Buena Vista Lagoon Butler Slough Butte Creek Canyon Butte Creek House Buttonwillow By Day Creek Calhoun Cut Canebrake Carlsbad Highlands Carmel Bay Carrizo Canyon Carrizo Plains China Point Clover Creek Coachella Valley Coal Canyon Corte Madera Marsh Crestridge Dairy Mart Ponds Dales Lake Del Mar Landing Eden Landing Elkhorn Slough Estelle Mountain Fall River Mills Fish Slough Fremont Valley Goleta Slough Indian Joe Spring Kaweah Kerman King Clone Laguna Laurel Loch Lomond Vernal Pool Lokern Magnesia Spring Marin Islands Mattole River McGinty Mountain Morro Dunes Morro Rock Napa River North Table Mountain Oasis Spring Panoche Hills Peytonia Slough Phoenix Vernal Pools Pine Hill Piute Creek Pleasant Valley Rancho Jamul Redwood Shores River Springs Lakes Saline Valley San Dieguito Lagoon San Elijo Lagoon San Felipe Creek San Joaquin River Santa Rosa Plateau Springville Stone Corral Sycamore Canyon Sycuan Peak Thomes Creek Tomales Bay Upper Newport Bay Watsonville Slough West Mojave Desert Woodbridge Yaudanchi MarineProtectedAreas Abalone Cove and Point Vicente Anacapa Island SMCA Año Nuevo Arrow Point to Lion Head Point Batiquitos Lagoon Big Creek Bodega Head Bolsa Chica Cambria Campus Point Carmel Bay Cat Harbor Crystal Cove Dana Point Duxbury Reef Edward F. Ricketts Elkhorn Slough Estero Americano Estero de Limantour and Drakes Estero Estero de San Antonio Fagan Marsh Famosa Slough Farnsworth Onshore and Offshore Goleta Slough Greyhound Rock Lovers Cove and Casino Point MacKerricher Marin Islands Morro Bay Naples Pacific Grove Marine Gardens Painted Cave Piedras Blancas Point Arena Point Buchon Point Dume Point Reyes Point Sur Portuguese Ledge Pyramid Point Robert E. Badham Robert W. Crown Russian Gulch Russian River Salt Point San Diego-Scripps San Dieguito Lagoon San Elijo Lagoon Saunders Reef Sea Lion Cove Sonoma Coast Soquel Canyon South La Jolla South Point Southeast Farallon Island Stewarts Point Swami's Tijuana River Mouth Upper Newport Bay Van Damme Vandenberg White Rock (Cambria)
Bureau of Land Management National Conservation Lands National Monuments Berryessa Snow Mountain California Coastal Carrizo Plain Cascade–Siskiyou Chuckwalla Fort Ord Mojave Trails Sand to Snow Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains NationalConservation Areas California Desert King Range Wilderness Areas Argus Range Big Maria Mountains Bigelow Cholla Garden Bighorn Mountain Black Mountain Bright Star Bristol Mountains Cadiz Dunes Carrizo Gorge Chanchelulla Chemehuevi Mountains Chimney Peak Chuckwalla Mountains Chumash Cleghorn Lakes Clipper Mountain Coso Range Coyote Mountains Darwin Falls Dead Mountains Dick Smith El Paso Mountains Fish Creek Mountains Funeral Mountains Garcia Golden Valley Grass Valley Headwaters Forest Reserve Hollow Hills Ibex Indian Pass Inyo Mountains Jacumba Kelso Dunes Kiavah Kingston Range Little Chuckwalla Mountains Little Picacho Machesna Mountain Malpais Mesa Manly Peak Matilija Mecca Hills Mesquite Newberry Mountains Nopah Range North Algodones Dunes North Mesquite Mountains Old Woman Mountains Orocopia Mountains Otay Mountain Owens Peak Pahrump Valley Palen/McCoy Palo Verde Mountains Picacho Peak Piper Mountain Piute Mountains Red Buttes Resting Spring Range Rice Valley Riverside Mountains Rodman Mountains Sacatar Trail Saddle Peak Hills San Gorgonio Santa Lucia Santa Rosa Sawtooth Mountains Sespe Sheephole Valley South Nopah Range Stateline Stepladder Mountains Surprise Canyon Sylvania Mountains Trilobite Turtle Mountains Whipple Mountains
National Marine Sanctuaries Channel Islands Chumash Heritage Cordell Bank Greater Farallones Monterey Bay
National Estuarine Research Reserves Elkhorn Slough San Francisco Bay Tijuana River
National Fish Hatcheries Coleman
University of California Natural Reserve System Angelo Coast Range Año Nuevo Island Blue Oak Ranch Bodega Marine Box Springs Burns Piñon Ridge Carpinteria Salt Marsh Chickering American River Coal Oil Point Dawson Los Monos Canyon Eagle Lake Field Station Elliott Chaparral Emerson Oaks Fort Ord Hans Jenny Pygmy Forest Hastings James San Jacinto Mountains Jepson Prairie Kendall-Frost Mission Bay Marsh Landels-Hill Big Creek Lassen Field Station McLaughlin Merced Vernal Pools and Grassland Motte Rimrock Philip L. Boyd Deep Canyon Desert Point Reyes Field Station Quail Ridge Rancho Marino Sagehen Creek Field Station San Joaquin Marsh Santa Cruz Island Scripps Coastal Sedgwick Stebbins Cold Canyon Stunt Ranch Santa Monica Mountains Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Valentine Eastern Sierra White Mountain Younger Lagoon
Private Conservation Land Trusts Agua Hedionda Lagoon Arastradero Preserve Arroyo Conejo Open Space Audubon Canyon Ranch Bear Creek Redwoods Open Space Preserve Blue Ridge Berryessa Natural Area Bluff Lake Big Sur Land Trust California Rangeland Trust Catalina Island Conservancy Claremont Canyon Conservancy Cosumnes River Preserve Fairfield Osborn Preserve Land Conservancy of San Luis Obispo County Pacific Forest Trust Palos Verdes Peninsula Land Conservancy Peninsula Open Space Trust Pepperwood Preserve Sanctuary Forest Santa Cruz Island Santa Lucia Preserve Sempervirens Fund Sierra Nevada Alliance Sogorea Te Land Trust The Nature Conservancy Trust for Public Land The Wildlands Conservancy
Heritage registers National Natural Landmarks

v t e National Park Travelers Club Conventions

2003: Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area 2004: Rocky Mountain National Park 2005: Mammoth Cave National Park 2006: Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore 2007: Olympic National Park 2008: Lowell National Historical Park 2009: Sequoia National Park 2010: El Malpais National Monument 2011: National Mall 2012: Apostle Islands National Lakeshore 2013: Shiloh National Military Park 2014: Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park 2015: Chamizal National Memorial 2016: Independence National Historical Park 2017: Mount Rushmore National Memorial 2018: New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park 2019: Flagstaff, Arizona area national monuments 2020: Virtual due to the COVID-19 pandemic

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF GND WorldCat
National	Czech Republic
Other	NARA Yale LUX