Seven Virtues - Wikipedia

Seven virtues in Christian tradition

In Christian history, the seven heavenly virtues combine the four cardinal virtues of prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude with the three theological virtues of faith, hope, and charity.

The seven capital virtues, also known as seven lively virtues, contrary or remedial virtues, are those opposite to the seven deadly sins. They are often enumerated as chastity, temperance, charity, diligence, kindness, patience, and humility.

Seven heavenly virtues

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Cardinal virtues

[edit] Main article: Cardinal virtues

The term "cardinal virtues" (virtutes cardinales) was first used by the 4th-century theologian Ambrose,[1] who defined the four virtues as "temperance, justice, prudence, and fortitude".[2] These were also named as cardinal virtues by Augustine of Hippo, and were subsequently adopted by the Catholic Church. They are described as "human virtues" in the Catholic Catechism.[3]

Prior to Ambrose, these four qualities were identified by the Greek philosopher Plato as the necessary character traits of a good man, and were discussed by other ancient authors such as Cicero. They can also be found in the Old Testament Book of Wisdom, which states that wisdom "teaches moderation and prudence, righteousness and fortitude, and nothing in life is more useful than these."[4]

Theological virtues

[edit] Main article: Theological virtues

The theological virtues are those named by St. Paul in 1 Corinthians 13: "And now faith, hope, and love abide, these three; and the greatest of these is love."[5] The third virtue is also commonly referred to as "charity", as this is how the influential King James Bible translated the Greek word agape.

The traditional understanding of the difference between cardinal and theological virtues is that the latter are not fully accessible to humans in their natural state without assistance from God.[6] Thomas Aquinas believed that while the cardinal virtues could be formed through habitual practice, the theological virtues could only be practised by divine grace.[7]

Seven capital virtues

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The seven capital virtues or seven lively virtues (also known as the contrary or remedial virtues)[8] are those thought to stand in opposition to the seven capital vices (or deadly sins).

Prudentius, writing in the 5th century, was the first author to allegorically represent Christian morality as a struggle between seven sins and seven virtues. His poem Psychomachia depicts a battle between female personifications of virtues and vices, with each virtue confronting and defeating a particular vice.[9] However, Prudentius did not base his allegory on the cardinal and theological virtues, nor did he use the traditional list of capital vices. The combatants in the Psychomachia are as follows:

Virtue	Latin	Sin	Latin
Prudence/Wisdom	Pudicitia	Lust	Sodomita Libido
Faith	Fides	Idolatry[10]	Veterum Cultura Deorum
Good Works	Operatio	Avarice	Avaritia
Concord	Concordia	Discord	Discordia
Sobriety	Sobrietas	Indulgence	Luxuria
Patience	Patientia	Wrath	Ira
Humility	Mens Humilis	Pride	Superbia

The success of this work popularised the concept of capital virtues among medieval authors. In AD 590, the seven capital vices were revised by Pope Gregory I, which led to the creation of new lists of corresponding capital virtues. In modern times, the capital virtues are commonly identified as the following:[11]

Virtue	Latin	Sin	Latin
Chastity	Castitas	Lust	Luxuria
Temperance	Temperantia	Gluttony	Gula
Charity	Caritas	Greed	Avaritia
Diligence	Diligentia	Sloth	Acedia
Kindness	Humanitas	Envy	Invidia
Patience	Patientia	Wrath	Ira
Humility	Humilitas	Pride	Superbia

Although some medieval authors attempted to contrast the capital vices with the heavenly virtues, such efforts were rare.[12] According to historian István P. Bejczy, "the capital vices are more often contrasted with the remedial or contrary virtues in medieval moral literature than with the principal virtues, while the principal virtues are frequently accompanied by a set of mirroring vices rather than by the seven deadly sins".[13]

See also

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• Holy obedience – Concept in Christian theology
• Aristotle's list of virtues
• Cardinal and Theological Virtues, painting by Raphael

References

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1. ^ Bejczy, István P. (2011). The Cardinal Virtues in the Middle Ages. Boston: Brill. p. 12. ISBN 978-9004210141.
2. ^ Just, Arthur A., ed. (2003). Luke. Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture. InterVarsity Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-8308-1488-6.
3. ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church 3.1.1.7" (2nd ed.). St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church.
4. ^ Wisdom of Solomon 8:7
5. ^ 1 Corinthians 13:13
6. ^ Waldron, Martin Augustine (1912). "Virtue". Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.
7. ^ Marbaniang, Domenic (May 2019). "Theology and Ethics: An Introduction". Revive. 12 (5): 6.
8. ^ Bejczy 2011, p. 225.
9. ^ Wieland, Gernot (1986). "Aldhelm's 'De Octo Vitiis Princip Alibus' and Prudentius' 'Psychomachia'". Medium Aevum. 55 (1): 85–86. doi:10.2307/43628952. JSTOR 43628952.
10. ^ Young, S. "From the desert to the university: Parisian theologians and the seven deadly sins". Scholarly Community at the Early University of Paris: Theologians, Education and Society. Cambridge University Press. pp. 168–207.
11. ^ Siker, Jeffrey S. (2015). Jesus, Sin, and Perfection in Early Christianity. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-107-10541-6.
12. ^ Bejczy 2011, pp. 228–229.
13. ^ Bejczy 2011, p. 233.

v t e Seven virtues in Christian ethics
Fourcardinal virtues	Prudence (Prudentia) Justice (Iustitia) Fortitude (Fortitudo) Temperance (Temperantia) Sources: Plato Republic, Book IV Cicero Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Thomas Aquinas
Threetheological virtues	Faith (Fides) Hope (Spes) Love (Caritas) Sources: Paul the Apostle 1 Corinthians 13
Seven lively virtuesversusSeven deadly sins	Chastity (Castitas) Temperance (Temperantia) Charity (Caritas) Diligence (Diligentia) Kindness (Humanitas) Patience (Patientia) Humility (Humilitas) Lust (Luxuria) Gluttony (Gula) Greed (Avaritia) Sloth (Acedia) Wrath (Ira) Envy (Invidia) Pride (Superbia) Source: Prudentius, Psychomachia People: Evagrius Ponticus John Cassian Pope Gregory I Dante Alighieri Peter Binsfeld
Related concepts	Ten Commandments Great Commandment Eschatology Sin Original sin Old Covenant Hamartiology
Christian philosophy

v t e Seven deadly sins
The sins	Lust Gluttony Envy Greed Sloth Pride Wrath
Describing the sins	Evagrius Ponticus John Cassian Pope Gregory I Dante Alighieri Peter Binsfeld
In art and culture	Divine Comedy Inferno Purgatorio The Keys to the Kingdom (book series) The Seven Deadly Sins (1585 play) The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things (painting) The Seven Deadly Sins (1933 ballet) The Seven Deadly Sins (1952 film) The Seven Deadly Sins (1962 film) The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence (1975) Seven (1995 film) Fullmetal Alchemist (manga series) Fullmetal Alchemist (2003 anime) Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood (2009 anime) The Seven Deadly Sins (manga series) The Seven Deadly Sins of Modern Times (painting) Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World (light novel series) Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World (2016 anime) Four Last Things (video game) Graveyard Keeper (2018 video game) Shazam! (comic book) Seven Deadly Enemies of Man Shazam! (2019 film) Helluva Boss (2020 animated series) Limbus Company (2023 video game) Hazbin Hotel (2024 animated series)
Related	Seven Heavenly Virtues Seven Social Sins Sin Christian views on sin Christian views on the Old Covenant Hamartiology Peter Binsfeld
Catholicism portal

v t e Virtues
About virtues	Endowment Moral character Nicomachean Ethics Positive psychology Trait theory Virtue ethics
Virtue families	Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā Brahmavihārās Bushidō Catalogue of Vices and Virtues Civic virtue Emi Omo Eso Epistemic virtues Five virtues Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues Intellectual virtues Moral virtues Nine Noble Virtues Omoluwabi Pāramīs Prussian virtues Scout Law Seven virtues Cardinal Theological Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers Three Treasures Values in Action Inventory of Strengths Yamas
Individual virtues	Accountability Alertness Altruism Authenticity Calmness Charisma Charity Chastity Chivalry Cleanliness Compassion Conscientiousness Courage Civil Moral Courtesy Diligence Discernment Discipline Duty Empathy Endurance Equanimity Etiquette Faith Faithfulness Fidelity Foresight Forgiveness Frugality Generosity Glory Good faith Gratitude Heroism Honesty Honour Hope Hospitality Humanity Humility Impartiality Innocence Insight Integrity Intelligence Emotional Social Judgement Justice Kindness Love Loyalty Magnanimity Magnificence Meekness Mercy Moderation Modesty Nonattachment Patience Patriotism Perspicacity Philanthropy Piety Filial Pity Politeness Prudence Punctuality Religion Renunciation Resilience Respect Reverence Righteous indignation Righteousness Self-control Self-cultivation Self-transcendence Simplicity Sincerity Solidarity Sportsmanship Sympathy Taste Temperance Tranquillity Trust Wisdom Wit Workmanship Chinese De Jing Li Ren Yi Greek Agape Arete Ataraxia Eutrapelia Philotimo Phronesis Sophia Sophrosyne Indian Adhiṭṭhāna Ahimsa Akrodha Aparigraha Ārjava Asteya Brahmacharya Dāna Dhṛti Hrī Karuṇā Kshama Kshanti Mettā Muditā Nishkama Karma Prajñā Samatva Satya Shaucha Sevā Śraddhā/Saddhā Upekṣā Vīrya Latin Auctoritas Caritas Decorum Dignitas Fides Gravitas Humanitas Pietas Virtus Other Ganbaru Giri Sadaqah Seny Sisu Virtù

External links

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Media related to The Seven Virtues at Wikimedia Commons