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Introduction

Tiny crystals of ice that fall to Earth are called snow. A crystal is a solid substance that has flat surfaces and sharp corners. Snowfall is made up of both single ice crystals and clumps of ice crystals. The clumps are called snowflakes.

How Snow Forms

Snow is formed high in the clouds from water vapor, which is water in the form of gas. If a cloud is cold enough, the water vapor freezes to form ice crystals. At temperatures between about −40 °F (−40 °C) and 32 °F (0 °C), water vapor crystallizes around bits of dust in the cloud. At lower temperatures, water vapor freezes directly into ice crystals.

The ice crystals can stay up in the clouds. Or, if they are heavy enough, they can fall to the ground. As they fall they can clump together with other ice crystals to form snowflakes. One snowflake can contain as many as 100 ice crystals. But some single ice crystals fall as snow, too.

Snowflake Shapes

The way that ice crystals join together gives every snowflake a unique design. Even so, most snowflakes have six points or six sides. They form seven basic shapes: stars, needles, dendrites (having branches), plates, columns, columns capped with plates, and irregular (damaged). What shape a snowflake takes depends on the temperature and the amount of moisture in the cloud.

Where Snow Falls

Snow falls in many places that get cold weather, mainly during winter. At the North and South poles, snow covers Earth year-round. Near the Equator, snow falls only in the highest mountain regions.

Effects of Snow

Snow greatly affects climates and living things. A cover of snow on the ground helps to keep the air cold. This happens because snow reflects, or bounces back, most of the Sun’s heat. However, a snow cover can also protect small plants from the effects of severe cold. When snow melts in the spring, it provides fresh water for people and animals. But if snow does not melt for years, it may form huge slabs of ice, called glaciers.

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Did You Know?

Snow covers about 23 percent of Earth’s surface either permanently or temporarily.

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