Spatial Niche Partitioning In Sub-tropical Solitary Ungulates - PubMed

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Abstract

Differential resource use allows a diversity of species to co-exist in a particular area by specializing in individual ecological niches. Four-horned antelope Tetracerus quadricornis is endemic to the Indian subcontinent and has a restricted distribution in Nepal and India; however, the barking deer Muntiacus vaginalis is relatively common throughout its wide distribution range. We wanted a better understanding of their habitats and how these two similarly sized solitary ungulates manage to coexist in lowland Nepal. We used fecal pellet belt transect surveys in the Babai valley, Bardia National Park to study the habitat associations of both species. We found empirical evidence that four-horned antelope prefer hill sal forest and deciduous hill forest at higher elevations, whereas barking deer preferred riverine and sal forest in lower elevations. We found a clear niche differentiation of four-horned antelope and barking deer that made the coexistence of these similarly sized solitary ungulates possible. Hence, resource partitioning is the key to coexistence of these solitary ungulates, and the fine-grained habitat mosaic of different forest types in the study landscape appears to be the underlying feature. Therefore, maintaining the habitat mosaic and preserving valuable hill sal and deciduous hill forests will facilitate the coexistence of herbivores in sub-tropical regions.

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Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1

Fig 1. Survey subareas within the Babai…

Fig 1. Survey subareas within the Babai valley, Bardia National Park, Nepal.

Their delineation encompasses…

Fig 1. Survey subareas within the Babai valley, Bardia National Park, Nepal. Their delineation encompasses the outermost sampling points. While Lamidamar subarea was sampled only in 2012, Ratamate and Shivapur were sampled both in 2012 and 2010. Further validation data from 2010 was sampled in Guthi and Kalinala subarea. Map courtesy: background hillshade calculated based on USGS [62] and park boundary source: Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Government of Nepal.
Fig 2

Fig 2. Images showing typical structure of…

Fig 2. Images showing typical structure of faecal pellets of FHA (left) and BD (right)…

Fig 2. Images showing typical structure of faecal pellets of FHA (left) and BD (right) with latrine of respective animals. Scale bar on the lower right of each photograph refers to the foreground (the hand).
Fig 3

Fig 3. Predicted probability of occurrence for…

Fig 3. Predicted probability of occurrence for FHA (black lines) and BD (grey lines), during…

Fig 3. Predicted probability of occurrence for FHA (black lines) and BD (grey lines), during the dry season, in Bardia National Park, with respect to topographic and forest structure variables (95% CI). Occurrence probability was allowed to vary with the variable under consideration, while other covariates were held constant at their median values.
Fig 4

Fig 4. Predicted probability of occurrence for…

Fig 4. Predicted probability of occurrence for FHA (left) and BD (right) for different forest…

Fig 4. Predicted probability of occurrence for FHA (left) and BD (right) for different forest types during the dry season in Bardia National Park. Occurrence probability was calculated based on the original dataset.
Fig 5

Fig 5. Calibration plots of generalized linear…

Fig 5. Calibration plots of generalized linear models for FHA (left) and BD (right).

Observed…

Fig 5. Calibration plots of generalized linear models for FHA (left) and BD (right). Observed occurrences as proportion of sites surveyed are close to the ideal slope represented by the dotted diagonal. Vertical lines represent confidence intervals for a binomial distribution. Figures above the points give the number of cases in each bin.
Fig 6

Fig 6. Calibration plot of final GLM…

Fig 6. Calibration plot of final GLM for FHA applied to independent validation data from…

Fig 6. Calibration plot of final GLM for FHA applied to independent validation data from Bardia NP (2010) and from Chitwan NP, middle Nepal. Vertical lines represent confidence intervals for a binomial distribution. Figures above the points give the number of cases in each bin.
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References

    1. Hutchinson GE (1957) Concluding Remarks Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Vol. 22 pp. 415–427.
    1. Soberón J (2007) Grinnellian and Eltonian niches and geographic distributions of species. Ecol Lett 10: 1115–1123. - PubMed
    1. Holt RD (2009) Bringing the Hutchinsonian niche into the 21st century: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106 Suppl: 19659–19665. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Schoener T (1974) Resource partitioning in ecological communities. Science (80-) 185: 27–39. - PubMed
    1. MacArthur R, Levins R (1967) The limiting similarity, convergence, and divergence of coexisting species. Am Nat 101: 377–385.
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  • figshare/10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1284685

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