Statue - Wikipedia

Sculpture primarily concerned as a representational figure For other uses, see Statue (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Statute.

A statue is a free-standing sculpture in which the realistic, full-length figures of persons or animals are carved or cast in a durable material such as wood, metal or stone. Typical statues are life-sized or close to life-size. A sculpture that represents persons or animals in full figure, but that is small enough to lift and carry is a statuette or figurine, whilst those that are more than twice life-size are regarded as colossal statues.[1]

Statues have been produced in many cultures from prehistory to the present; the oldest-known statue dating to about 30,000 years ago. Statues represent many different people and animals, real and mythical. Many statues are placed in public places as public art. The world's tallest statue, Statue of Unity, is 182 metres (597 ft) tall and is located near the Narmada dam in Gujarat, India.

Colors

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Ancient statues often show the bare surface of the material of which they are made. For example, many people associate Greek classical art with white marble sculpture, but there is evidence that many statues were painted in bright colors.[2] Most of the color has weathered off over time; small remnants were removed during cleaning; in some cases small traces remained that could be identified.[2] A travelling exhibition of 20 coloured replicas of Greek and Roman works, alongside 35 original statues and reliefs, was held in Europe and the United States in 2008: Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity.[3]

Details such as whether the paint was applied in one or two coats, how finely the pigments were ground or exactly which binding medium would have been used in each case—all elements that would affect the appearance of a finished piece—are not known.[2] Gisela Richter goes so far as to say of classical Greek sculpture, "All stone sculpture, whether limestone or marble, was painted, either wholly or in part."[4]

Medieval statues were also usually painted, with some still retaining their original pigments. The coloring of statues ceased during the Renaissance, since excavated classical sculptures, which had lost their coloring, became regarded as the best models.

Historical periods

[edit] Main article: Sculpture

Prehistoric

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The Venus of Berekhat Ram, an anthropomorphic pebble found on the Golan Heights and dated to at least 230,000 years before present, is claimed to be the oldest known statuette. However, researchers are divided as to whether its shape is derived from natural erosion or was carved by an early human.[5] The Venus of Tan-Tan, a similar object of similar age found in Morocco, has also been claimed to be a statuette.[6]

The Löwenmensch figurine and the Venus of Hohle Fels, both from Germany, are the oldest confirmed statuettes in the world, dating to 35,000-40,000 years ago.[7][8][9]

The oldest known life-sized statue is Urfa Man found in Turkey which is dated to around 9,000 BC.

Antiquity

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Religion

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Throughout history, statues have been associated with cult images in many religious traditions, from Ancient Egypt, Ancient India, Ancient Greece, and Ancient Rome to the present. Egyptian statues showing kings as sphinxes have existed since the Old Kingdom, the oldest being for Djedefre (c. 2500 BC).[10] The oldest statue of a striding pharaoh dates from the reign of Senwosret I (c. 1950 BC) and is the Egyptian Museum, Cairo.[11] The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (starting around 2000 BC) witnessed the growth of block statues which then became the most popular form until the Ptolemaic period (c. 300 BC).[12]

The focal point of the cella or main interior space of a Roman or Greek temple was a statue of the deity it was dedicated to. In major temples these could be several times life-size. Other statues of deities might have subordinate positions along the side walls.

The oldest statue of a deity in Rome was the bronze statue of Ceres in 485 BC.[13][14] The oldest statue in Rome is now the statue of Diana on the Aventine.[15]

Politics

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For a successful Greek or Roman politician or businessman (who donated considerable sums to public projects for the honour), having a public statue, preferably in the local forum or the grounds of a temple was an important confirmation of status, and these sites filled up with statues on plinths (mostly smaller than those of their 19th century equivalents). Fragments in Rome of a bronze colossus of Constantine and the marble colossus of Constantine show the enormous scale of some imperial statues; other examples are recorded, notably one of Nero.

The wonders of the world include several statues from antiquity, with the Colossus of Rhodes and the Statue of Zeus at Olympia among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Middle Ages

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While sculpture generally flourished in European Medieval art, the single statue was not one of the most common types, except for figures of the Virgin Mary, usually with Child, and the corpus or body of Christ on crucifixes. Both of these appeared in all size up to life-size, and by the late Middle Ages many churches, even in villages, had a crucifixion group around a rood cross. The Gero Cross in Cologne is both one of the earliest and finest large figures of the crucified Christ. As yet, full-size standing statues of saints and rulers were uncommon, but tomb effigies, generally lying down, were very common for the wealthy from about the 14th century, having spread downwards from royal tombs in the centuries before.

While Byzantine art flourished in various forms, sculpture and statue making witnessed a general decline; although statues of emperors continued to appear.[16] An example was the statue of Justinian (6th century) which stood in the square across from the Hagia Sophia until the fall of Constantinople in the 15th century.[16] Part of the decline in statue making in the Byzantine period can be attributed to the mistrust the Church placed in the art form, given that it viewed sculpture in general as a method for making and worshiping idols.[16] While making statues was not subject to a general ban, it was hardly encouraged in this period.[16] Justinian was one of the last Emperors to have a full-size statue made, and secular statues of any size became virtually non-existent after iconoclasm; and the artistic skill for making statues was lost in the process.

Renaissance

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Italian Renaissance sculpture rightly regarded the standing statue as the key form of Roman art, and there was a great revival of statues of both religious and secular figures, to which most of the leading figures contributed, led by Donatello and Michelangelo. The equestrian statue, a great technical challenge, was mastered again, and gradually statue groups.

These trends intensified in Baroque art, when every ruler wanted to have statues made of themself, and Catholic churches filled with crowds of statues of saints, although after the Protestant Reformation religious sculpture largely disappeared from Reformed and Anglican churches, though the Evangelical Lutheran churches retained them.[17] In England, churches instead were filled with increasing elaborate tomb monuments, for which the ultimate models were continental extravagances such as the Papal tombs in Rome, those of the Doges of Venice, or the French royal family.

In the late 18th and 19th century there was a growth in public open air statues of public figures on plinths. As well as monarches, politicians, generals, landowners, and eventually artists and writers were commemorated. World War I saw the war memorial, previously uncommon, become very widespread, and these were often statues of generic soldiers.

Modern era

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Starting with the work of Maillol around 1900, the human figures embodied in statues began to move away from the various schools of realism that had been followed for thousands of years. The Futurist and Cubist schools took this metamorphism even further until statues, often still nominally representing humans, had lost all but the most rudimentary relationship to the human form. By the 1920s and 1930s statues began to appear that were completely abstract in design and execution.[18]

The notion that the position of the hooves of horses in equestrian statues indicated the rider's cause of death has been disproved.[19][20]

They are commonly present in religious spaces. Statues are feature of the churches of certain Western Christian denominations, particularly those of the Roman Catholic and Evangelical Lutheran traditions.[17][21] The temples of Indic religions, including those of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism often contain statues as a focal point of worship (cf. murti).[22]

Gallery

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• Löwenmensch figurine, from Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany, now in Ulmer Museum, Ulm, Germany, possibly the oldest undisputed statuette. Aurignacian era, 40,000 BC – 35,000 BC
• Two views of the Venus of Hohle Fels figurine, 40,000 BC – 35,000 BC (6 cm (2.4 in) tall), one of the earliest known, undisputed examples of a depiction of a human being
• Venus of Dolní Věstonice, ceramic figurine, 29,000 BC – 25,000 BC
• Venus of Willendorf, one of the oldest known statuettes, Upper Paleolithic, 24,000 BC – 22,000 BC
• Ain Ghazal statues, c. 7000 BC, found in Ain Ghazal, Jordan
• Great Sphinx of Giza, c. 2558–2532 BC, the largest monolithic statue in the world, standing 73.5 metres (241 ft) long, 6 metres (20 ft) wide, and 20.22 m (66.34 ft) high. Giza, Egypt.
• The Charioteer of Delphi, 474 BC, Delphi Archaeological Museum, Greece
• Venus de Milo, c. 130 – 100 BC, Greek, the Louvre
• Laocoön and His Sons, Greek, (Late Hellenistic), c. 160 BC and 20 BC, White marble, Vatican Museum
• Nara Daibutsu, c. 752, Nara, Japan
• Gommateshvara Bahubali, c. 978–993 AD, 57 feet (17 m) high
• Moai of Easter Island facing inland, Ahu Tongariki, c. 1250–1500, restored by Chilean archaeologist Claudio Cristino in the 1990s
• The Great Buddha of Kamakura, c. 1252, Japan
• The Golden Buddha, Wat Traimit, Bangkok; believed to date from the 14th–15th century, the world's largest solid gold sculpture.
• Veiled Christ, by Giuseppe Sanmartino, was widely believed to be created by alchemy c. 1753.
• Statue of Liberty (formally Liberty Enlightening the World), New York Harbor, United States, by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi c. 1886
• Auguste Rodin, The Burghers of Calais, 1884–c. 1889, in Victoria Tower Gardens, London, England.
• Henry Bain Smith's bronze of Robert Burns, 1892, above Union Terrace Gardens, Aberdeen, Scotland
• A statue of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, the Grand Duke of Finland, at the Senate Square in Helsinki, Finland, sculpted by Walter Runeberg and Johannes Takanen, 1894
• Auguste Rodin, The Thinker, 1880–1904
• Camille Claudel, The Waltz, 1889–1905, Musée Camille Claudel, Nogent-sur-Seine, France
• The Little Mermaid, Copenhagen, Denmark by Edvard Eriksen 1913
• Statue of Jose Rizal. at the Luneta Park, Philippines c. 1908
• Thomas Brock, John Everett Millais, at Tate Britain 1905
• Standing Nude (1912), by Amedeo Modigliani
• The statue of Hans Egede, 1921, at Nuuk, Greenland
• Christ the Redeemer (1931), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• U.S. Marine Corps War Memorial, located in Arlington County, Virginia, by Felix de Weldon 1954
• A closeup of the replica statue of Roman Emperor, Marcus Aurelius, 1981; the original c. 200 AD is in the nearby Capitoline Museum, Rome
• 19th-century statues of illustrious Frenchmen in the hemicycle of the Senate of France in Paris
• Lord Murugan Statue, Batu Caves, Malaysia, 140 feet (42.7 m).
• Spring Temple Buddha, the world's second tallest statue, overall 128 m (420 ft) in height, completed 2002, China.
• Statue of Unity (2018), the world's tallest statue, in Gujarat, India
• Garuda Wisnu Kencana Statue (2018) in Bali, Indonesia

See also

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• Bronze sculpture
• Bust (sculpture)
• Equestrian sculpture
• Figurine
• History of sculpture
• List of statues
• List of tallest statues
• List of statues of Jesus
• List of statues of Queen Victoria
• List of colossal sculpture in situ
• Mannequin
• Living statue
• Memorial
• Monument
• Statues of Gudea, c. 2100 BC
• Statuette
• Stone carving
• Stone sculpture
• Venus figurines

References

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1. ^ Collins online dictionary: Colossal "2. (in figure sculpture) approximately twice life-size."; entry in the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus® Online
2. ^ a b c "Archaeological Institute of America: Carved in Living Color". Archaeology.org. 23 June 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
3. ^ "Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity September 22, 2007 Through January 20, 2008, The Arthur M. Sackler Museum". 4 January 2009. Archived from the original on 4 January 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
4. ^ Richter, Gisela M. A., The Handbook of Greek Art: Architecture, Sculpture, Gems, Coins, Jewellery, Metalwork, Pottery and Vase Painting, Glass, Furniture, Textiles, Paintings and Mosaics, Phaidon Publishers Inc., New York, 1960 p. 46
5. ^ Venus of Berekhat Ram (230-700,000 BCE) cork.com
6. ^ Rincon, Paul (23 May 2003). "'Oldest sculpture' found in Morocco". BBC News. Retrieved 15 May 2009.
7. ^ "Lion man takes pride of place as oldest statue" by Rex Dalton, Nature 425, 7 (4 September 2003) doi:10.1038/425007a also Nature News 4 September 2003
8. ^ "Ice Age Lion Man is world's earliest figurative sculpture" by Martin Bailey, The Art Newspaper 31 January 2013
9. ^ ""It must be a woman" - The female depictions from Hohle Fels date to 40,000 years ago..." Universität Tübingen. July 22, 2016. Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
10. ^ The Egyptian Museum in Cairo by Abeer El-Shahawy and Farid Atiya (10 November 2005) ISBN 9771721836 page 117
11. ^ The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt by Donald B. Redford (15 December 2000) ISBN 0195102347 page 230
12. ^ Egyptian Statues by Gay Robins (4 March 2008) ISBN 0747805202 page 28
13. ^ Famous Firsts in the Ancient Greek and Roman World by David Matz (Jun 2000) ISBN 0786405996 page 87
14. ^ The Art of Rome c.753 B.C.-A.D. 337 by Jerome Jordan Pollitt (30 June 1983) ISBN 052127365X page 19
15. ^ Samnium and the Samnites by E. T. Salmon (2 September 1967) ISBN 0521061857 page 181
16. ^ a b c d Byzantine Art by Charles Bayet (1 October 2009) ISBN 1844846202 page 54
17. ^ a b Bradshaw, Paul F. (2013). New SCM Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship. SCM Press. p. 294. ISBN 978-0-334-04932-6. Lutheran churches retained the use of vestments for clergy, an altar with crucifix or cross and candles as well as paintings or statues, and liturgical texts chanted by the ministers, choir and congregation.
18. ^ Giedion-Welcker, Carola, ‘’Contemporary Sculpture: An Evolution in Volume and Space, A revised and Enlarged Edition’’, Faber and Faber, London, 1961 pp. X to XX
19. ^ Barbara Mikkelson (2 August 2007). "Statue of Limitations". Snopes.com. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
20. ^ Cecil Adams (6 October 1989). "In statues, does the number of feet the horse has off the ground indicate the fate of the rider?". The Straight Dope. Chicago Reader. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
21. ^ Spicer, Andrew (5 December 2016). Lutheran Churches in Early Modern Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-92116-9. It was this apparent visual concordance between a Lutheran and Catholic Church...After attending a service at St Mary's church in Copenhagen one commented that 'they retain a great deal of the outward worship and ostentation of the Papists'
22. ^ Martinus, F. F. (1999). A Guide to Buddhist Temples. Asian Educational Services. p. 10. ISBN 978-81-206-1215-0.

External links

[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statues.

• UK Public Monument and Sculpture Association (archived 2007)

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