Substrate | Enzymatic Reactions - Britannica

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acid-base reactions

  • sodium sulfate In acid–base reaction: Acid–base catalysis

    …the reacting substance, termed the substrate, with the catalyst being regenerated at a later stage of the reaction. Moreover, knowledge of reaction mechanisms is now sufficient to suggest detailed sequences of reactions for many acid- or base-catalysis reactions, most of these sequences being at least plausible and in many instances…

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allosteric control

  • In allosteric control

    …between the enzyme and its substrate (the compound upon which it acts to form a product). As a result, the ability of the enzyme to catalyze a reaction is modified. This is the basis of the so-called induced-fit theory, which states that the binding of a substrate or some other…

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enzyme-substrate reactions

  • In the induced-fit theory of enzyme-substrate binding, a substrate approaches the surface of an enzyme (step 1 in box A, B, C) and causes a change in the enzyme shape that results in the correct alignment of the catalytic groups (triangles A and B; circles C and D represent substrate-binding groups on the enzyme that are essential for catalytic activity). The catalytic groups react with the substrate to form products (step 2). The products then separate from the enzyme, freeing it to repeat the sequence (step 3). Boxes D and E represent examples of molecules that are too large or too small for proper catalytic alignment. Boxes F and G demonstrate binding of an inhibitor molecule (I and I′) to an allosteric site, thereby preventing interaction of the enzyme with the substrate. Box H illustrates binding of an allosteric activator (X), a nonsubstrate molecule capable of reacting with the enzyme. In enzyme: Nomenclature

    …group of substances, called the substrate, to catalyze a certain kind of reaction. Because of this specificity, enzymes often have been named by adding the suffix “-ase” to the substrate’s name (as in urease, which catalyzes the breakdown of urea). Not all enzymes have been named in this manner, however,…

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  • Peptide In protein: Role of enzymes in metabolism

    …the enzyme acts are called substrates. Enzymes operate in tightly organized metabolic systems called pathways. A seemingly simple biological phenomenon—the contraction of a muscle, for example, or the transmission of a nerve impulse—actually involves a large number of chemical steps in which one or more chemical compounds (substrates) are converted…

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induction

  • In induction

    …exposed to the substance (substrate) upon which the enzyme acts to form a product.

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metabolism

  • mitochondria and cellular respiration In metabolism: Fine control

    …between an enzyme and its substrate—defined as the compound with which the enzyme acts to form a product—occurs at a specific site on the enzyme known as the catalytic, or active, site; the proper fit between the substrate and the active site is an essential prerequisite for the occurrence of…

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  • Enzyme defects in urea cycle disorders. In metabolic disease: Metabolic pathways

    …the conversion of compounds called substrates) into products with a different biochemical structure. These products then become the substrate for the next enzyme in a metabolic pathway. If an enzyme is missing or has diminished activity, the pathway becomes blocked, and the formation of the final product is deficient, resulting…

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Michaelis-Menten kinetics

  • In Michaelis-Menten kinetics

    …between an enzyme and its substrate (the substance upon which it acts to form a product). It also assumes that the rate of formation of the product, P, is proportional to the concentration of the complex. The velocity of such a reaction is greatest when all the sites at which…

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  • Maud Leonora Menten In Maud Leonora Menten

    …reactions between enzymes and their substrates. According to the hypothesis, the velocity of an enzymatic reaction and the concentration of substrate available for the reaction are directly related, such that, depicted graphically, with reaction velocity (V) on the y-axis and substrate concentration (S) on the x-axis, the reaction curve obtained…

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protein

  • Peptide In protein: Classification by biological functions

    …enzyme as long as its substrate (the specific compound upon which it acts) is not known. It cannot even be tested for its enzymatic action when its substrate is not known.

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