Tangerine - Wikipedia

Orange-colored citrus fruit This article is about the citrus fruit. For other uses, see Tangerine (disambiguation). For the Indonesian city, see Tangerang.

Tangerine
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Sapindales
Family:	Rutaceae
Genus:	Citrus
Species:	C. × tangerina
Binomial name
Citrus × tangerinaTanaka

The tangerine is a type of citrus fruit that is orange in colour, that is considered either a variety of the mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata), or a closely related species, under the name Citrus tangerina,[1][2][3] or yet as a hybrid (Citrus × tangerina) of mandarin orange varieties, with some pomelo contribution.

Etymology

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The word "tangerine" was originally an adjective meaning "of Tangier", a Moroccan seaport on the Strait of Gibraltar. The name was first used for fruit shipped from Tangier, described as a mandarin variety.[4] The OED cites this usage from Addison's The Tatler in 1710 with similar uses from the 1800s. The fruit was once known scientifically as "Citrus nobilis var. tangeriana"; it grew in the region of Tangiers. This usage appeared in the 1800s.[5]

Taxonomy

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Under the Tanaka classification system, Citrus tangerina is considered a separate species. Under the Swingle system, tangerines are considered a group of mandarin (C. reticulata) varieties.[7] Some differ only in disease resistance.[8] The term is also currently applied to any reddish-orange mandarin (and, in some jurisdictions, mandarin-like hybrids, including some tangors).[9][10]

Description

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Tangerines are smaller and less rounded than oranges. They taste less sour, as well as sweeter and stronger, than oranges do.[11] A ripe tangerine is firm to slightly soft, and pebbly-skinned with no deep grooves, as well as orange in color. The peel is thin, with little bitter white mesocarp.[12] All of these traits are shared by mandarins generally.

The peak tangerine season lasts from autumn to spring. Tangerines are most commonly peeled and eaten by hand. The fresh fruit is also used in salads, desserts and main dishes. The peel is used fresh or dried as a spice or zest for baking and drinks. Fresh tangerine juice and frozen juice concentrate are commonly available in the United States.

Production

[edit] Tangerine production – 2021(millions of tonnes)[13]

China	25.0
Spain	2.0
Turkey	1.8
Morocco	1.2
Brazil	1.08
United States	1.05
Egypt	1.0
World	42.0

In 2021, world production of tangerines (including mandarins and clementines) was 42 million tonnes (46 million short tons), led by China with 60% of the total (table).

Varieties

[edit] See also: Mandarin orange varieties

Tangerines were first grown and cultivated as a distinct crop in the Americas by a Major Atway in Palatka, Florida.[14] Atway was said to have imported them from Morocco (more specifically its third-largest city, the port of Tangier), which was the origin of the name. Major Atway sold his groves to N. H. Moragne in 1843, giving the Moragne tangerine the other part of its name.[15]

The Moragne tangerine produced a seedling which became one of the oldest and most popular American varieties, the Dancy tangerine (zipper-skin tangerine, kid-glove orange).[15] Genetic analysis has shown the parents of the Dancy to have been two mandarin orange hybrids each with a small pomelo contribution, a Ponkan mandarin orange and a second unidentified mandarin.[16] The Dancy is no longer widely commercially grown; it is too delicate to handle and ship well, it is susceptible to Alternaria fungus, and it bears more heavily in alternate years.[17][18] Dancys are still grown for personal consumption, and many hybrids of the Dancy are grown commercially.

Until the 1970s, the Dancy was the most widely grown tangerine in the United States;[19] the popularity of the fruit led to the term "tangerine" being broadly applied as a marketing name. Florida classifies tangerine-like hybrid fruits as tangerines for the purposes of sale and regulation;[9] this classification is widely used but regarded as technically inaccurate in the industry.[10] Among the most important tangerine hybrids of Florida are murcotts (a late-fruiting type of tangor marketed as "honey tangerine"[20]) and Sunbursts (an early-fruiting complex tangerine-orange-grapefruit hybrid).[21] The fallglo, also a three-way hybrid (5⁄8 tangerine, 1⁄4 orange and 1⁄8 grapefruit), is also grown.[22]

Nutrition

[edit] Tangerines, raw

A murcott, likely a tangerine hybrid
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	223 kJ (53 kcal)
Carbohydrates	13.34 g
Sugars	10.58 g
Dietary fiber	1.8 g
Fat	0.31 g
Protein	0.81 g
Vitamins and minerals Vitamins Quantity %DV† Vitamin A equiv.beta-Carotene 4% 34 μg1%155 μg Thiamine (B1) 5% 0.058 mg Riboflavin (B2) 3% 0.036 mg Niacin (B3) 2% 0.376 mg Pantothenic acid (B5) 4% 0.216 mg Vitamin B6 5% 0.078 mg Folate (B9) 4% 16 μg Choline 2% 10.2 mg Vitamin C 30% 26.7 mg Vitamin E 1% 0.2 mg Minerals Quantity %DV† Calcium 3% 37 mg Iron 1% 0.15 mg Magnesium 3% 12 mg Manganese 2% 0.039 mg Phosphorus 2% 20 mg Potassium 6% 166 mg Sodium 0% 2 mg Zinc 1% 0.07 mg
Other constituents	Quantity
Water	85.2 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[23] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[24]

Tangerines contain 85% water, 13% carbohydrates, and negligible amounts of fat and protein (table). Among micronutrients, only vitamin C is in significant content (30% of the Daily Value) in a 100-gram (3.5 oz) reference serving, with all other micronutrients in low amounts.

• A botanical illustration of a Manurco tangerine, painted by Royal Charles Steadman in January, 1926
• Tangerine tree

References

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1. ^ "Citrus reticulata Blanco". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
2. ^ Mandal, Shyamapada; Mandal, Manisha (2016). "Tangerine (Citrus reticulata L. Var.) Oils". Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. pp. 803–811. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00091-2. ISBN 978-0-12-416641-7.
3. ^ "Citrus deliciosa Ten.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
4. ^ "Tangerine". Oxford English Dictionary.
5. ^ See the Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989.
6. ^ Wu, Guohong Albert; Terol, Javier; Ibanez, Victoria; López-García, Antonio; Pérez-Román, Estela; Borredá, Carles; et al. (2018). "Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus". Nature. 554 (7692): 311–316. Bibcode:2018Natur.554..311W. doi:10.1038/nature25447. hdl:20.500.11939/5741. PMID 29414943. and Supplement
7. ^ Froelicher, Yann; Mouhaya, Wafa; Bassene, Jean-Baptiste; Costantino, Gilles; Kamiri, Mourad; Luro, Francois; Morillon, Raphael; Ollitrault, Patrick (2011). "New universal mitochondrial PCR markers reveal new information on maternal citrus phylogeny". Tree Genetics & Genomes. 7: 49–61. doi:10.1007/s11295-010-0314-x. S2CID 32371305.
8. ^ Li, Xiaomeng; Xie, Rangjin; Lu, Zhenhua; Zhou, Zhiqin (2010). "The Origin of Cultivated Citrus as Inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer and Chloroplast DNA Sequence and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprints". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 135 (4): 341–350. doi:10.21273/JASHS.135.4.341.
9. ^ a b Commernet (2011). "20-13.0061. Sunburst Tangerines; Classification and Standards, 20-13. Market Classification, Maturity Standards And Processing Or Packing Restrictions For Hybrids, D20. Departmental, 20. Department of Citrus, Florida Administrative Code". State of Florida. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
10. ^ a b Jackson, Larry K.; Futch, Stephen H. "HS178/CH073: Robinson Tangerine". Retrieved 14 May 2015.
11. ^ "Premium Citrus Fruit Gifts – Why Are Tangerines So Tangy?". Pittman & Davis. 22 February 1999. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
12. ^ Karp, David (28 January 2011). "Market Watch: The wild and elusive Dancy". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
13. ^ "Crops/World regions/Production quantity (pick lists) of tangerines for 2021". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Statistical Division (FAOSTAT). 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
14. ^ Hume, H. Harold (1913). Citrus Fruits and Their Culture. O. Judd Company. p. 101. OCLC 1125917831.
15. ^ a b "dancy". citrusvariety.ucr.edu. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
16. ^ Wu, Guohong Albert; Terol, Javier; Ibanez, Victoria; López-García, Antonio; Pérez-Román, Estela; et al. (2018). "Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus" (PDF). Nature. 554 (7692): 311–316. Bibcode:2018Natur.554..311W. doi:10.1038/nature25447. PMID 29414943. S2CID 205263645. and Supplement
17. ^ Jackson, Larry K. & Futch, Stephen H. (6 June 2018). "HS169/CH074: Dancy Tangerine". ufl.edu.
18. ^ "Satsuma cultivars: The best and the worst". AL.com. 30 October 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
19. ^ "Dancy Tangerine". Slowfood USA. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
20. ^ "HS174/CH078: Murcott (Honey Tangerine)". Edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
21. ^ "HS168/CH079: Sunburst Tangerine". Edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
22. ^ Jackson, Larry K.; Futch, Stephen H. "HS173/CH075: Fallglo Tangerine". Retrieved 14 May 2015.
23. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
24. ^ "TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. NCBI NBK545428.

External links

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• Data related to Citrus tangerina at Wikispecies
• Tangerine at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject
• Media related to Tangerines at Wikimedia Commons

v t e Citrus
True species	Australian and Papuan wild limes group Citron Ichang papeda Kaffir lime Kumquats group Mandarin orange Mangshanyegan Mountain citron Pomelo Ryukyu mandarin
Major hybrids	Grapefruit Lemon Lime Orange (sweet orange)
True and hybridcultivars	Alemow Amanatsu Assam lemon Bergamot orange Bizzarria Bitter orange Blood lime Blood orange Byeonggyul Biasong Cam sành Cara Cara navel orange Citrange Citrumelo Citrus taiwanica Clementine Coorg orange Daidai Dekopon Encore Fairchild tangerine Florentine citron Forbidden fruit Ginger lime Haruka Hassaku Hebesu Heen naran Hyuganatsu Imperial lemon Indian wild orange Iyokan Jabara Jaffa orange Jamaican tangelo Kabbad Kabosu Kaji Nemu Kakadu lime Kalpi Kanpei Kawachi bankan Key lime Khasi papeda Kinkoji unshiu Kinnow Kishu mikan Kiyomi Kobayashi mikan Koji Komikan Laraha Lemonade fruit Limón de Pica Lumia Mandelo Mandora Melanesian papeda Melogold Meyer lemon Micrantha Midknight Valencia Orange Murcott Myrtle-leaved orange tree Nagpur orange Nasnaran New Zealand grapefruit Ōgonkan Orangelo/Chironja Oroblanco Palestinian sweet lime Persian lime Pixie mandarin Pompia Ponderosa lemon Ponkan Rangpur Reikou Rhobs el Arsa Rough lemon Samuyao Sanbokan Satsuma mandarin Setoka Shangjuan Shonan Gold Smith Red Valencia Sudachi Suruga yuko Sweet lemon Sweet limetta Tangelo Tangerine Tangor Tsunonozomi Valencia orange Variegated pink lemon Volkamer lemon Winged lime Xã Đoài orange Yūkō Yuzu
Citrons	Balady citron Corsican citron Diamante citron Fingered citron/Buddha's hand Greek citron Moroccan citron Yemenite citron
Mandarin oranges	Cleopatra mandarin Shīkwāsā Nanfengmiju Tachibana Willowleaf orange
Papedas	Celebes papeda Mountain "citron" Ichang papeda
Pomelos	Banpeiyu Dangyuja
Kumquats group	Kumquat species Hong Kong kumquat Meiwa kumquat Oval kumquat Round kumquat Jiangsu kumquat Malayan kumquat Kumquat hybrids (× Citrofortunella) Calamansi Citrangequat Limequat Mandarinquat Procimequat Sunquat Yuzuquat
Australianand Papuanwild limes group	Eromocitrus (former genera) Desert lime Microcitrus (former genera) New Guinea wild lime Australian round lime Russell River lime Maiden's wild lime Mount White lime Australian finger lime Brown River finger lime Clymenia (former genera) Clymenia platypoda Clymenia polyandra Oxanthera (former genera) Orange-flowered oxanthera Large-leaf oxanthera Wavy-leaf oxanthera Oxanthera brevipes
Related genera(perhapsproperly Citrus)	Poncirus/Trifoliate orange
Drinks	Calamansi juice Chūhai Dried lime tea (noomi basra) Grapefruit juice Lemon liqueur Cedratine Curaçao Limoncello Lemonade Mint lemonade Swiss lemonade Lime cordial Limeade Orange juice Triple sec Yuja-hwachae Yuja tea
Products	Calcium citrate Citric acid Chenpi Dried lime Lemonene Limonene Marmalade Neroli Oleo saccharum Orange flower water Orange oil Orange oil tires Orangeat Pickled lime Chanh muối Preserved lemon Succade Zest Twist
Diseases	Black spot Canker CTV/Tristeza Exocortis Greening Mal secco Phytophthora citricola
Citrus botanists	Clara H. Hasse Robert Willard Hodgson Lena B. Smithers Hughes David Mabberley Clément Rodier Robert Soost Walter Tennyson Swingle Chōzaburō Tanaka Ikuro Takahashi Johann Christoph Volkamer Herbert John Webber
Citrus production	Citrus rootstock Kumquat production in China Lemon Capital of the World Lime production in Mexico Orange production in Brazil
Related topics	The Citrus Industry Citrus taxonomy Cold-hardy citrus Hesperidium Japanese citrus List of citrus fruits Mother Orange Tree Orangery University of California Citrus Experiment Station University of California, Riverside Citrus Variety Collection
Category Production Commons

Taxon identifiers
Citrus ×tangerina	Wikidata: Q516494 EPPO: CIDTG GBIF: 3837628 GRIN: 314342 IPNI: 772075-1 NCBI: 237575 Open Tree of Life: 1088781 Plant List: kew-2724391 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:772075-1 Tropicos: 50159125 WFO: wfo-0000608291

Authority control databases: National	Israel