Temple Of The Tooth - Wikipedia

Temple complex in Kandy, Sri Lanka

Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic
ශ්‍රී දළදා මාළිගාව தலதா மாளிகை
Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic, a World Heritage Site in Kandy
Religion
Affiliation	Buddhism
Location
Location	Kandy
Country	Sri Lanka
Shown within Sri Lanka
Coordinates	7°17′37″N 80°38′29″E / 7.29361°N 80.64139°E / 7.29361; 80.64139
Architecture
Founder	Vimaladharmasuriya I of Kandy
Completed	1595
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Type	Cultural
Criteria	(iv)(vi)
Designated	1988
Reference no.	450
Archaeological Protected Monument of Sri Lanka
Website
Sri Dalada Maligawa

Sri Dalada Maligawa[a], commonly known in English as the Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic, is a Buddhist temple in Kandy, Sri Lanka. It is located in the Royal Palace Complex of the former Kingdom of Kandy, which houses the relic of the tooth of the Buddha. Since ancient times, the relic has played an important role in local politics because it is believed that whoever holds the relic holds the governance of the country. The relic was historically held by Sinhalese kings. The Temple of the Tooth is a World Heritage Site mainly due to the temple and the relic.

Bhikkhus of two particular chapters, the Malwathu chapter and the Asgiri chapter, conduct daily worship in the inner chamber of the temple. Rituals are performed three times daily: at dawn, at noon and in the evenings. On Wednesdays, there is a symbolic bathing of the relic with a herbal preparation made from scented water and fragrant flowers called Nanumura Mangallaya; this holy water is believed to contain healing powers and is distributed to those present. The Kandy Esala Perahera, is conducted annually to pay homage to the Sacred Tooth Relic.

History

[edit] Main article: Relic of the tooth of the Buddha

After the Maha parinirvana of Gautama Buddha, according to the legend, the tooth relic was preserved in Kalinga. When kingdom Kalinga was attacked, brought to the island by Princess Hemamali and her brother, Prince Dantha on the instructions of their father King Guhasiva. Hemmamali hid the relic in her hair on the way to the island. They landed on the island in Lankapattana during the reign of Sirimeghavanna of Anuradhapura (301–328) and handed over the tooth relic. The king enshrined it in Meghagiri Vihara (present day Isurumuniya) in Anuradhapura. Safeguarding the relic was the responsibility of the monarch from then, therefore over the years, the custodianship of the relic came to symbolize the right to rule the island. Therefore, reigning monarchs built the tooth relic temples quite close to their royal residences, as was the case during the times of the Anuradhapura Kingdom, Kingdom of Polonnaruwa, and Kingdom of Dambadeniya. During the era of the Kingdom of Gampola, the relic was housed in Niyamgampaya Vihara. It is reported in the messenger poems such as Hamsa, Gira, and Selalihini that the temple of tooth relic was situated within the city of Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte when the Kingdom of Kotte was established there.[1][2]

During the reign of Dharmapala of Kotte, the relic was moved and was hidden in Delgamuwa Vihara, Ratnapura, in a grinding stone.[1] It was brought to Kandy by Hiripitiye Diyawadana Rala and Devanagala Rathnalankara Thera. King Vimaladharmasuriya I built a two-storey building to deposit the tooth relic and the building is now gone.[3] In 1603 when the Portuguese kingdom invaded Kandy, it was carried to Meda Mahanuwara in Dumbara. It was recovered in the time of Rajasinha II and it has been reported that he reinstated the original building or built a new temple.[1] The present-day temple of the tooth was built by Vira Narendra Sinha.[4] The octagonal Paththirippuwa and moat were added during the reign of Sri Vikrama Rajasinha. The royal architect Devendra Moolacharya is credited with building the Paththirippuwa. Originally it was used by the king for recreational activities and later it was offered to the tooth relic, it now houses the temple's library.

Attacks on the building

[edit] Main article: 1998 Temple of the Tooth attack

The temple was attacked in 1989 by the militant organisation Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP); it had the intention of capturing the relic.[5] And in 1998 by the militant organisation Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE); this attack damaged the front side of the royal palace.

Overcrowding deaths and injuries

[edit]

In April 2025, the Temple of the Tooth held a public exposition of the tooth relic that drew approximately 450,000 devotees in a single day with queues stretching nearly 10 km (6.2 mi). Severe overcrowding and fatigue ( not because of pushing or pressing ) resulted in four deaths and more than 300 hospitalisations,primarily due to heat exhaustion. Authorities suspended additional train services to the city, deployed police commandos for crowd control, and restricted entry to the temple complex.[6]

Architecture

[edit]

The brick wall which runs along the moat and the Bogambara lake is known as the water waves wall.[4] Holes in this wall are built to light coconut oil lamps. The main entrance gate which lies over the moat is called Mahawahalkada. At the foot of the Mahawahalkada steps, there is a Sandakada pahana (moonstone) which is carved in Kandyan architectural style. Mahawahalkada was totally destroyed in a 1998 bomb blast and rebuilt afterwards along with Sandakada pahana other stone carvings.[7] Elephants are depicted in stone on either side of the entrance. A Makara Torana and two guardian stones are placed on top of the staircase. TheHewisi drummers' chamber is situated in front of the main shrine. The two storeys of the main shrine are known as "Palle Malaya" (lower floor) and "Udu Malaya" (upper floor) or "Weda hitina maligawa".[8] The doors of the Weda Hitana Maligawa are Ivory carvings. The actual chamber in which the tooth relic is kept is known as the "Handun kunama".

The golden canopy over the main shrine and the golden fence which encircles the temple complex, was built in 1987 by then Prime Minister, Ranasinghe Premadasa.[9] The tooth relic is encased in seven golden caskets which are inlaid with precious gemstones.[10] The casket represent a stupa; the procession casket which is used during the Kandy Esala Perahera is also displayed in the same chamber.

Associated buildings and structures

[edit]

Royal Palace

[edit] Main article: Royal Palace of Kandy

The royal palace is situated to the north of the temple.[11] John Pybus, who was on an embassy in 1762, gives a detailed description of the royal palace.[12] Vikramabahu III of Gampola (r. 1356–1374) and Sena Sammatha Wickramabahu of Kandy (r. 1469–1511) built royal palaces on this site. Vimaladharmasuriya I of Kandy undertook various decorations to the palace. The Dutch orientalist Philippus Baldaeus visited the palace with General Gerard Pietersz Hulft in 1656. The royal residence was known as "Maha Wasala" in Sinhalese starting in the Polonnaruwa period. The royal palace is also known as "Maligawa"[b] (Palace). There were three Wahalkadas and an 8 feet (2.4 m) high wall used as main entrances. The section of the palace facing the Natha Devale is said to be the oldest. During the beginning of the British period, it was used by the government agent Sir John D'Oyly, 1st Baronet, of Kandy.[11] Successors of D'Oyly have continued to use it as their official residence. Today it is preserved as an archaeological museum. Ulpen Ge and Queens Palace are the associated buildings of the palace.

Audience hall

[edit]

The audience hall or magul maduwa is where the Kandyan kings held their court.[13] It was completed during the reign of Sri Vikrama Rajasinha.[14] The carvings of the wooden pillars which support the wooden roof are an example of wood carving of the Kandyan period. Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha of Kandy built it in 1783. The hall was renovated for the reception of the arrival of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales in 1872. Originally the hall was 58 by 35.6 feet (17.7 m × 10.9 m); after renovation, its length was extended by an additional 31.6 feet (9.6 m).[15] Other nearby buildings to the halls are believed to have been demolished during the British rule. The audience hall was the venue where the Kandyan Convention was drawn up, it was where the convention was read out to the people and where the conference, about the convention, was held on 2 March 1815. That space was later used to erect the Kandy Kachcheri and Kandy Supreme Court. Today it is used for state ceremonies and conserved under the Department of Archaeology.

Mahamaluwa

[edit]

Mahamaluwa is public who came to see the annual Esala perahera.[7] Today it contains a statue of Madduma Bandara. The memorial which contains the skull of Keppetipola Disawe is another attraction. The statues of Princess Hemamali and Prince Dantha are also located here.

1234567891011121314

1 Temple of the Tooth building complex 2 Mahawahalkada (Main entrance) 3 Moat 4 Paththirippuwa (Octagon) 5 Handun Kudama 6 Golden Canopy 7 Temple of the Tooth Museum (New palace) 8 Royal Palace of Kandy 9 National Museum of Kandy 10 International Buddhist Museum (Old courts building) 11 Kandy Lake 12 Ulpange (Queens Bathing Pavilion) 13 Jayatilleke Mandapaya 14 Udawatta Kele Sanctuary

See also

[edit]

• Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum
• Cetiya
• Constantino of Braganza
• Dāṭhavaṃsa
• Diyawadana Nilame (chief lay custodian)
• Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira
• Relics in Sri Lanka associated with Buddha

Notes

[edit]

1. ^ ශ්‍රී දළදා මාළිගාව ṣrī daladā māligāva
2. ^ මාලිගාව, māḷigāva

Citations

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Abeywardena 2004, p. 25
2. ^ Brockman 2011, p. 561.
3. ^ Seneviratna 1989, pp. 90–91
4. ^ a b Seneviratna 1989, p. 92
5. ^ Wickrematunge, Raine (2 December 2001). "I was a member of the JVP team that attacked the Dalada Maligawa" (Interview). Colombo: The Sunday Leader. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
6. ^ "10-Km Long Queues In Sri Lanka As Buddhists Line Up To See Sacred Tooth". NDTV. 24 April 2025.
7. ^ a b Abeywardena 2004: p. 28
8. ^ Seneviratna 1989: p. 93
9. ^ Abeywardena 2004: p. 26
10. ^ Seneviratna 1989: p. 94
11. ^ a b Abeywardena 2004: p. 36
12. ^ Seneviratna 1989: p. 73
13. ^ Abeywardena 2004: p. 428
14. ^ "Rootsweb.ancestry.com".
15. ^ Seneviratna 1989: p. 87

Sources

[edit]

• Abeywardena, H.A.P. (2004). Kandurata Praveniya (in Sinhala) (1st ed.). Colombo: Central Bank of Sri Lanka. ISBN 9789555750929.
• Seneviratna, Anuradha (1989). "Dalada Maligawa". In Vethara Mahinda Thera (ed.). Kanda Udarata Mahanuwara (in Sinhala) (Sinhala translation ed.). Colombo: Ministry of Cultural affairs (Sri Lanka).
• Siriweera, W. I. (2004). History of Sri Lanka. Colombo: Dayawansa Jayakodi & Company. ISBN 955-551-257-4.
• Wijesooriya, S. (2006). A Concise Sinhala Mahavamsa. Kotte: Participatory Development Forum. ISBN 955-9140-31-0.
• Brockman, Nobert (2011). Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, Volume 1. ISBN 978-1598846546.
• McDaniel, Thomas (2018). Architects of Buddhist Leisure. University of Hawaii. ISBN 978-0824876753.
• Maduggalle, Sunil J. Raja, the Sri Dalada Maligawa Tusker.

Journals

[edit]

• Lahiri, Latika (1974). "Ceylon and China: The Account of Ceylon in the Dynastic History of the T'ang Period". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 35: 388–391. JSTOR 44138805.

External links

[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sri Dalada Maligawa.

• Sri Dalada Maligawa Official website
• ශ්‍රී දළදා මාලිගාවේ දියඅගල

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Senanayake Memorial Public Library International Buddhist Museum National Museum of Kandy Relic of the tooth of the Buddha Temple of the Tooth Museum Ceylon Tea Museum Institutions 2nd Volunteer Battalion Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment Asgiri Maha Viharaya Buddhist Publication Society District Secretariat, Kandy General Post Office Institute of Fundamental Studies Kandyan Art Association Kandy Court Complex Kandy Municipal Council Malwathu Maha Viharaya Mayor of Kandy List of schools in Kandy National Hospital (Teaching), Kandy Structures Bahirawakanda temple Bogambara Prison Degaldoruwa Raja Maha Vihara Kandy Clock Tower Kandy Post Office Kandy Town Hall Natha Devale, Kandy President's Pavilion Sri Dalada Maligawa Scots Kirk St. Paul's Church Trinity College Chapel Hotels Cinnamon Citadel Kandy Empire Hotel Helga's Folly Hotel Suisse The Kandy House Mahaweli Reach Hotel Manor House Queen's Hotel Sports Stadia Asgiriya Stadium Bogambara Stadium Kandy Garden Club Nittawela Rugby Stadium Pallekele International Cricket Stadium Trinity College Rugby Stadium Victoria Golf and Country Resort Parks/Spaces Arthur's Seat British Garrison Cemetery Kandy War Cemetery Central Highlands of Sri Lanka Dorwin reservoir E. L. Senanayake Children's Park George E. De Silva Park Kandy Lake Hanthana Mountain Range Alagalla Mountain Range Knuckles mountain range Mahaweli River Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya Udawattakele Forest Reserve Wales Park Transport Asgiriya railway station D.S. Senanayake Veediya Kandy bus station Kandy railway station Katugastota railway station Mahiyawa railway station Peradeniya Junction railway station Sangaraja Mawatha Sarasavi Uyana railway station Sirimavo Bandaranaike Mawatha Sri Dalada Veediya William Gopallawa Mawatha Yatinuwara Veediya See also Events in Kandy v t e ← Kandyan period topics → 1592–1815 Outline Bibliography Timeline Years Transitional period History History Kotte period (1469–1592) Founding (1469) Wars of Kotte Succession Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom Portuguese invasion of 1560 Portuguese invasion of 1591 Sitawaka occupation of Kandy (1582–1592) Early Kandyan period (1592–1707) Accession of Vimaladharmasuriya I (1592) Vimaladharmasuriya I revived saṅgha (~1590s) Dissolution of the Sitawaka Kingdom (1594) Campaign of Danture (1594) Convention of Malvana (1598) Dutch–Portuguese War (1598–1663) Mannar martyrs (1544) 1615 Colombo earthquake Roland Crappé's raids on Portuguese colonies (1619) Battle of Vannarapannai (1619) Conquest of Koneswaram Temple (1622) Kandyan Treaty of 1638 Siege of Galle (1640) Battle of Mannar (1658) 1664 Kandyan coup attempt Kandyan–Dutch war (1670–1675) An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon (1681) Buddhist revival Vimaladharmasuriya II saṅgha re-establishment attempts (1693 & 1696) Middle Kandyan period (1707–1760) 1709 Kandyan rebellion Buddhist revival Sri Vijaya Rajasinha saṅgha re-establishment attempts 1741 & 1745–7 Establishment of the Siam Nikaya (1750–3) Late Kandyan period (1760–1815) 1760 Kandyan coup attempt Kandyan–Dutch war (1764–1766) Treaty of Batticaloa (1766) American Revolutionary War Action of 12 August 1782 Battle of Trincomalee (1782) Invasion of Ceylon (1795-6) Treaty of Amiens (1802) Kandyan Wars (1796–1818) Great Rebellion of 1817–1818 Kandyan Convention (1815) Kingdom of Kandy (1469–1815) Government The Royal family Monarch House of Senasammata Vikramabahu House of Siri Sanga Bo House of Vimaladharmasuriya Nayaks of Kandy Consorts Randoli Rididoli Yakadadoli Royal Palace and & court Kandyan Crown Jewels Badde Lekams Diyawadana Nilame Basnayaka Nilame Amātya Mandalaya Maha Adigar Maha Mohottala Maha Dissava Dugganna Nilame Bandāra Provincial Disavani Dissava Rata Rate Mahatmaya Korale Korala Pattu Judiciary The Monarch Maha Naduwa Ratasabhas Gamsabhas Politics Domestic Kandyan law Kandyan court politics Radala Relic of the tooth of the Buddha Flags International Foreign relations Cambodia Denmark France India Indonesia Myanmar Netherlands Portugal Thailand United Kingdom Missions abraod 1693 Arakan (Burma) 1696 Arakan (Burma) 1706 Madura 1739 Madura 1741 Siam 1745–7 Siam 1750–3 Siam 1799–1800 Burma Missions to Sri Lanka 1602 Dutch 1618 Danish 1697 Burmese 1710 Dutch 1731–32 Dutch 1736 Dutch 1745–46 Dutch 1756 Siam 1762 British 1782 British 1795–96 British 1800 British Economy Larin (Koku ridi) Fanam (Sinhala Silver Panama) Rājākariya Maral Cinnamon Elephants Salt Society Culture Architecture Kandyan roof Madol Kurupawa Sandakada pahana Walauwa Art Painting Central Kandyan school Provincial Kandyan school Southern School Ivories Castes Clothing Jewelry Osariya Dance Esala Perahera Esala Mangallaya Film Literature in Pali, in Sinhalese Mukkara Hatana People Andare Ehelepola Nilame Gajaman Nona Gongalegoda Banda Joseph Vaz Keppetipola Disawe Kromma Muen Thepphiphit Kuruvita Rala Pedro de Gascogne Puran Appu Robert Knox Sieur de La Nérolle Sir John D'Oyly, 1st Baronet, of Kandy Wariyapola Sri Sumangala Weliwita Sri Saranankara Thero Religion Buddhism Relic of the tooth of the Buddha Siam Nikaya Asgiri Maha Viharaya Malwathu Maha Viharaya Sangharaja Landmarks Sri Dalada Maligawa Natha Devale The Kandy House Udawattakele Forest Reserve Wales Park Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya Kandy Lake Bogoda Wooden Bridge The Portuguese in Sri Lanka (1597–1658) Administration Captains Captain-majors Captain-generals Economy Maral Thombo Cinnamon Indian Ocean slave trade Society Culture Destruction of cultural heritage Destroyed Hindu temples Architecture Portuguese buildings Music Baila music Food Alpal Bibikkan Bolo fiado Kalu dodol Love cake Related peoples Kaffirs Lascarins Mestiços Portuguese Languages Sri Lankan Portuguese creole Sinhala words of Portuguese origin Religion Catholicism The Dutch in Sri Lanka (1658–1796) Administration Dutch governors Maritime Provinces Economy Stuiver Ceylonese rixdollar Coffee Indian Ocean slave trade Society Culture Destruction of cultural heritage Architecture Dutch buildings Place names Dutch Music Food Breudher IJzerkoekje Kokis Lamprais Nasi goreng Nian gao Watalappam Related peoples Burgher people Dutch Malays Joris van Spilbergen Sebald de Weert Philippus Baldaeus Languages Sri Lankan Creole Malay Sinhala words of Dutch origin Religion Protestantism Christian Reformed Church in Sri Lanka Lanka Reformed Church Category Portal WikiProject

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