The Atom Builder Guide To Building A Stable Atom - PBS

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The Atom Builder Guide to Building a Stable Atom
Animation of a Carbon atom that shows charges of electrons, protons, and neutrons When building an atom, pay close attention to the particles' electrical charges.

Protons have a charge of +1. Electrons have a charge of -1. Neutrons are neutral, as its name implies.

A stable atom has a net charge of 0. In other words, it has an equal number of protons and electrons. The positive protons cancel out the negative electrons.

When the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons, the atom is ionized. (The atom is then called an ion).

Do not allow your atom to become too ionized. Ions are attracted to other atoms and molecules. If your atom is too ionized, it will likely zip away from you and attach itself to a nearby atom or molecule.

An atom becomes radioactive when its nucleus contains too many or too few neutrons. Try to keep the same number of neutrons and protons as you build your atom. If the imbalance is too great, radioactive decay will occur.

More about the radioactive decay of carbon

Up to two electrons may exist in the atom's first shell. Up to eight electrons may exist in the atom's second shell.

An electron may "drop" from an outer shell if an inner shell is not full. This results in the release of energy in the form of a photon.

The Atom Builder Guide to Elementary Particles

Glossary

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