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<strong>What</strong> <strong>Darwin</strong> Didn’t <strong>Know</strong> (BBC, 1hr 30 min) Watch Full <strong>Video</strong> at: http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/what-darwin-didnt-know/ Armand M. Leroi, professor of Evolutionary Developmental Biology at Imperial College in London. http://www.universalsubtitles.org/en/videos/BJYsxoKSfpRV/en/237575/ INTRODUCTION We live in a world of exquisite diversity 1 , with more species than we can possibly count. Here in Lake Malawi, [an African Rift Lake] for instance, there are hundreds of different fish that are found nowhere else [endemic]. Why so many? Why so different? One hundred fifty [150] years ago Charles <strong>Darwin</strong> published On The Origin Of Species. And in that one great book he asked the right question and gave the right answer. Where, asked <strong>Darwin</strong>, does all this diversity come from? And [he] answered that it must be the product of evolution. Species, he argued, give rise to other species and as they do so, they change. The changes are minute and subtle, but given enough time the results could be spectacular. And so they are. <strong>Darwin</strong>'s explanation for life on earth was so s<strong>edu</strong>ctive and so simple that it seems obvious today. And yet, <strong>Darwin</strong>'s explanation of how evolution works was riddled with holes. Its logical foundations were shaky. His evidence was weak. There was so much he did not, could not, know. <strong>Darwin</strong> trusted that future generations of scientists would complete his work and prove the essential truth of his vision. And for 150 years that is what we have been doing. In this film, I'll chart the decline, fall and ultimate triumph of <strong>Darwin</strong>'s ideas. And I'll show how evolutionary theory has itself evolved, so that it is now far more vast and subtle than ever he imagined. [ 1 the number of species is “species richness”; “diversity” is technically speaking an index expressing the variety and distribution of individual species across a list of species.] I. THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE In September 1835 Charles <strong>Darwin</strong> arrived in the Galapagos Archipelago [part of a 5-year, 40,000 mile, world voyage aboard the HMS Beagle], and did what he always did when arriving in a new place - he got out his gun and began to collect. Among the many inhabitants of the Galapagos that <strong>Darwin</strong> pinned, pickled, shot, or stuffed are these four birds. They don't look like much, but look at them closely. Look at them as <strong>Darwin</strong> looked at them, and you can see the beginnings of evolution. They are mocking birds [<strong>Darwin</strong> studied many animals beside finches]. Each comes from a different island, and each is subtly different from the others. They differ in the shape of their bills and the size of their bodies, and the color of their plumage. It was these differences that first caused <strong>Darwin</strong> to wonder whether species might transform over time. <strong>Darwin</strong> surmised that the birds were variants of the same species and must therefore descend from a common ancestor - a mocking bird which had somehow found its way to the Galapagos many years earlier. That was <strong>Darwin</strong>'s hunch, but how to prove it? He certainly couldn't produce the hypothetical ancestor - it was lost in time. So he did what scientists do when they don't have the data - he appealed to an analogy. <strong>Darwin</strong> bred pigeons. They were, for him, a microcosm of evolution. They showed how any creature could, given enough time, be transformed into something very different from its ancestor. For, implausible though it may seem, these gorgeous, monstrous, inbred aristocrats of the avian world - the Scandaroon, the Frillback, the Jacobin, not to forget the Mookee - are all descended from this - the plebeian rock pigeon. All pigeons are, at birth, subtly different from each other. Breeders select those with desirable features to survive and reproduce and they cull the rest. The desirable features accumulate from generation to generation and become exaggerated. And so, remarkably quickly, the birds evolve. Nature, <strong>Darwin</strong> said, works like that. It favors some features and permits others to whither away. He called this process natural selection. All this explains why the first chapter of [On] The Origin Of Species is not about the wonders of the natural world, but rather about pigeons. Understand the pigeon, he is saying, believe the pigeon, and all the rest follows. Or does it? For <strong>Darwin</strong> had a problem. Natural selection was the cornerstone of his theory. It was, for him, the engine of evolution. And yet it was by no means clear that natural selection really worked. There is, he said, a war of nature. Famine, violence and death are everywhere. Species and individuals are locked in a struggle for existence. The strong survive and reproduce while the weak go to the wall. Given enough variation, this selective pressure is enough to bring about slow, incremental change. This was the theory of evolution by natural selection that <strong>Darwin</strong> unveiled in [On] The Origin Of Species. While the idea of evolution was not in itself new, no-one had argued it more forcefully, or documented the evidence for it, with greater rigor. But was it right? Had <strong>Darwin</strong> really made his case? Of course, many religious types hated the very idea of evolution. But some of <strong>Darwin</strong>'s fellow scientists weren't too keen either. Notably Richard Owen, who wrote one of the first reviews of [On] The Origin [Of Species]. Richard Owen, premier palaeontologist, coined the term “dinosaur”, helped design these things [reference to dinosaur statues in park]. Rampaging through a South London park, these marvelous reconstructions were built in the 1850s. They are a tableau of dinosaur life based on Owen's research. Owen had vague evolutionary leanings. He thought that species change intermittently, under the influence of some divine law and that periodically, they are swept away in some great catastrophe. He loathed <strong>Darwin</strong>'s godless evolutionism. Owen was a thoroughly nasty piece of work. His review of [On] The Origin [Of Species], rich in malice, dripping with sarcasm, damns <strong>Darwin</strong> even as he praises himself. All anonymously of course. "Mr

• Page 2 and 3: Darwin's rash speculations degrade
• Page 4 and 5: explained how traits are passed dow
• Page 6 and 7: ecome its greatest apostle. He woul
• Page 8 and 9: was thrilling. A new science was bo

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